Module 1

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF

INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING TRANSPORATATION

TRANSPORTATION A. MANPOWER

- is an act or process of conveying from one B. ANIMAL POWER

place to another.
C. WIND POWER
- from the Latin word “Terans” meaning across
or move and “Portare” means to carry.
THE 5’Es OF TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC
1. ENFORCEMENT
- it refers to the movement of persons, goods,
or vehicles, either powered by combustion -the action taken by the police, such as
system or animal drawn vehicle, from one place arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket and
to another for the purpose of safe travel.
providing warning to the erring driver for the
- originated from Greco. Which the Roman purpose of deterring and discouraging and or
word Trafico and Greek word Traffiga, is the preventing such violation
origin of which is not known.
2. EDUCATION
Management
- the process of giving training and
-is a process of planning, decision making, practice in the actual application of traffic
organizing, leading, motivation and controlling safety knowledge
the human resources, financial, physical, and
information resources of an organization to 3. ENGINEERING
reach its goals efficiently and effectively. - the science of measuring traffic and travel, the
ACCIDENT study of basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation; the application of these knowledge
-an undesirable or unfortunate happening that to the professional practice of planning,
occurs unintentionally and usually results in deciding, and operating traffic system to
harm, injury, damage, or loss; casualty; mishap: achieve safe and efficient transportation of
automobile ... persons and goods
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 4. TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
-is a process of systematic collection and - the study of potentially disastrous population
analysis of information relating to a accident explosion, changes in urban environment due
that led to the loss of property, time or health to the scale and density of new urban
of individuals, or even the loss of lives. concentration and new activities carried out, air
pollution, water pollution and crowding,
-Accident investigation is the scientific and
transport congestion which result therein
academic analysis of the facts that occurred
during an accident. 5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
- deals with the benefits and adverse effects of - created under RA. 7924 and sets policies
traffic to our economy. concerning traffic in Metro Manila, coordinates
and regulates implementation of program
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT
related to traffic.
OF TRAFFIC
Congress and Local Council the branch of
a. Land Transportation Office
government primarily tasked to create laws for
- tasked to enforce laws, rules and regulation the welfare of the public Judiciary
governing the registration of motor vehicles,
- the branch of government that interprets the
operation of motor vehicle and traffic rules and
law through adjudication of cases.
regulation as provided by RA 4136 as amended.
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory d. Traffic Management Group (TMG)
Board
- the basis service of the PNP tasked to
- tasked to regulate transport route direct and control traffic, perform accident
investigation, enforce the laws and issue
- regulate franchising
citations.
- prescribe fare rates
AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC
- investigate traffic cases ENGINEERING

- perform judicial function a. Department of Public Works and Highways

- promulgate rules - has responsibility of determining traffic flow

planning approval of program and budget
- impose and collect fees
finding of construction and maintenance of
- formulate and enforce rules and regulation for road and instrument
transport operation for promotion of safety and
convenience of public b. Local Public Works and Engineering Offices

- coordinate with concerned agencies and - local government units and instrumentalities
enforce E.O. NO 125,124-A and E.O. 202 dated that have the same function as the DPWH
June 19,1987
- perform such powers within their territorial
b. Department of Transportation and boundary
Communications
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION
- in charge of planning programs coordinating
1. Schools
implementing and perform administrative and
promotion development and regulation of Elementary
dependable and coordinated network of
- tasked to educate children to obey traffic
transportation and communication in order to
rules through their programmed curricula
have fast, safe, efficient and reliable postal
transportation and communication services (EO Secondary
No. 125.)
- tasked to educate students in obeying
c. Metro Manila Development Authority that traffic rules by imposing school
(MMDA) policies intended for the welfare of the students
Higher Education 3. 33 days of intellectual cycle

- they offer subjects on driving and traffic safety The High State
course or any allied subjects
Physically high
TRAFFIC EDUCATION
- people are energetic, strong and agile
- is the process of inculcating to an individual
Emotionally high
the knowledge, skill, responsibilities and values
to become a fully developed person - people are creative, artistic and happy
- the key to smooth traffic flow is discipline and Intellectually high
to acquire discipline people must be educated.
-

