AssTGNMENT :01

O1. what 5 data Coronmocotfon what ane Pts bour

fundamental chaatesf ustth o neat dfagram
eLplan the eomnponents of dota communfcaRon
Sustem. aadd
the nange of
’Bta commnuri cation eteTS.to
through a
data between deces 6 system s
meum, Such as cable s, toneless
transssion
sgnals, ber opRcs:
dRtal anal og dat,
C4 fnvo|ves the transher of pooper bomatfirg,
USng pao to cols to.ensue
detecfon.
Synchonf3otfon, and eTror
Chota deResco.
Belvery : Ensures 1that data s delfveTed to the
CoYrect destnatfon.The Data must
be: Teved, oy the deie G User.

AceuTacw The Bystem mus+ deltve the data

|SS
ateurately, Data must be ta nsmted
wSRth mfnmal eno
uoithout exroS 6.wth
method.
CSing eTroT- deteRon,
 3) Tme- fness : The fyste m must deve data n
devered tote
Rmalymanner.Ata
ane uSeless.
4 THer: Rebers t MaRatforns Rn packet anfvol fm
which can ohoet the auatty of ea-im
Commwniafon. Ceguiole o, Noice, cals)
Campornents:

Rule 4
Rule a:
Pooto co} pOtoco

Rule n : Rule n?

Serde
-Message Re ceveY
medfum.st

A data Commofcatfons Sysem,has &ve componeAt

sender qsthe dvice that sends he
sender: The
dotamessge

Ss age{s he, ntomaton (dta)

Me ssage: the me communcated,
to be
a5 Recever: the ecver s the de vice hat ecefves
the me ssOye

s TIan smisson me diOm: The tyansmssion medlm s

the phystco
path bs uohfch a message
+avel S trom sende to Te coiver,
aules that gover
protocol Rs a set
53 potocol data com munfcaton,

dota comnmunt cotfon g Explon uth neat

5 what s
betuween
Sketch three tupes of Commoni ootons
the dev ce s Consideng data touw.
erhange o
gata communcoton yeters to the
data. between de vf ce s Sustems thiough a
such a S cableS,frel ess.
transmission medom,
&gna's 6 bRber opies.

There are hree mafn mode s.of data blow:

o1. implex:

mo nitor
main bYame
mmuNcasos ? n onY one
Bota low s
one- yay Co
.The sendeY 4ransmts he dota, and the
derecfon
Ye cvey Gan Onty Becver,
> Halb- Suple X:

ArecRon 6f dto at tme

sâveBon of doto at
me & Staton
&tatfon.
not Simuttaneously
bommuncaton bu
can tto w.9n both fretons,but nty o e
Sta recefvey
Tectfon s at a $ me The sendey and

takes tonstortrans thng dota.

Arehon of dota all the time

SatSon
&tedor

bath dfretons at the same 4ne,

blows An
60r(ontnuous dota exchange betueen
ato ufing and the secever,
m
the Bende
 3> Wth net Sketch, EXplofn te o types of o? de
oTea hetwo k n USe.

’A uide aye a netuork CwAN) roVides

\ong ids tance +Tansfssion f data,mage,
Neeo etc.. OuY large e0gYaphic orea.

?y Suitched AN:
Connetts he ond 8ystem,
*The &ustchedo wAN
uohch usa allyompi Yes a
Connets to
anotheY LAN wN.
end s ste m

end sstem ehd Sy ster

SuRtched
WAN

|The point- to- pont wAN qs nomally a

ne Cabe tv
tosed:tnomatelephone ca oe
pro ides that onnets to o,home computcy
small LAN to TSP.
 poßnt-to-pânt
wAN
--
modem moolom

COmputeY

4et m- data
you mean by the
4)Jhat do, the d 66erent fom
cotfon Xplato
Eans co mmuni séntation.
Ofdata epre
Bota_Represertaton3 6berert toms Ike
mtfon Gan be
Intex
text, numbe dudo ard video.

is Text
i Number

Audfo and ivoleo.

>

dotá om moni chon text Pa vepregented

aS L44 patern, ohi ch sas, Seouen ce of
made Up of' o's4
t's.
 NUmber:

*Numbe aTe also Tepresented + pattevn.

As CIT s not Sed to gep
A Code such cS
Ye Sent numbet.

i)Tmage:
epreSen+ed by
h he4 þattetn.
* Images are also matx of pxels
t Tmages qs compostorop
oher e each picel s Sma| dot.

pitel depends on sesoluton.

