The Life and Works of Jose Rizal

1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday

CHAPTER 1: The Study of Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings: An Introduction PPT &

REPUBLIC ACT 1425 Why does the Catholic Church oppose it?
- Also known as “Rizal Law”. The Catholic Church argued that the Rizal Bill,
- A law that mandates the teaching of the life, if passed into law, would violate religious freedom and
works, and writings of our National Hero—Dr. discourage the publishing and reading of Jose Rizal’s
Jose Rizal—in all public and private schools, two novels, which would ridicule the Catholic Faith and
colleges, and universities in the Philippines. be seen as heretical and impious.

Why study Rizal? FATHER JESUS CAVANNA

From the perspective of law makers: - A Catholic priest who wrote a book entitled
After World War II, many Filipinos observed “Rizal’s Unfading Glory” published in 1956.
that the Filipino identity was waning. This means that - He argued that Jose Rizal’s novels from the
most probably some Filipinos are not interested, some past should not be taught in schools because
are detached from their country, Philippines. they do not accurately depict current
In response to this, nationalists took action to conditions and may give a false impression of
reorient the nation by highlighting history’s role as a the country.
foundation for national hope and pride through
education. Opposing View of the Catholic Church:
● Among 333 pages of Noli Me Tangere, only 25
SENATOR CLARO M. RECTO passages are nationalistic while 120 passages
- On April 3, 1956, he introduced Senate Bill No. were anti-Catholic.
438 and submitted it to the Senate Committee ● 170 lines from Noli Me Tangere and 50 lines
on Education. from El Filibusterismo were offensive to
- He is the original author of Rizal Bill. Catholic doctrine.
● The bill might divide the nation.
SENATE BILL NO. 438 ● Compulsion to read something against one’s
- Began on April 23, 1956 after it was filed by faith impairs one’s freedom of speech and
the Committee on Education on April 3, 1956. religious freedom.
- An act proposing to mandate the inclusion of ● Rizal admitted that he did not attack the friars
“Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo” in who acted deceptively on the Filipinos but
the curriculum of all colleges and universities also the Catholic faith itself.
in the country. Some call it “Noli-Fili Bill”.
- According to Senator Recto, their goal is to Outcome:
instill civic consciousness, national dignity, ● The Bill became controversial.
personal pride, and patriotism through Rizal’s ● Catholic groups were organized to oppose it.
two novels. ● Senator Recto was charged as “communist”
and “anti-Catholic”.
SENATOR JOSE P. LAUREL SR. ● Some Catholic schools threatened to close if
- On April 17, 1956, Senator Laurel, the chairman the bill passed.
of the Senate Committee on Education,
sponsored the “Noli-Fili Bill” in the Senate and CONGRESSMAN JACOBO Z. GONZALES
presented it to the House of Representatives. - A Filipino lawyer and a politician.
- He filed a similar bill called House Bill No.
Noli and Fili must be read by all Filipinos. They 5561 to the House of Representative.
must be taken to heart, for in their pages we see - Almost the same with Rizal Bill and also
ourselves as a mirror, our defects as well as our criticized by the Catholic Church.
strength, our virtues as well as our vices.
Reading these two novels will give you Sen. Laurel proposed a substitute bill with a
unwavering confidence, clarity, bravery, and few tweaks to appease the opposition.
determination to progress on our journey toward a He said that instead of only Noli and Fili, the
more fulfilling life. – Sen. Laurel new substitute bill will include a wider range of Rizal’s
works and writings.
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 1: The Study of Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings: An Introduction