The Low State

PURPOSE OF DRIVER EDUCATION
Physically low
1) To Instill awareness of one's legal and moral
responsibilities in traffic; and - people tend to be tired and succumb to
sickness
2) To teach abilities required for one to be
eligible for a driver’s license. Emotionally low

SAFETY CAMPAIGN - people are moody, irritable and depressed

- the aim of this campaign is to make road Intellectually low

users behave properly - people find it difficult to think logically and
- focuses on public information attitudes; this lacks coordination
is characterized as road propaganda LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY
BIORHYTHM LICENSING SYSTEM
- the theory asserting that man exhibit constant - it is the system of issuing license to
variation of energy and mood states. any person who is qualified to fulfill the
The Environmental Factors in Man’s Theorized responsibilities required by the license
Cycles and Interpretation of Biorhythm - administered by the LTO
1. The exchange of Light and darkness DRIVER’S LICENSE
2. The four seasons - issued to the drivers as privilege
3. Wet and dry seasons granted by the government providing
statutory qualification.
4. The waxing and waning of the moon
LICENSING PROCEDURE
The Biorhythm Cycle
REQUISITES FOR ISSUANCE OF LICENSE
1. 23 days of physical cycle
- At least 16 years old for student’s permit
2. 28 days of emotional cycle
- 17 years old for sub-professional
- 18 years old for professional 3. If he has summoned the physician or nurse to
aid the victim.
KINDS OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
CONDUCTOR
1. Student permit
- Licensed person allowing limited number of
2. Non-professional
passengers, freight or cargo in public utility
3. Professional truck or buses

4. Military TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF TRAFFIC

5. International 1. KEEP RIGHT - (two lanes, two ways) in case of

one way the left lane shall be the fast lane and
RESTRICTION CODE the slow lane is the right.
1. Restriction Code No 1 - limited to drive motor 2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yield to
motorcycles emergency vehicle, pedestrians, trains, vehicle
2. Restriction Code No 2 - limited to drive with right of way, vehicles ahead, large vehicles,
vehicle weighing not more than 4500 kg uphill traffic, vehicles with momentum, straight
traffic, and traffic signs.
3. Restriction Code No 3 - limited to drive
vehicles weighing more than 4500 kg Emergency Vehicles:

4. Restriction Code No 4 - limited to 1. Vehicle with physician

drive weighing 4500 kg and with 2. Ambulance on emergency call
automatic transmission only
3. Vehicle with wounded or sick person
5. Restriction Code No 5 - limited to drive
vehicle with automatic clutch and weighing 4. AFP/ PNP vehicle on official call
more than 4500 kg
5. Vehicle in pursuit of criminals
DRIVER
6. A police or fire on call
- Licensed operator of a vehicle
RIGHT OF WAY RULE
DUITES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS
- the right to proceed ahead of another vehicle
1. Stop immediately. or pedestrian

2. Show the license to the victim and give the 1. Intersection- when two or more vehicle is
true name, address and contact number. entering an intersection the one on the left will
give way to the right vehicle.
3. Driver is not allowed to leave the scene
without aiding the victim. 2. Pedestrian- drivers should yield to pedestrian
crossing except at intersection whereas the
EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRECEEDING TOPIC movement of vehicles is regulated by a police
1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously officer.
harmed by reason of accident; 3. Through highway/ railroad crossing- the
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest driver shall bring to a full stop before traversing
police station; and
to an intersection. If there is no hazard the 5. In two lanes, on a divided roadway, they may
driver may slowdown to 5mph. use either of the lanes.

4. Police /emergency vehicle- all drivers should 6. In an expressway with fast and slow lanes, on
yield to emergency to emergency vehicle except a divided roadway, they may use either of the
as directed by traffic enforcer. Fire trucks are lanes.
accepted to speed limit but they are prohibited
7. Overtaking is prohibited at crest of a grade
to have unnecessary speed.
curve, railway crossing, at the intersection and
5. From private road to highway- vehicle from between construction and caution.
private road must yield to that on a highway.
5. THE BUS STOP RULE
3. PROHIBITED PARKING
1. The buses queue up in a single file in their
Places where parking is prohibited: order arrival.

