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1: Explarn ost wefevence model wlth neat deaqram
one
aor t ‘
& Althou ht,,when es Of the PmtemNet, eveyone
ol aubre; th?s suree Ps
—$0lks about the Tcp /rp protec
(Noe wnly sueie af protocols defened-
nacht god
& Estableshed fn 194%, the pnternarPronal orqantae
| tPon pr stondordegatcfon (160) so Multenotfone
body dedecated £0 peridwrde @qreemen t; On) En tem
-tPonal standadtds . AlmoAt three — fourth soy the
CountrPes' en the orig’ ate Teprepented Ee Teo.
d framework, for Ene deatgn
unecateon blwott
|* Te ost model Ppa laue
Of network SYysttm that Bllows Comm
EYPe of computer Sqstem -
% Te congsPsts OF Seven scpaorate put telated lagers tod
of wheeh defrnes Oo port eg cha ae 7
enformateon across ot an
Applecat Pon Fouer +
PresentatPon . ae 6
edad to f '
(Sessfon » co E j
cee eae
Tronepowt § | lager»
! f
~ Netwomk | lager Soon. a
potalenk | layer 2
a
ae
ae
3
a
Bcd ox % Lule a cat '
ac! Df OSE Model's success — |
30 bene é Sn j
TRe 06 £ mode! appends eter the Tep| tp protcol
s Most experts weve at FPrt excered Of
b that. TCP / CP protecol sould be sully placed » _ a ~~
% TRes ded’ Ret hopper
dese+rPbe Only three, WhPch OFe OG7Ce Jd Upon by ot
experts Pr the #retd-
X FPYsE, OSE as Completed When Tep/ Tp wos FULLY m
place and a lor af tPme and money hap been apent o,
‘the sures chengPn ge Pt would! Cont B lot : ‘
*% Second, Some layers M the ost. model were never
futty defened., ¢, example,olthougn the servic
\Proveded by the “prestntoateon and the ses$ FON lox
were lPeted fn the document, actual Protocols for
there two layers wéte not fully détened , nor Sere
aoe doereved) Ong the comres pond en's)
Wor not fulty developed 0 : 4
\* TRrvd, when ost pas Pmplemented b On orgontic
fe mess ore Ps passed to the transport leader.
la. Trantpore layer t~ The Message become the,
ployload. x ;
mh tvanspost layer header Pp added | whPch Fnuudes
source and dectPnatfon, appitcatfPon and tontrol
detaele. | ’
+ MPs passed to the network Layer- i
|B. network layer’~ Re tvansport layer the pat —
tS ove ateated ag dato, and a& network loyer
| header’ Psiadded . 12492 Lxboo “eae
+ fren Prigteides source and destenetion, Pp.ad37
i) and + detapir Le evo cheers y+ || if wo
| ae — ym
|A. pata lene laqes t= The dataqvam treated as
|Playload and a'dato lene layer heodew Pp added
whth Lfnk Loyer addresses:
Ly The vesult?ng pacret te caite
| gnen sent to as physteal lager
| the network:
¥ Encapsulatfo
| at voutty we nave both encappulotPon and decop,,|
stntfon because the outer -conne ected tO wd0 OF MOY,
das fFame, wh tth &
gor transmPss Pon ove
Wh decaseuracerbr me the Tourn.
Lenks’
¥ Deca) 4
ie ere eek tr ot the deatPnatfon hort + ~
bape Ee a AtPNatPon hort, each Lauer only decopou
la Packet vecetved, temoves the playload, and
siete the playlooad Fo Mhe next—-heghes Lauer prv
-Col untet a
4 a message veacthes the applecati o™ loyu
«leat and Explatn data communfcarPon Chogecten
| —Sreu-
| Tre effectPvent:
fons eness of ao dato Commun ecat @ons
system epends on four fundamental cnavactn
—StOCs:
1. delevery 7— The eqstem murt delever data tom
comrect deatPnatPon. Pato murat be vecerved ©
the @ntended devoee OF User and only by that. device,
oF LUEETF:
la. Pccuvacy ¢-he system must deltver the doto ,
basaetrelen patos sheer hOV been attered en trans
-mePapton and left uncovréected are UNUCoble -
«+ data fro
3. TemelPness%— The Syntet maar detove
o detev @red tate ave uceless:
+Pmely deltvery
are produced,
t®mety mannes. dat
Tn the cage of vedeo and audPo-
meana detever ing Word we whey ‘ ,
ro the pame order hart they are produce an
wPthout seqne4econt detay: mre eend 4 dewey
| Cp calted veal Ckeme tTONAMSS Pon,
Be ie xc rgPpter aefera to the varPutfon Pn tbe ————
| arrtval treme » Ft Pe the Uneven delay Po
ocket
QudPo or vPdeo Pacrets, For era
™
the delevety OF
ume that vedeo packet? ATE cent
—ple let Up, ass
ene® goms +» I+ fome Of the paccets AVPTvEe wWPEH
i ond DEHers worth go-ms delay an
eme delou
lesneven quatery @n the Vedeo fr the venult .