He also said that reading the two novels is What does it take to be a National Hero? What is
now optional. As a replacement, a student can ask for heroism? What does it take to be a hero?
other readings. ● According to the dictionary:
- A hero is a man admired for his
● On May 12 and 14, 1956, Senate Bill No. 428 achievements and noble qualities
and House Bill No. 5561, unanimously and regarded as an ideal or model.
approved on the second reading and in the - The central figure in an event,
Lower House. period, or movement, honored for
outstanding qualities.
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY - He/she is someone who shows great
- On June 12, 1956, he signed the bill into law, courage in an important event.
giving birth to Republic Act No. 1425 or the
Rizal Law. Other known Filipino Heroes:
● Andres Bonifacio
RA NO. 1425 / RIZAL LAW ● Emilio Jacinto
- An act to include in the Curricula of all Public ● Marcelo H. Del Pilar
and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities ● Antonio Luna
Courses on the Life, Works and Writings of ● Apolinario Mabini
Jose Rizal. Particularly his novels Noli Me ● Emilio Aguinaldo
Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Authorizing the ● Jose Rizal ( he stood out from the rest )
printing and distribution thereof, and for other
purposes. RENATO C. CONSTANTINO
- He said that the Americans are responsible for
Objectives of Rizal Law: endorsing Jose Rizal as the Philippine
1. To rededicate the lives of the youth to the National Hero.
ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which - The committee members of the Taft
our heroes live and die. Commission in 1901 picked Rizal over
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for Aguinaldo, Bonifacio and Mabini.
devoting his life and works in shaping the
Filipino character. Other factors that contributed to Rizal’s recognition
3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism as a Philippine National Hero include:
through the study of Rizal’s life, works and ● Rizal was already dead at the time the
writings. Americans began their aggression in the
Philippines.
The teaching of the Rizal Course in higher ● Rizal wrote that the US was “par excellence
education institutions in our country today is anchored for the whites only” and Americans are always
on the patriotic policy statements of Rizal Law and the after making money.
patriotic goals set by the Board on National Education. ● Rizal’s dramatic martyrdom had already
made him the symbol of Spanish oppression.
Goals set by the BNE:
1. To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, TEODORO AGONCILLO
thoughts, teachings, and life values to present - He said that Rizal was the acceptable national
conditions in the community; hero to the Americans because he was the
2. To apply Rizal’s ideas in the solution of day- symbol of assimilation, which was their policy
to-day situations and problems in then in the Philippines.
contemporary life; - He never favored revolution which suited
3. To develop an understanding and American objectives.
appreciation of the qualities, behavior and
character of Rizal; and DR. HENRY OTLEY BEYER
4. To foster the development of moral character, ● Criteria for choosing a National Hero:
personal discipline, citizenship and vocational 1. The person must be Filipino;
efficiency among the Filipino youth. 2. Is a peace-loving and pacifist;
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 1: The Study of Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings: An Introduction

3. Must have a great sense of 3. Rizal Shrine in Lupao Town Bayombong,

patriotism; and Nueva Ecija. ( largest )
4. Must die for the country as a martyr. 4. Rizal Monument in Batangas City.