1. Near an intersection 2. Lead bus moving toward the center of

column of busses lining on the bus stop zone,
2. Crosswalk/ pedestrian lane
and remain until zone is filled with busses, but
3. Within 6 meters from drive way of any longer than three minutes.
response installation, fire hydrant and private
6. RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC
roads
JAMS
4. Double parking
- Keep lanes and intersection open in heavy and
5. Sidewalks, alleys, foot of the bridge slow traffic to avoid overtaking. In a
construction, vehicles should merge alternately.
6. Places wherein official signs are posted
7. OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
4. WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE. MEASURES
- overtaking lane is the lane to the left of - Observe and obey traffic notices sign like
overtaken vehicle going in the same direction, notices and pavement markings.
overtaken vehicle is the privileged vehicle
8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER
CONSIDER THESE IF YOU OVERTAKE:
- Motorist should observe equity of the lead
1. Signal the intention. vehicle, doctrine of the last clear chance on
2. Make sure that the overtaking lane is clear rotunda drive.
and free of oncoming vehicle for sufficient 9. ON PEDESTRIAN
distance to facilitate proper overtake. - Keep off the roadway except when crossing on
3. Maneuver at own risk, the vehicle being crosswalk. Wait embark and alight at bus or
overtaken is the privileged vehicle. Drivers keep jeepney stop
his lane, maintain speed and yield to overtaking 10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY
vehicle. REMINDER-
4. He shall increase his speed until the (“SAFETY FIRST”)
overtaken vehicle has cleared the way
 Module 2 3. PROSECUTION - it is a court function, the
police also provides corresponding influence
General Rules of Traffic Law Enforcement
through preparation and introduction of
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT evidence or close contact with the prosecution

- the action taken by the police to office.

compel obedience to traffic laws and
4. ADJUDICATION - it is court function; the
ordinance regulating the use and movement of
police provide influence on this step by as a
motor vehicle for the purpose of creating a
witness to the prosecution by supplying
deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential
additional evidence. It determines the guilt or
violators
innocence of the accused.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER
5. PENALIZATION - the imposition of penalty
- a person duly deputized by an agency of upon the accused. Penalty can be influenced by
government authorized by law to enforce traffic previous records of conviction as provided by
laws, rules and regulations the police.

POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

-Performed by the police and other 1. Increase safety level

agencies with police power including
2. Increase traffic efficiency
deterrent to law violations created by the
presence of uniformed police officer and their 3. Ensure harmony and comfortable
special equipment, special assistance to court environment
and prosecutor and incidental service to
4. Maximize safety
highway users.
ACTIVITIES OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
1. Preventive activities
- the performed by the court through
adjudication and penalization 2. Persuasive activities

3. Punitive activities
POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT PROCESS MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM
FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS
1. Enforcement system
1. DETECTION - wholly police activities and
entails looking for defects in the behavior 2. Road user system
motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment and
roadway condition. OBJECTIVES:

2. APPREHENSION - a police responsibility 1. Deterrence of violators

wherein the police are required action to 2. Detection and apprehension
prevent continued and future violation. 3. Observation and reporting of traffic condition
and road condition
4. Providing certain services to public 2. Officer directing road check

