BASICS OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(FCEC0106)

Practical File
(2024-2025)

Netaji Subhas University of Technology

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Sidhant Choudhary Dr. A.K. Mittal
Roll No.: 2024UCB6030
Branch: CSDA
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 INDEX

S.No. Experiment Date Signature

1. Study of LTspice
2. Simulating RC Circuit in
LTspice
3. Simulating RL Circuit in
LTspice
4. Simulating RLC Circuit in
LTspice
5. Study of Zener diode in
LTspice
6. Study of NPN Junction
Transistor in LTspice

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 EXPERIMENT-1

AIM
Study of LT Spice

Introduction
LTspice® is a powerful, fast, and free SPICE
simulator software, schematic capture and
waveform viewer with enhancements and models
for improving the simulation of analog circuits. Its
graphical schematic capture interface allows you
to probe schematics and produce simulation
results, which can be explored further through the
built-in waveform viewer.

Software Used:
LT Spice

Theory
Key Features of LT Spice:

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1. Schematic Capture Interface: Provides a user-
friendly environment to draw circuit diagrams using
various components like resistors (R), capacitors (C),
inductors (L), diodes, and transistors.
2. Simulation Types: Offers different simulation types
including DC operating point analysis, AC analysis,
transient analysis, noise analysis, and more.
3. Component Library: Comes with a comprehensive
library of components and allows users to define their
own models if needed.

Components in LT Spice:
- Resistor (R): A component that opposes the flow of
electric current, causing a voltage drop. In LT Spice, it
can be added by pressing "R" or selecting from the
component library.
- Capacitor (C): Stores electrical energy in an electric
field, often used defined by their parameters in filtering
and timing applications. It can be added by pressing "C"
or selecting from the library.
- Voltage Source (V): Provides electrical power to the
circuit. In LT Spice, voltage sources can be DC, AC, or
pulse and are.
- Ground (GND): Every circuit in LT Spice needs a
reference point for voltages, known as ground, which

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can be added by clicking the ground symbol in the
toolbar.
Components used:

Result
Basic Layout analysis of LTspice done.

Conclusion
LT Spice is a versatile tool for electronic circuit
simulation, providing valuable insights into circuit
behaviour before physical prototypes are constructed.
Understanding how to use LT Spice and interpret its
outputs is essential for anyone involved in electronics

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design and analysis. This project demonstrates the basic
functionalities of LT Spice and provides a foundation
for further exploration into more complex circuit
simulations.

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 Experiment-2
AIM: Simulating RC Circuit In LTspice

Software used: LTSpice

Theory:
A resistor-capacitor circuit (RC CIrcuit) is an electrical circuit
consisting of passive components like resistors and capacitors, driven
by the current source or the voltage source.
The capacitor stores energy, and the resistor connected to the circuit
controls the rate of charging or discharging.
The charging and discharging of the capacitor is not an instant
process but takes some time. If the resistor and capacitor are
connected in series, the capacitor charges gradually through the
resistor until the voltage across the resistor is equal to the supply
voltage.
The time constant (τ) during the charging of the capacitor is the time
required to increase the charge on the capacitor by 37% of its final
charge. It is the measure of how fast the capacitor can be charged.
The time constant (τ) = RC
In a circuit, capacitors and resistors are frequently seen together. In
real life, such RC circuits are common. They are employed in camera
flashes and heart pacemakers; to control the speed of a car’s
windshield wipers and the timing of traffic signals, and a variety of
other electrical equipment.

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Circuit:

V1= Max voltage 5V

R1=20,000 Ω resistor
C1= 0.1µF capacitor

Output/Result:

Conclusion
Successfully simulated the RC Circuit shown with V1 as a sine wave in LTspice.

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 EXPERIMENT 3

Aim: Simulating RL Circuit in LTspice

Software Used: LTspice

Theory:
RL Circuits (resistor – inductor circuit), also called RL network
or RL filter, is a type of circuit having a combination of
inductors and resistors and is usually driven by some power
source. As such, an RL circuit has the inductor and a resistor
connected in either parallel or series combination with each
other. They are either driven by the current (parallel) or a
voltage (series) source. Besides, the resistor (R), inductor (L),
and capacitor (C) form the basic passive linear circuit elements.
They can form an electrical circuit in four different ways like
the RC circuit, the LC circuit and the RLC circuit.
Use of RL Circuit
• In chokes of luminescent tubes.
• For supplying DC power to radio-frequency
amplifiers where the inductor is used to pass DC
bias current, and block the RF returning into the
power supply.
• RL circuits can form a single-pole filter. The filter is
low- pass or high-pass is dictated by whether the
reactive element (C or L) is in series with the load or
parallel with the load.