A. Explarn componentr
a dato communecatPons system, h
Or f
Of Computer networkPng.
oro col pesiere
v Parorotol Putt 2
| Se message \; ae = | pulen
| .
a ee
} t
Fe £4 17 Components of. date
cal Communteateon -
Ll. message*- Me message & the Pn-f orm eat Fon (dota)
to be communecated- popular forms oF Prformenen
audpoand vede o-
Pnclude text, numbers, pOctuTes,
Po the devece that sends the
pe ah computer, WOT RTO,
d poon-
2. sendey :~ The sender
dato message. Tt con
telephone howd pet, vedeo comera on
_ |4-TTansmfsraton predcum +- The tvansm Pss POM mele
ee Pp the phys fcal, path by whech a message proved
$a0m sendev to ecetver, Some examples o4 transm
sSeon medea. Fnclude twested— parr woPre ) coaxcet
Bete grea ale braces ere
Mata Beets & ee Fo Act af vulen thot qovern
een. fas aga agg DED Ve pwep ents OFYOGTEM
ap ove . Comnirtiunie’cect® on cdev eves, wPRthou t
eres eet
all elie ha
am. Fxplarn ropolegy fand d@ftevent rypen oy,
bad shes nee : l the Wary Py
The tewm phyunPlal topole nefers to nt )
piphech oinetioore Fp lardiour phyA Peatig Ene oo Om
| deveces connect to o Lenk 3 two oF MOTE )
| a topology.
\\ve Mesh topolo. Gtr
x Th O& meh topology, every devece hoe a deditoted
| PoPnt -to-pofnt tent to every other devPce . the ten
t+ dedtcated means that the LPNK CATHTEUW tVTO44 Fe on
| | Wu the poo deveces Pt Connects: /
[& TH meph topology we need n(m-~1) Phynfrat Lents
| Ph leks ave o type stripe and we needtn-/ |r
phan tcal L@nbe Py Lenks ove of type duplex,
|
|
hed
.
Advantage WM
* Prt, the Ure af dedecated Lene
each connect Pon Can Camry ‘Pes’ ots dite idiad’,
* Second | o mesh’ cope TS dobUst. TE one LPnE become!
aie penetra) TY BORK ot thldiep ae tere ‘the en+ert Ayam
‘bptsadvanta eA Sm
Me x FRMr becowe att!
| other devece?nstat
diy EP Cut. iti es : ‘ a
% second, the sheew bul ay thie WPRPNg Con be aes
phan the ovatlobke space. f hii
tr Mesh to pte
arantees thot
tof |
dev@ee muse be conn ected te
atfon ond veconnectPon are Piven avariable cpote ton aetommodate.
& In 0 AtAT topology ,fach devece haya de
-d po@rt -to—pornt Lenk only toa central to
Upuelty colted a hub-
% The devetes ave not dPrectty tPnred to one anona
uniepre a mech topology, OQ rtor topology doe
hot allow dPrect trossec blu devece
HUb
(ete
at sey
RQ
z
Pq. - Stor topology.
Advanta a P at
& RB ptOr topolo q Po lesevexpenpneve than a2 meh
tepolo GA Pe Needp Past lest cable Com pared
fo mern topolo - — i
# In o Stor, cath devPce needy, Only One Lenr and
Cierieegare to cOnmeEMETE bo on Ai Ler, onc,
th?e factor Aloo makes pe COL to Pngralt Rea
aecont Pause. .