TYPES OF PATROL CONSIDERATION IN ROAD CHECK

1. Line patrol- it is assigned to a particular place 1. Minimum delay to motorist

2. Area patrol- type of patrol assigned to an 2. Thorough checking procedure

area of vicinity
3. Protection and safety of parties involved
TRAFFIC OBSERVATION
4. Timing and location and frequency
1. Stationary traffic observation - officer is
OBJECTIVE IN DEALING WITH VIOLATORS
assigned at specific place
1. Immediate objective- to act against the
2. Conspicuous traffic observation - officer
person
attracts attention
2. Ultimate objective- to change the future of a
3. Visible traffic observation - stationary
person
observation that the observer is in full view
POINTS TO REMEMBER
4. concealed traffic observation - observer is
not visible to the public 1. Violators are diversified
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PURSUIT AS TRAFFIC 2. Conflicts arises in violators
ENFORCEMENT
3. You are professional officer, there is no
1. Decision - nature of violation professional violator
2. Pursuit technique 4. Be alert for an unexpected
3. Safety driving technique TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, DIRECTION AND
CONTROL
STOPPING AND APPROACHING TRAFFIC
VIOLATORS - an act of overseeing the traffic to keep order
on street and highways within existing laws
1. It must be done with consideration to safety
of both parties engaging POLICE WORKS
2. Upon approaching officer must be from the 1. Accident investigation
left side from the rear, be alert
2. Less serious offense
TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK
3. Serious traffic offense
- It is done to inspect the following:
OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO BE SKILLED IN THE
1. Faulty vehicle equipment FOLLOWING INSTANCES:
2. Registration and licensing procedure 1. Accident scene
3. Intoxication or cargo check 2. Emergencies
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHECK 3. Planned and special events
1. Faulty vehicle 4. Regular points and integration control
5. Directing pedestrian movement

HAND SIGNAL

OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO KNOW HOW TO 1. Use hand signals

DIRECT IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES:
2. Use uniform signals
1. Not signalized intersection
3. It must be clear
2. Signalized intersection
4. Don’t make verbal
3. Between intersection
5. Be alert for an unexpected
SUPERVISED ROUTE
TRAFFIC JAM
- A street or highway on which traffic is
- It is caused by such factors as vehicular
supervised to some considerable degree
accident, stalled vehicle, absence of traffic
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION enforcer and road construction.

- It involves telling the public how and when PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC JAM
they should not stand and move
1. Determine the cause
POINT/ AREA CONTROL
2. In case of accident conduct fast investigation
- It is the part of the traffic direction
3. In case of engine trouble assist the motorist
concerning the control of vehicular/
in pushing car to place
pedestrian
4. Establish oneself and conduct systematic flow
movement
of traffic
POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT
5. Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if not
- It involves mobile supervision of traffic repeat procedure no. 1
movement, directing orally and visually are
6. Implement traffic regulation to prevent jam
done to allow free and safe movement of
escorted vehicles. RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRAFFIC ENFORCER
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL 1. Enforce the law without fear or favor and
assist public when needed
- It is the control direction of traffic units
according to proportionate time to prevent 2. In an intersection, remember the following:
traffic
a. personal safety of enforcer
accident to maintain smooth flow of traffic.
b. policeman’s visibility
MEANS OF DIRECTING
c. visibility of officers to traffic
1. Signaling
d. non obstruction to traffic
2. Whistling
e. ability to effect necessary control
3. Gestures
3. Officer shall not leave his post during 3. Perspiration test
tour of duty without permission from
4. Breath test
higher authority. In case personal necessity he
should notify the station. 5. Skin test
4. Respond immediately to emergency calls and EVIDENCE AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVERS
notify the station
1. Drivers admission
5. Be calm and control the temper even under
provoking situation 2. Co-occupants testimony

6. He should be in proper uniform 3. Material witnesses’ testimony

7. In apprehending issue citation, and do it in 4. Photograph of drunken driver

one minute 5. Video/ voice tape of driver
PEDESTRIAN CONTROL 6. Officers testimony
PROGRAM OF PEDESTRIAN ENFORCEMENT LEGAL ACTION AGAINST DRIVER
BASICALLY DEPENDS ON THE
1. Submit him to the nearest laboratory for
FOLLOWING: testing
1. Campaign 2. Impound the vehicle
2. Guiding on the post 3. Confiscate the license
3. Warning ticket 4. Recommend the suspension of privilege
DRUNKEN DRIVERS 5. Sue him for violation/ file against violator
- it is a driver who drives under the influence of 6. If acquitted recommend suspension of license
alcohol with 10% of intoxicating level