According to the Technical Committee of National Many main streets and avenues in the various
Heroes Committee in 1993: towns and cities are named after him. Rizal Province,
1. Heroes are those who have a concept of formerly part of the province of Manila, was named in
nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for his honor by virtue of Act No. 137 of the Philippine
the nation’s freedom. Commission.
2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to
a system or life of freedom and order for a Rizal, Pioneer Asian Nationalist Leader
nation. - Of the four, Rizal was the most remarkable
3. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality because his ideas matured at an early age.
of life and destiny of a nation. - Rizal was the first exponent of Asian
nationalism since he was the source of
So in reality, why Rizal? inspiration for the outbreak of the Philippine
● Filipinos themselves chose Rizal as their Revolution of 1896.
National Hero. - He was even called the Pioneer Exponent of
● Tributes were given to him during his lifetime Liberal Democracy in Asia.
and immediately after his death. - He was called the First Asian Nationalist
● The Katipuneros considered him the honorary Leader as it was through him that the basic
leader of the Katipunan. tenets of modern and social democracy were
● He was visited by Dr. Pio Valenzuela in given a major voice in Asia for the first time.
Dapitan to seek his advice.
● His name was one of the passwords of the Major Period in the Life of Rizal
Katipunan. I. First Period ( 1861 - 1872 )
The young Rizal learned to read and
Two years after his death, General Emilio write. He listened to stories that triggered his
Aguinaldo issued a decree on December 20, 1898 imaginative and critical thinking. He
ordering that December 30, the anniversary of Rizal’s developed values and virtues such as:
execution at Bagumbayan, be commemorated as “a ● industriousness instead of idleness
day of mourning for Rizal and other victims of ● creativeness over unproductiveness
Philippine Revolution”. ● rationality over blind acceptance
This decree became the basis of the yearly ● dignity over servility
celebration of Rizal Day.
Later, the Philippine Commission set aside II. Second Period ( 1872 - 1882 )
December 30 as a day of observance, by virtue of Act It was the first turning point in his
No. 345. life. He enrolled at Ateneo Municipal at 11
years old.
On December 30, 1898, a group of masons The martyrdom of these three priests
erected a simple monument in Daet, Camarines Norte. led Rizal to be awakened to the abuses of the
The monument bore the words “A Jose Rizal” ( regime and, at the same time, to devote
to Jose Rizal ). Words “Noli Me Tangere, El himself in the future to avenge the victims.
Filibusterismo and Morga” can be read in his
monument. III. Third Period ( 1882 - 1892 )
It was the oldest Rizal monument. It was the major turning point of his
life. In this period, Rizal decided to continue
Other monuments: his studies in medicine abroad.
1. Luneta Monument in 1911 by Robert Kissling. He urged the Filipino colony in Spain
2. Rizal Monument in 2011 by Jonas F. Roces. to prove that Filipinos can compete with the
- In front of Calamba City Hall, Europians in intellect and talent. He became
Laguna. 22 ft. / 6.7 m statue in an example through his membership in
commemoration of Rizal at 150.
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 1: The Study of Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings: An Introduction

exclusive societies of scholars and scientists in

Europe.
He also took part in the Propaganda
Movement during this time. He sought to
make truthful disclosures about the
Philippines through his articles, essays, and
novels.

IV. Fourth Period ( 1892 - 1896 )

The last turning point in his life as he
was exiled in Dapitan on December 30, 1896.
It was where he demonstrated what an
individual can do and accomplish within a
short period of time.
It was here when he detached his
connection with politics. He devoted more in
practical service and usefulness to the
community.
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 2: Spain and the 19th Century World of Jose Rizal PPT

19th CENTURY Spain became a mercantilist. By the 18th

- Began on January 1, 1801 to December 31, century, the Galleon Trade system faced tough
1900. competition as other nations opted for self-sufficiency
- It was characterized by so many social and direct trade, leading to a decline in Spain’s trading
upheavals like the Industrial Revolution. system and Asian goods demand.
- The world is leading to the “modernity” era Later, the older system of trading was not
shifting from traditional to new ideas, anymore sustainable. The Galleon Trade was ended by
attitudes, and institutions, signaling a a decree during the first decade of the 19th century.
transition to a new era.
- Partly, it is also the Age of Revolution. MERCANTILISM
- An economic doctrine based on the idea that
Jose Rizal’s Connection to 19th Century: the country’s wealth and power can be
● He was born in the 19th century. measured in terms of its stock of gold and
● It is a period of global change, growing up silver.
amid the Philippines’ fight for independence - All trade should be conducted within a certain
and a shifting socio-political landscape. country and its colonies.