Pinadve-nrce A: 7
% FPnt, because every devPce miupt be Conneceed
to every others develce, Pnstallateon and setonnect
fon. are Art Poult -
Setond, the sheer bulk af the wtrtn can be axes
Topol Tee
% The precedtng ‘examples all descrebe potas
-POPAt Connectfons. & bus topolo yon the othey
hond , PS muUtHPpeeRt sone Long chinle actsOos &
backbone to lene all the devlces @ ao nehooric.
4 node Sve ; i
end ys Connected to the bus cable by dsvop Len al
‘ SBS ay
phirate rie | [Pipe
7. tee ee
top. top
| i Feq: Bue topology.
| Pdvantagets2
ste
| ¥ Backbone Cable Can be labd olon
|-Chent path, then Connected to the ho
|S ©} Varfous lengths. Th thes way, DB bu? Uses ly
(Catleng than Aa or Stay topologres. |
\% fasy PnatallatPon.
| Piradvantage ¢ -
4 the moot ey
er bg drop in,
X pefHecult weconnectPon and fautt Prolorion.
xB buS Ps Usually dentaned ‘to be opt ematty efi
—CPen+ at PnstaltatPon >It Can theve-fowe pe AP yh
Cult to add hew deveces
A2RPn Topology: —
*¥ Ta ad topology, each devece hay a ded Peated
Pofrt —to-pofnt connectPon weth ont the boo devi
ion ePther shde Of Pt. 4
A Stoned Pe. poseed aldne thie +n
fon, from devPce, until pt weaches
on. Each devece fn the en Pracovporotea o
tepeates. cohen ao devPce SPR yer & sPanol Paten
ded for another devece, Pts mepeater wegeneva
tes the pis ond passes Hhem eee
Indvanta Cee
¥ A TPNG TS eis Mietdontge easy te Pnaral ond
ECONyPaUTE:
+ Foult P enttg PeatPon and solomon Ps
semplrt Ped = :
Pn one dPrect
+e dentenok ie
| Se ee sai
| i
vf
a
Pq —
DPsadvonita is ek) eam
vb
% a ea eS tVO+48e con be a decadvantog
cae See V O break en the Beare can d Pro
etovt .
Problems «— ‘
(mw deqeral geaets Ral era ne Level Het mon ii
[Ove needed per level Ye eatcutute WE Gin ber of
(bPtS fom eA ac hot Eacn sPanai on
| Pe vepiecen tec by 3 be
soln +-
Number of bfts per level =o Bei ye,
&. Adegftal sfqnal has yPEne Level. ner
| are needed per level! 4
soly:- Y
Each ayes Level Pp represented by 3.1% bets. He
PRever, EPS answer Pr Hot sealPatec. the Humber
OF pPts sent pes level needs to be On Prtegts ag
oell OF O Power OF 2. For tha, etample, 4 ber con
wepresent one level-
3 Assume we need to download text documeasy
Ot the rate Of lOO pages per second, What Pe the
we 4
ao bet robe of the channels
P page fran average mag Wine worth so choad 4. TRe Power of Oo $Panol Fe IO MW) and the Power «
phe notre Ps 1 uWwjwhat OTe the valuer og cre
ond SNbd @?
Sou. —
Tresyowues Of snip ond sN@de canbe calculated a4
follows,
ane (10,000 by] (huw) = 10,0000
SNR@dB = 10 Se 16,000 = lolog,,to4 ae
¢- The value of SNR and sWRdB fora nofpretecs
channel ove, ’
ene = (sPqnal power) Jo= m&
— > SNRdp = Lo kea pee =
q. Re power a gPqnal % LomuUl and the powes o
the noPse Ps UW what are the Valu Oy swe on
snedB?
The Yolues.agsnt and sNede canbe Calculated as
Follows +
eNe = (to,coo uw) [a uu) = 10,000
SN@dB = le leq 10,002 POLO vex uostin 4o
lo» TRe Yolucvioy ene and sNRdp foro noPseless
Channel aver
SNe= (seqnal power) [os ve
SN@dg = loloay. & = Oo
Il. A SEgnol wth LoomwH powe™y pacces Etisvo Chem
lo devPces, each with an overage. Nome OL go
MPcvo Ww
Bote. atts what % the, SNP? Whot Pr the swede.
Total Nobee en the. channel ¢
= Qou \w)
SNQ = (200% to 3) (20% to76 )
SN@ = loooo
¢ Lum sie
SNede = [ot 1oq {gle000= 10% 4 = 40d6-
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