FIELD SOBRIETY TEST

1. Walk on straight line

2. One-foot balance

3. Reading

4. Spelling

5. Counting from 1 to 10

6. Video tape the movement

7. Photograph the unguarded movement

CHEMICAL TEST

1. Blood test

2. Urine test
 I. PLANNING AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN

- composition of traffic stream

Module 3 - traffic volume and capacity

Traffic Engineering and Road Classifications - origin and destination

What is Traffic Engineering? II. FACTORS INFLUENCING DESIGN

- defined as calculating manipulation or - traffic composition

direction. It includes forecasting of future traffic
- traffic volume
demands.
- vehicle speed
FUNCTIONS
- movement of traffic
1. Fact finding survey and recommendation of
- performance value
traffic laws
III. REGULATION AND CONTROL
2. Supervision and maintenance of the
application of traffic devices a. Limited to public safety and convenience
3. Planning of traffic regulation b. Limitation imposed on road users
OBJECTIVES c. General rule of road use and conduct
1. Achieve free and efficient and rapid flow of - speed
traffic
- overtaking
2. Prevent traffic accident
- right of way
3. Promotion of traffic engineering
- lateral placement
4. Show that good police action and
performance makes engineering plans effective - pedestrian right and duty

APPLICATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC - general rules on parking

ENGINEERING d. Prohibited and restriction
1. Habitually congested commercial areas - one-way regulation
2. Heavily traveled thoroughfares - speed control
3. Congested local areas and intersection - curb parking control
4. Special occasion of event - turning regulation
5. Disaster or emergency - stop rule
6. School crossing TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE
METHODS IN ACHIEVING OBJECTIVES OF 1. ELEMENTARY REQUISITES
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
- Compel attention
- convey simple meaning at a glance 6. Increase traffic capacity

- allowing time for response CLASSES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS

- command respect a. DANGER WARNING SIGNS

2. FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS b. REGULATING SIGNS

- design and outward aspect - priority signs

- position and placement - prohibitory signs

- maintenance and condition, appearance and - mandatory signs

visibility
c. INFORMATIVE SIGNS
3. TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE
- advance sign
- traffic or road sign
- place identification sign
- pavement markings
- confirmatory sign
- traffic light
PRINCIPLES OF SIGNS
- traffic island
1. Red triangle connotes hazard
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC
2. Red ring with diagonal line connotes
CONTROL DEVICES
prohibition
1. Regulatory devices
3. Blue/ green provides information
2. Warning devices
4. Signs on blue disc give positive instruction
3. Guiding devices
INTERNATIONAL SIGN
AIMS OF SIGNAL CONTROL
1. Round and red; regulatory movement
1. Reduce traffic conflict and delay
2. Round black yellow sign, warning sign
2. Reduce accident
3. Equilateral triangle red sign, directing to yield
3. Economize police time the right of way

ADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL INSTALLATION 4. Octagon red and white, STOP

1. Made for well-ordered movement 5. Red triangle and black sign, approaching
danger zone
2. Reduce accident frequency
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
3. Provide means of interpreting heavy traffic
1. Red- stop
4. Economical over manual control at
intersection 2. Amber- slowdown

5. Coordinating in providing continuous flow of 3. Green- go

traffic
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
1. Arrows point to direction c. Bus stop

2. Straight lines means no overtaking SIDEWALK

3. Broken lines means overtaking is allowed - it is the portion of the road that answers the
safety of pedestrians
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
ACCIDENT
ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
- that occurrence in a sequence of events which
1. National road- right of way 20 to 120 meters
usually produces unintended injury, death
2. Provincial road- link between to
or property damage
municipalities, 15 to 60 meters
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
3. City road- interlink in the city, 15 meters
- an accident involving travel transportation on
4. Municipal road- within town proper 10
a traffic way
meters
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT
5. Barangay road- from market to town 2
meters - event resulting in unintended injury or
property damage attributable directly or
ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHICAL TERRAIN
indirectly
1. Flat road
to the action of a motor vehicle or its load
2. Zigzag
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
3. Steep hill
In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is
4. Down hill imperative for the traffic investigator to know

5. Winding road the kinds of accidents occurred in order to map

out the necessary activities to be done when
6. Mountainous road
responding and investigating.
7. Roller coaster road
1. NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROADWAY
- refers to any accident occurring on a traffic
1. VEHICLES PASSES SAFELY ON way involving persons using the traffic way or
- climb lane travel or transportation, but not involving a
- overtaking lane motor vehicle in motion (ex. Pedestrian and a

