DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM

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 Functions
1. Take in food or
Ingestion
2. Secretion
3. Mixing and
Propulsion
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Elimination or
Defecation
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Pharynx
(throat)

Oral cavity Salivary

(mouth) glands
Esophagus
Stomach

Pancreas
Small
Liver intestine
Gallbladder Large
intestine

Appendix

Rectum

Anus

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 Layers of Digestive System
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa

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 Oral Cavity
• First part of
digestive system
• bounded by lips
and cheeks and
• contains teeth and
tongue
• Contains stratified
squamous
epithelia
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 Teeth

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 Palate
• Hard palate:
anterior part

• Soft palate:
posterior part

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Salivary Glands

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 SALIVA
• A versatile fluid
• keep the oral cavity moist and contains enzymes
that begin the process of digestion
• secreted at teh rate of approximately 1L per day
• Protective functions:
– prevents bacterial infections in the mouth by washing
the oral cavity with a mildly antibacterial enzyme
(lysozyme)
– neutralizes the pH in the mouth
• Salivary Amylase
– digestive enzyme
– breaks down starch
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 MASTICATION
• food taken in the mouth is chewed or
masticated by the teeth
• incisors and canines- cut and tear food
• premolars and molars- crush and
grind food
• breaks large food particles into many
small ones
• increases the efficiency of digestion
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 Pharynx
• Throat
• Connects mouth
to esophagus
• three parts:
–nasopharynx
–oropharynx
–laryngopharynx
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 Esophagus
• muscular tube
• lined with moist
stratified squamous
epithelium
• connects pharynx to
stomach
• Transport food to
stomach
• Joins stomach at
cardiac opening
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 Swallowing
Three phases:
–Voluntary
–Pharyngeal
–Esophageal

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Peristalsis

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Stomach

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• 3 muscular layers:
– outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique to produce
churning action
• Rugae:
– large folds that allow stomach to stretch
• Chyme:
– paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down
• Pyloric opening:
– opening between stomach and small intestine
• Pyloric sphincter:
– thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening
• Hunger pangs:
– stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels usually
12-24 hours after a meal

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Cells of the Gastric Glands

• mucous neck cells

• parietal cells
• endocrine cells
• chief cells
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Secretiosn of the Stomach

•Hydrochloric Acid
•Pepsin
•Mucus
•IntrinsicFactor
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 Regulation of Stomach Secretions

• Three phases:
–Cephalic
phase
–Gastric
phase
–Intestinal
phase
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 Movement in Stomach
• Mixing waves:
- weak contraction
- thoroughly mix food to form chyme
• Peristaltic waves:
- stronger contraction
- force chyme toward and through pyloric
sphincter
• Hormonal and neural mechanisms stimulate
stomach secretions
• Stomach empties every 4 hours after regular meal,
and 6-8 hours after high fatty meal
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 Small Intestine
• Measures 6 meters in
length
• Major site of digestion and
absorption of food
• the three modifications
that increase surface area
about 600-fold:
– circular folds
– villi
– microvilli
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• Four major cell
types:
–absorptive cells
–goblet cells
–granular cells
– endocrine cells
• Intestinal glands
• Duodenal
glands
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Parts of Small Intestine

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Secretions of the Small Intestine
• contains mainly mucus, ions and
water
• lubricate and protect intestinal wall
from acidic chyme
• Peptidases
– digest proteins
• Disaccharides
– digest small sugars
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Movement in the Small Intestine
• Peristaltic Contractions
–proceed along the length of the
intestine for variable distances and
cause the chyme to move along the
small intestine
• Segmental Contractions
–propagated for only short distances
and mix intestinal contents
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Large Intestine

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Functions of the Large Intestine
• 18-24 hours- material pass through the
large intestine
• 3-5 hours- chyme move through small
intestine
• every 8-12 hours- mass movements
• feces
• defecation
• mass movements
• defecation reflex
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 Liver Anatomy

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• Lobules
– divisions of liver with portal triads at corners
• Portal triad
– contain hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic duct
• Hepatic cords
– between center margins of each lobule
– separated by hepatic sinusoids
• Hepatic sinusoids
– contain phagocytic cells that remove foreign particles
from blood
• Central vein
– center of each lobul - where mixed blood flows towards
– forms hepatic veins

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 Liver Ducts
• Hepatic duct:
– transport bile out of liver
• Common hepatic duct:
– formed from left and right hepatic duct
• Cystic duct:
– joins common hepatic duct
– from gallbladder
• Common bile duct:
– formed from common hepatic duct and cystic
duct

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 Functions of the Liver
• Digestion
• Excretion
• Nutrient Storage
• Nutrient
Conversion
• Detoxification of
harmful chemicals
• Synthesis of new
molecules
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• Bile
– important for digestion
– dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid
– increases efficiency of fat digestion and absorption
• Bile Salts
– emulsify fats
– breaking fat globules into smaller droplets
• Bilirubin
– bile pigment that results from the breakdown of
hemoglobin
• Gallstones
– formed if the amount of cholesterol secreted by the liver
becomes excessive and is not able to dissolevd by the
bile salts
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 Gallbladder
• Small sac on
inferior surface
of liver
• Stores and
concentrates
bile
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 Pancreas

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Digestive Process
Digestion
Propulsion
Absorption
Defecation
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 Carbohydrate Digestion
• Polysaccharides split into disaccharides by
salivary and pancreatic amylases
• Disacchardies broken down into
monosaccharides by disaccharidases on
surface of intestinal epithelium
• Glucose is absorbed by cotransport with
Na+ into intestinal epithelium
• Glucose is carried by hepatic portal vein to
liver and enters most cells by facilitated
diffusion
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 Lipid Digestion
• Bile salts emulsify lipids
• Lipase breaks down lipids which form
micelles
• Micelles are in contact with intestinal epi.
and diffuse with cells where they are
packaged and released into lacteals
• Lipids are stored in adipose tissue and
liver

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 Proteins Digestion
• Proteins are split into polypeptides by
enzymes secreted by stomach and
pancreas
• Peptides and amino acids are absorbed
into intestinal epi. cells
• Amino acids are actively transported into
cells (help from GH and insulin)
• Amino acids used to build new proteins

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 Water and Minerals
• Water can move across intestinal wall in
either direction
• Depends on osmotic conditions
• 99% of water entering intestine is
absorbed
• Minerals are actively transported across
wall of small intestine

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