THE AGE OF REVOLUTION ( 1830 - 1848 ) CASH CROP AGRICULTURE

I. Industrial Revolution - During this era, it - The Philippines became a supplier of raw
introduced new production, transportation materials for the industries of the West by
and communication methods, shifting from utilizing its underutilized land resources to
manual labor to machines. venture into cash crop agriculture.
- British, Dutch, and American trading
II. Economic and Social Transformation - The companies invested large capital in the
transformation of the economy and the country for the large production of different
society resulted in the new forms of work and products like tobacco and sugar. ( main -
leisure, as well as urbanization and the growth abaca )
of the cities.
To make the transition easier, foreign
III. Political Revolutions - The late 18th and 19th investors need people who are already in the
centuries saw this like the American and Philippines.
French Revolution, influenced by the Chinese, Mestizos, and rich natives helped in
Enlightenment values of reason and the land acquisition, labor mobilization, crop
individualism. This change challenged transportation and retail trade.
monarchy, fostering governance based on
individual rights, nationalism and freedom. INQUILINOS
- Chinese immigrants served as middleman
ECONOMIC CONDITION between the provinces, where the crops were
planted, and the merchant houses of the
mestizos in Manila.
Trading predates Spanish Colonization in the - Inquilinos were the rich tenants who became
Philippines. Our ancestors traded with China, Japan, tenants.
Siam, Cambodia, India, Borneo, and Moluccas.
SUEZ CANAL
GALLEON TRADE - When it was constructed, it shortened travel
- When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, between Europe and Philippines, enabling
they monopolized the Manila ports, closing more intensive crop production and boosting
them to all except Mexico, gaining exclusive commercial enterprises.
control over the trade route and goods.
- Hence, the birth of Manila-Acapulco Trade. What was the connection of all of this to Rizal?
- The trade monopoly made Manila the center - Industrial Revolution fueled rapid Philippine
of commerce in the East. Economic growth in the 19th century, creating
a rich and influential Filipino middle class.
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 2: Spain and the 19th Century World of Jose Rizal

- This made the Inquilino class wealthy, colonial government was primarily interested in
including Rizal’s patriarch, the family exploiting the countries’ natural resources and labor.
Mercado, that provided their children with They used military force to quell uprisings and
proper education. rebellion.
It gave birth to reforms and nationalism that
flourished in the liberal atmosphere leading to the
SOCIAL-CULTURAL CONDITION
Independence movement and the death of Rizal.
The cries for democracy during Rizal’s time
I. Social Condition were a result of the long-standing injustices and
corruption of the Spanish Colonial authorities.
Wealthy families were able to send their
children to prestigious schools. Many families sent their
sons to Europe for higher studies where they were
exposed to secular and liberal ideas inspired by the
democratic ideals of the French Revolution.

ILUSTRADOS
- Group of educated natives seeking reforms to
achieve equality with the proud Spaniards.

II. Cultural Condition

The rapid spread of education around in 1860

was the key factor in the late 19th century nationalism.
Access to higher education for middle and
low-middle class Filipinos who couldn’t go abroad,
played a crucial role in promoting liberal and
progressive ideas in Europe.

Educational Reforms that Happened in the Mid-19th

Century:
1. The Industrial Revolution necessitated
changes in the Philippine Educational System
to prioritize training, skilled labor, aligning
with economic demands.
2. The Education Decree of 1863 was a
significant attempt by the Spanish colonial
government to address the lack of formal
education among the Filipinos.

This marked the start of a broader public

primary education system in the Philippines expanding
educational access to a wider segment of society.

POLITICAL CONDITION

During Rizal’s time, there were widespread

calls for democracy in the Philippines. Religion was
used by the Spaniards to justify their malicious
behaviors.
The church played a significant role in the
state’s proceedings, manipulating the indigenous
people to comply with the state’s laws as it saw fit. The
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 2: Spain and the 19th Century World of Jose Rizal Book

● adoption of manhood suffrage; and

● granting of political, economic, and
Growth and Development of Nationalism
social rights to the people.
- Natives were only eligible to vote in town and
NATIONALISM barrio levels and not those who would have
- A sense of loyalty or psychological the Philippines’ representative in the Cortes or
attachment members of a nation share, based the Spanish parliament.
on a common language, history, culture, and
desire for independence.
The Industrial and Commercial Revolution
- A feeling that drives a people together as a
nation.
- The growth of nationalism can be attributed Two related revolutions happened - 18th -
to two major revolutions: 19th.
● American Revolution ( 1776 )
Gave birth to the USA. COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
● French Revolution ( 1789 ) - Was caused by the immense potential profits
Overthrown the absolute that could be earned by countries in Europe
rule of the Bourbon Dynasty and the through commerce.
abolition of the feudal system. - Commerce was caused by the demand for
goods from Asia.
Three Ideology of the Revolution - There was an increased demand for raw
These were the Americans and French were materials, this gave rise to big business
trying to fight with. It’s what they wanted to earn, conglomerates and corporations.
achieve, and establish in their own country aside from
improving their economy, political stability, and social. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. Liberty - Commerce was revolutionized by this
2. Fraternity revolution.
3. Equality - Commerce was facilitated with the use of
inventions such as the steam engine.
- The invention of machines and their use in
Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and
manufacturing brought about significant
Democracy
changes in people’s lives.