- acceleration lane cyclist in a traffic way)

- turning lane 2. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

2. PART OF THE ROAD USED FOR: - any motor vehicle accident which occurs
entirely in any place other than a traffic way
a. standing lane
(ex. Accident on a private driveway)
b. stopping lane
3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT action taken by the drivers involved or during
the initial contact
- any motor vehicle accident occurring on a
traffic way (ex. Collision between automobiles STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
on a highway)
STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE INCIDENT CHECK
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
THE FOLLOWING
1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling
1. What happened
or hearing and understanding the
2. Who are involved
usual or unexpected movement or condition
that could be taken as a sign of an accident 3. Where and when it happened

about to happen 4. How it happened

2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first 5. Why it happened

action taken by a traffic unit to escape from
STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER CONTROL
a collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard
1. Preliminary question to driver
3. INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental
- who is driving
touching of an object collision course or
- ascertain sign of nervousness
otherwise avoids a hazard
2. Gather clues for identification
4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest
collapse or overlap in a collision; the 3. Ask other witnesses
force between the traffic unit and the object 4. Examine driver’s condition
collided with are greatest at maximum
- check the license and other record
engagement
- check registration
5. DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of a
traffic unit in motion from an object with - verify ownership

which it has collided; the force between the - account step by step events
object ceases at this time 5. Position and location of vehicles
6. STOPPING – this is when the traffic units - lights
involved come to rest; it usually stabilizes the
- gear position
accident situation
- mark the position of vehicle
7. INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm; this
event does not necessarily occur after the - look for the unusual things inside the car

accident but within any of the chain of events; it 6. Form preliminary opinion
may also happen right after the evasive 7. Photograph skid mark and location for later
measuring
8. Record place in which person/ damaged 1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to
vehicle is placed strengthen the case.

2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather

additional data
STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED
EVIDENCE 3. Make a pre-trial conference

1. Make a test skid 4. Testify in court

2. Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to 5. Arrange the file for future purposes
arrest
IN CASE OF INJURIES:
3. Complete examination of vehicle
1. Stop arterial bleeding
4. Locate key event or point of impact
2. Ask for help
5. Additional photographs
3. Protect the wound for exposure
- vehicle damages
4. Cordon the place
- view obstruction
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT
- present condition ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

- control devices 1. Fatal

6. Measure scale or diagram 2. non-fatal

7. Get additional facts at the scene 3. Property damage

8. Report to station by radio CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT

ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT
STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE
1. Running off road
1. Get the medical report
2. Non-collision on road
2. Notify the relatives
- overturning
3. Develop the photographs
3. Collision on road of vehicles with the ff:
4. Analyze the specimen
- pedestrian
5. Complete accident report, made copies and
file. - moving vehicle

6. Complete data on the investigators’ report - parked vehicle

7. Reconstruct the accident - bicycle

8. Complete the investigation and file it - railroad train

STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO COURT - fixed objects

CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC 3. Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking
ACCIDENT
4. Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking
A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS on opposite direction

-Road condition 5. Damaged parked vehicle

-Driver’s attitude 6. Crushed police road block

-Weather condition 7. Bumped by stray animal

B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS INVESTIGATING FOR UNKNOWN FACTS

-Unsafe greater speed 1. Victim’s identity

-Defective vehicle 2. Kind of vehicle

C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR 3. The make of vehicle

- Road hazard 4. The driver

- driver’s non compliance 5. The eyewitnesses

D. PERCEPTION FACTOR FAST TRACKED INVESTIGATION

- driver’s inability to react 1. Send the corpse to laboratory after

investigating
- driver’s faulty action to escape
2. Obtain fingerprint and other specimen and
HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION
send it to laboratory
- This applies to drivers who failed to stop at a
3. Splintered glass can be a lead
road accident
4. Broken headlamp manifest a run over
LEGAL CASES TO BE FILED:
5. Paints might stick at victim belonging
1. Abandonment of one’s victim
6. Don’t forget to bring paper and pencil for
2. Failure to lend assistance
initial note taking
3. Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide
EXAMINATION OF RECOVERED VEHICLE
4. Reckless imprudence resulting to damage to
1. Recover physical evidence immediately
property
2. Measure the vehicle
5. Failure to render assistance to victim
3. Photograph the vehicle, debris and chipped
6. Violation of section 55 of RA 4136
off part
7. Civil liability
4. Check the interior of the car for driver’s
COMMON NATURE OF HIT-AND-RUN identity