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 • Radio Wave Transmitters.

Circuit:

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OUTPUT/RESULT

Conclusion:

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Successfully simulated the RL Circuit shown with V1 as a sine
wave in LTspice.

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 EXPERIMENT 4

Aim: Simulating RLC Circuit in LTspice

Software Used: LTspice

Theory:
An RLC series circuit is simply a loop that includes a battery, a
resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor all connected one after the other.
When you connect a power source, the circuit shows some
interesting behaviors, especially when using alternating current (AC).
For instance, at certain frequencies, the inductor and capacitor can
balance each other out, allowing maximum current to flow—this is
called resonance.

When an alternating current (AC) is applied, the circuit exhibits

interesting behaviors like resonance, where the inductive and
capacitive reactances cancel each other out, resulting in maximum
current flow at a specific frequency. The impedance of the circuit,
which is the total opposition to current flow, can be calculated using
the formula:

RLC circuits have many applications as oscillator circuits. Radio

receivers and television sets use them for tuning to select a narrow
frequency range from ambient radio waves. In this role, the circuit is
often referred to as a tuned circuit. An RLC circuit can be used as a
band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass filter or high-pass filter.

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CIRCUIT:-

OUTPUT/RESULT
Current across inductor-

Voltage across capacitor-

RESULT:-
Study of RLC circuit has been done.

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 EXPERIMENT 5

Aim: Study of Zener Diode in LTspice

Softtware Used: LTspice

Theory:
A Zener diode is a highly doped semiconductor device specifically
designed to function in the reverse direction. It is engineered with a
wide range of Zener voltages (Vz), and certain types are even
adjustable to achieve variable voltage regulation.

When the reverse bias voltage applied to a Zener diode

approaches its Zener voltage, the electric field within the depletion
region becomes strong enough to attract and remove electrons
from their valence band. These valence electrons, energized by
the intense electric field, break free from their parent atoms. This
phenomenon takes place in the Zener breakdown region, where
even a slight increase in voltage leads to a rapid surge in electric
current.

The diagram given below shows the V-I characteristics of the Zener diode.
• When reverse-biased voltage is applied to a Zener diode, it allows
only a small amount of leakage current until the voltage is less than
Zener voltage.
• The V-I characteristics of a Zener diode can be divided into two
parts as follows:

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 (i) Forward Characteristics
(ii) Reverse Characteristics

The Zener diode has applications in various electronic devices

and it works in reverse biasing conditions. In reverse biasing,
the P-type material of the diode is connected with the negative
terminal of the power supply, and the n-type material is
connected with the positive terminal of the power supply. The
diode consists of a very thin depletion region as it is made up of
heavily doped semiconductor material.

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Circuit:

OUTPUT/RESULT:

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Conclusion:
Successfully simulated Zener Diode in LTspice.

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 EXPERIMENT 6

Aim: To study NPN Junction Transistor in LTspice.

Softtware Used: LTspice

Theory:
A bipolar junction transistor is a single silicon component
where electrons and holes are used as charge carriers. A bipolar
junction transistor lets a small current be injected at one of its
terminals to control large amounts of current flowing between
the other two terminals. This makes the device capable of
performing switching or amplification.

Bipolar junction transistor is of two types:

• PNP transistor
• NPN transistor

The NPN transistor consists of two n-type semiconductors that

sandwich a p-type semiconductor. Here, electrons are the majority
charge carriers, while holes are the minority charge carriers.
The NPN transistor is made of semiconductor materials like
silicon or germanium. When a p-type semiconductor material is
fused between two n-type semiconductor materials, an NPN
transistor is formed.
The NPN transistor features three terminals: emitter, base and
collector. This transistor features two diodes that are connected
back-to-back. The diode seen between the emitter-base terminal
is referred to as the emitter-base diode. The diode between

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collector and base terminal is known as collector-base diodes.
The emitter is moderately doped, the base is lightly doped, and
the collector is comparatively more doped.

CIRCUIT:

V1= 50V V2= 5V

R1= 10 ohm R2= 20 ohm

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Current outputs:
Icq1:

Ibq1:

CONCLUSION
Hence,we have completed the study of NPN junctions and relation
between Ib and Ic.

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