It was the consequence of the growth and In the Philippines, this revolutions caused the
development of nationalism. displacement of the farmers from their lands.

LIBERALISM LAISSEZ-FAIRE POLICY

- The principal ideas of liberalism—liberty and - Or the government’s non-interference in the
equality—were first realized in the American conduct of trade and business has to be
Revolution and then achieved in the French sustained for the continuous expansion of the
Revolution. economy.
- This changed conservatism in Europe. - This is necessary in promoting equal
- Also meant specific individual freedoms. opportunity and in people’s welfare in society.
- Also known as free market trade.
DEMOCRACY
- Became a way of life in many European
countries. The Advancement of Science
- It gradually established through the ff. means:
● promulgation of laws; The rapid expansion of scientific knowledge
● undertaking of reforms through influenced the Western thought in the 19th century. The
legislation; search for knowledge and truth can be explained by a
● abolition of slavery; rational and empirical approach. This was a result of
● adoption of a liberal constitution; the Age of Enlightenment
● citizens’ opportunity to propose laws;
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 2: Spain and the 19th Century World of Jose Rizal

The effects of the scientific revolution spilled - The enlightenment ideas became more
to the challenging of traditional beliefs in religion and prevalent among the members of the middle
politics. class. These people became known as the
ilustrados or the “enlightenment ones”.
- They began questioning the abuses of the
The Resurgence of Western Imperialism
Spanish Regime and began to clamor for
reforms.
The industrializing West entered the third and - This class brought forth reformists, which
most dynamic phase of its centuries-old expansion into included Rizal.
non-Western lands.
But Western expansion had far-reaching
The Philippines During Rizal’s Time
consequences. For the first time, the world became a
single unit. The West relied on imperialist struggle for
dignity, genuine independence, and modernization. There was a great disparity between the
majority natives who remained poor and the minority
who consisted of peninsular Spaniards, Philippine-born
Optimism and Confidence in Progress
Spaniards and mestizos who comprised the rich in the
islands.
Optimism or faith in society and man’s ability
to progress was brought about by the advancement of
Administrative Organization
science, the coming of:
● steam-powered industry;
● the spread of liberalism; and The Philippines was governed directly by the
● socialism. Spanish Crown, through the Ministry of Colonies. The
The optimism of the century was summed by government was unitary as policies implemented by
Marquis de Condorcet in his work, Sketch. colonial administrators from Luzon to Mindanao.

GOVERNOR-GENERAL
Spanish in the 19th Century
- Appointed by the Spanish monarch.
- It was the head of the Spanish colonial
Political Instability government in the country.
- After the death of Ferdinand VII, Spain went - He was the Crown in all government matters
through a downward spiral as a world power. and the Vice Royal Patron over religious
- By 1830, all of Spain’s American colonies had affairs.
seceded and became independent states - He can nominate priests and can legislate
except Cuba and Puerto Rico. laws for the colony. These laws were called
- There was also a struggle for the throne actos acordados.
known as the Carlist Wars.
- Because of this, the Philippines became a CUMPLASE
dumping ground for the relatives and - It is the governor-general’s power to decide
favorites of Spanish politicians in Madrid. which law or royal decree should be
implemented or disregarded in the colony if
Abandonment of Mercantilism they have deemed it impractical.
- There was a shift in the world economy.
- Countries and their colonies began trading Local Government Units and their Heads:
with one another. Merchants began trading 1. Provinces - Governor
freely as profits to shape official policies. 2. Towns / Pueblos - Gobernadorcillo / Mayor
- The Philippines was officially opened to 3. Barrios / Barangay - Cabeza de Barangay
foreign trade by 1834. This brought wealth for
more people and created a new middle class.