1. Ran over pedestrian INVESTIGATION AID FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

INVESTIGATION
2. Sideswiped pedestrian
1. Motor vehicle certified registration at the scene of the accident caused by a
collision
2. Repair shop
4. SKID MARKS – these are marks left on the
3. Department records
roadway by tires which are not free to
DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF DEATH
rotate, usually because brakes are applied
1. Referral slip strongly and the wheels locked

2. Arrest report 5. TRAFFIC UNIT – any person using a traffic

way for travel, parking or other purposes as
3. Traffic accident report (TAIC)
a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or
4. Affidavit of parties involved animal.
5. Witness’ statement 6. HAZARD - a hazard is generated when a
6. Photograph critical space-motion relationship between a

DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF INJURY traffic unit and another object develop due to
the movement of either or both (ex. A
1. Memorandum of preliminary investigation
curve in the path is a hazard; another traffic unit
2. TAIC (Traffic accident report) in the path is a hazard.)
3. Estimated amount of damage, it is made by 7. SAFE SPEED – the speed adjusted to the
authorized repair shop potential or possible hazards or the road and
4. Affidavit of parties involve traffic situation ahead; safe speed on the road is
5. Witness statement determined by the road rather than the

6. photograph particular driver of a vehicle (ex. A curve ahead

is a hazard and a safe speed for it is a
COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION speed at which it can be taken comfortably

1. MOTOR VEHICLE – any device which is 8. STRATEGY – the adjusting of speed,

self-propelled and every vehicle which is position on the road, and direction of
motion,
propelled by electric power obtained from
overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or
any other action in situations involving
rails
potential hazards
2. KEY EVENT – an event on the road which
characterizes the manner of occurrence of a 9. TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic unit
to avoid hazardous situations like steering,
motor vehicle traffic accident
braking or accelerating to avoid collision or
3. DEBRIS – the scattered broken parts of other accident.
vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left
10. IMPACT – the striking of one body against
another or a collision of a motor vehicle with
another motor vehicle. highest incidence of both accidents and
fatalities among all driving age group. 4) old age
11. CONTACT DAMAGE – damage to a vehicle
5) sleep
resulting from direct pressure of some foreign
object in a collision or roll over; it is usually deprivation/fatigue 6) drug use - including
indicated by striations, rub-off of prescription drug.

material or puncture. 4. Road design

12. FACTOR – any circumstance contributing to 5. Vehicle design and maintenance

a result without which the result could not have
● seat belts - wearing seat belts reduces the risk
occurred or it is an element necessary to
of death by two thirds.
produce the result, but not by itself
● maintenance - a well-designed and
sufficient.
maintained vehicle with good breaks, tires and
13. PRIMARY CAUSE – a misnomer loosely well-adjusted suspension will be more
applied to the most obvious or easily explained controllable in an emergency and better
equipped to avoid collision.
factor in the cause of an accident or the most
easily modified condition factor. ● center of gravity - roll overs have become
common due to increased popularity of taller
14. CAUSE – the combination of simultaneous
SUV and minivans
and sequential factors without any one of
which have a higher center of gravity than
which result could not have occurred.
standard passenger car.
15. ATTRIBUTE – any inherent characteristics of
● motorcycles - have little protection.
a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects
Skid mark - is the mark a tire makes when a
the probability of a traffic accident.
vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins
16. MODIFIER – a circumstance that alters an on the surface of the road.
attribute permanently or temporarily.
● skid marks are caused by rubbers deposited
Causes of traffic accidents on the road.

1. Human factors - ex. driver behavior, visual ● one form of trace evidence, when their size
and auditory acuity, intoxication, decision and shape can reveal much about the vehicle
making ability and reaction speed and forces of

speed. acceleration or deceleration.

2. Motor vehicle speed. ● the length of the skid mark is closely related
to the vehicle speed at the instant of breaking,
3. Driver impairment - factors that prevent the measuring the
driver at their normal level of skill. Common
impairment includes, 1) marks yield an estimate of original speed.

alcohol use 2) physical impairment - ex. poor Skid mark are divided into:
eyesight 3) youth - teens and early twenty aged
drivers have the
1. acceleration marks - created on acceleration PROTECTIVE MOTORCYCLE HELMETS WHILE
if the engine provides more power that the tire DRIVING AND PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR
can transmit.
Presidential Decrees
2. braking marks - if the brakes "lock-up" and
1. P.D # 96 regulating the use of sirens, bells,
cause the tire to slide.
horns ect.
3. yaw marks - if the tire slide sideways.
2. P.D # 612 requiring compulsory insurance for
all types of motor vehicles against third party
liability as an

additional pre-requisite for registration by the

LTO.

3. P.D 1686 imposing a tax on every motor

vehicle equipped with air conditioner.

Module 4 Letter of Instructions (L.O.I.s)

TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS 1. L.O.I # 43 Providing the removal of all
impediments on roads, streets and highways
The following are the basis for the traffic such as constructions,
regulations and prohibitions in the country
Republic Acts stalled or parked vehicles and other movable
property that obstruct free passage. This LOI
1. R.A 4136 dated June 20, 1964. This is the abrogated city or
basic law regulating land transportation in the
Philippines. municipal streets throughout the country.

2. R.A 6539 89 Anti- Car napping Act of 1972” 2. L.O.I # 229 Requiring all motor vehicle
owners, users, or drivers to have their
3. Republic Act No. 10586 AN ACT PENALIZING possession at all times while
PERSONS DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ALCOHOL, driving at least one (1) pair of EWD for use
when the vehicle is disabled on roads, streets
DANGEROUS DRUGS, ... and highways or other
4. R.A 8794 Act imposing penalties on emergencies compelling the vehicle to be on
overloaded motor vehicles stop.
5. R.A 7924 MMDA Act 3. L.O.I # 716 Every Motor vehicle to equip at
6. R.A 8750 Seat belt law least a pair of early warning device.

7. R.A 8749 Clean Air Act 4. L.O.I #112 Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks
from using roads, highways and bridges whose
8. R.A 10913 Anti-Distracted Driving Act load capacities
9. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10054 AN ACT are excess of specific allowable limits.
MANDATING ALL MOTORCYCLE RIDERS TO
WEAR STANDARD Memorandum Circulars
1. M.C 90-020 Directing all public land 3. Increased vehicle queuing
transportation service operators and drivers to
Classical Theories of Traffic Flow
display in any
1. Free flow
conspicuous place of their vehicles the
authorized fare matrix for the specific route 2. Congested traffic
granted them to avoid
Three-Phase Traffic Theory - is an alternative
conflict. theory of traffic flow developed by Boris
Kerner between 1996 and
Coefficient of Friction - is a dimensionless scalar
value which describes the ratio of the force of 2002.
friction between two
1. Free flow
bodies and the force pressing them together.
2. Synchronized flow
Rail Adhesion - grip wheels of a train have on
the rails. 3. Wide moving jam

Split Friction - dangerous condition arising due Pedestrian - is a person traveling on foot
to varying friction on either side of a car. whether walking or running.

Road Texture - affects the interaction of tires Gridlock - a traffic jam so bad that no
and the driving surface. movement is possible

Profilograph - devised used to measure

pavement surface roughness.

Tribometer - an instrument that measures

friction on a surface.

Traffic Waves - "stop waves" "traffic Shocks" -

are traveling disturbances in the distribution of
cars on a highway.

Traffic Flow - the total number of vehicles

passing a given point in a given time. Traffic
flow is expressed as vehicle per

hour.

Traffic Congestion - "traffic jam" - is a condition

on roads, streets or highways that occurs as use
increases.

Characteristics of Traffic Congestion

1. Slow speed of vehicles

2. Longer travel time