SUEZ CANAL ( 1869 )

- Brought Europe closer to the Philippines.
ILUSTRADOS
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 2: Spain and the 19th Century World of Jose Rizal

City Government various parts of Spanish peninsular law into

- Was called ayuntamiento. the Philippines.
- Governed by a cabildo or city council The Spanish Crown had instituted the
composed of: residencia ( the trial of an outgoing governor-general
● Alcalde / City Mayor to account for his acts during his tenure of office ) and
● Regidores / Councilors the visitador ( the investigating officer to probe on the
● Aguacil Mayor / Chief Constable complaints against the governor-general.
● Escribano / Secretary But he was not able to resist corruption.

FRIARS
The Social Structure of Filipino Society
- A key figure in the local administrative set-up.
- Was the supervising representative of the
Spanish government for all local affairs, thus, 19th Century Social Pyramid
his approval was necessary.
- They became more powerful and influential. Peninsulares - Spanish born in Spain
Insulares Filipinos - Spaniards born in the
FRAILOCRACIA Philippines
- Termed by Lopez Jaena. Mestisos - Spanish and Chinese
- It is the situation where the friars were more half-breeds
powerful that even civil authorities feared Indios or Natives
them.
- Spain tightened their control over the country This social ranking was created in our society
through the friars for fear of losing. during the Spanish regime which favored only
Spaniards of the povest Catholicism. Social tensions
GUARDIA CIVIL were created between and among the classes, where
- Were also feared in the Philippines. the lower classes were victimized by the upper classes.
- Organized in 1867, native police for the
purpose of dealing with outlaws and
renegades. Educational System
- In 1880, it was the most feared. Arrested
individuals were identified by friars as: Schools were under the control of the friars.
● Filibusteros - Enemies of the Primary education was placed under parochial schools
government. in many towns. Instructions at these schools centered
● Erehes / Heretics - Enemies of the on the teaching of fear of God and obedience to the
Catholic Church. friars, with indoctrination as the principal method of
teaching.
AUDIENCIA REAL By the end of the 19th century, only the
- The Supreme Court during that time and the University of Santo Tomas ( UST ) was the existing
lower court. Government’s judicial power was higher education in the Philippines.
vested in them.
- Below it were two territorial audiencias, courts UST
of first instance, and the justice of the peace - Founded by the Dominicans in 1611.
courts. - Was the only university, which offered courses
in medicine, pharmacy, theology, philosophy,
There was no national legislature in the and canon and civil law.
Philippines before the country was taken over by the - Its doors were opened to the Filipinos during
United States in 1898. Philippine representation in the the last half of the 19th century.
Spanish Cortes or lawmaking body was abolished in
1837. Secondary Schools Opened by the Spaniards
I. For Boys:
LAS LEYES DE INDIAS 1. San Juan de Letran in Manila ( under
- Continued to be the basic law but gradually Dominicans )
modified by royal decrees, which extended 2. Ateneo Municipal ( run by Jesuits )
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal
1st Year, 1st Semester | Mrs. Mary Jean P. Alday
CHAPTER 2: Spain and the 19th Century World of Jose Rizal

II. For Girls:

1. Santa Isabel
2. La Concordia, Santa Rosa
3. Santa Catalina

EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863

- Implemented in the colony, which required the
establishment of one elementary school for
boys and one elementary school for girls in
each town in the Philippines.
- It also provided for the establishment of a
normal school for the training of teachers with
a mastery of the Spanish language, under the
direction of the Jesuits, as Spanish shall be
the medium of instruction in all schools.

Economic Situation

The country was opened to foreign trade in

1832, resulting in the rapid rise of foreign firms in
Manila. The presence of these foreign traders
stimulated agricultural production and export of sugar,
rice, hemp, and tobacco.
But the growing prosperity of the Philippines
in the 19th century had significant consequences.