* The sige of

Audto
|* Audfo reters to iecording bo ad catng of
Sound muste.f oa
|% Audo 9s bu nature di66erert bom text, number
nd mage

* ode0 7ebeS to the Tecording kroad casng

mofe.

atfon of. moget

067 1Pst out the bundfona4e s of phusial layey
dota nk layeY and network (ayeN

’ hysical (ayeY :
i> Represtatfon of bits
îis Bata tate

Bne con RgUrafon

physica topology

Repre sent atfon of St:

The phu scol layei data touest of sream o.p S
(o's and i's) uoi th no gnterpretoon.
Bata ote:
The tansmfssion Tote the no, of bts sent eath
Second 9s also debined by the phys?a tayey
Bynchonfzafon bts:
he sende A recetvey not ons nust use o p
the Same ifst ate but also must be
 Tansssto n mode:

-de phusa tayer also doginS the dIeton o

4T0nsmiston blw too de ices.

Dato fnk tayer:

, Fraing
) physîco addressing

Eranârg tayey d des 4he sted m of 6it

nk
The ddta netuork Lauer rto maragode
se&ved brom the
'cal led by ames'
dota urts

Phusical dfstbuted to Joerent

Dramesareto be,
System oñ the
Flou cantho)
Lb he ote at ohch the data are absusbed by
the ecve s lessthan a t e of dota pb daca
n thé sender,
 EYYOY sonto)
4he
The dato nk (ayer ddress velfabity to
addfng mechalsm
physica layer b addng mecharsm to deted
and tYansm. damaged lost bames.

ACceSS contao)

Lohen tuoo mnoTe deices are conneted 4o the

Same nk dota 1hk (ayei p tocol s ane nersa
to detect ofch dece has contoÓver the
Link at any ven tmes.

Netuok (ayeyY:
sddtessing
LOGfeai addyesstng pz9tbin
The physfca addiesing Rmplemert ed. by datg
Lfnk ayey handles the oddresinq poblem
Lo cally.

ohen ndependento nuo hk axe onneted to

exeate nter netu0Tk the tonnedng devicer
ButHch tne faccets toh bnal
youte
 destfnaton.
bouy lev elof addyess Sed n TCPIP
es G{ive sigf b canCes.
ootocol and ve fts
level of addyesS used gn CP)Tp
FOuN
protocal are3
i, physfcnl pddress (MAÇ ddyess)i egl
address CTp v4|IPv6)

t> port adde ss (Socket)

Speio oddveSs(URTORL)
Pv> ApfcoRon-

Rs phuysfcal address :
4.8 S4 (6- byte) address sfg assfgned t6 nlo
oter bace codscNTS)

Sigrf6 cance
Tdentf tfes deices on the Same ocal nw.
S local TP Addess
32 St (Tp v4) 128 b+ (TPv6) address
asstgned to devi cen
Sgnt 5cance
ident® 5es devices, on
 cdd net Intey s ohen node the
o physial the sARP *
nd toused
addyes
s. phusfoo utha addess lcfcal a
toused ARPDYs protba address ethe
(ARP): protocaResolution Address |R>
RARP ARP i,
S6beren+
bl
caton,d applf
Tdentfbfes
Bcances Sfgn
otoca.
aon then FTP4 HTTP, toi *Used
G0RI) den4Ses 7esouTre uibOYM *
co. hunnfng
aon devfceTdenfifes
forscance:
ece.s
olo a
on
S nodentng
prDOss a 64 16
addyess POt |
 ReverSe Address Resolutton trotocol
2APP aloos a host to dsoces ts Tn
(RARP)
addres tenet
when 4s Knoons ony q4s phy ol

Tt 9S Used hen aco mputes Rs connected

to netuóok to y the trst ne.

s thesne of, the tuoo standard Tepl;

+ranspot protcol.
* ts the pDcess to o ess ptotal,
Transmfsson contol po total (TcP:
tansport layey ser ves fo
Gul
applfcatfon protocal,
relable stea mtanspot
doda to smalley

unfts coled NSegerts".

1 Iteynet conrio essage protoo) (TcM
TeMPRs a. mechans m used bs hosts 4 gat
to send no499caton.
*IcMP. endei osoy ond eos veronfng
message.
qntexnet g0op mesSage pnotocod (IOMP)
|* The Inteyhet goUp mnessage potocoa ts
used to ba itote the sf mtaneoU S
transmsston of mess age to qroup b Tecpien
O8} what s the evence between aphys? ca
and logical addyess Expla n uth enample.
The phuscol oddvess and logcol addTeSs ame
concepts commons used Pn memons manage m
ta computer systems. 2930sg nt 2?

lo. Logico Address irtoaqoenznort

A lofcol addess Ps generad by the cpu
dung a prgrams, exe utfon.
4 s a itua! addTesshdt the program yete
yences but does not ety eosrespond tog
phufco memóny iocoton.
*Rs oddness As mapped to a phystal addsess
usng a Memong.
Management unft (MM0)ond other mapRn
techiaues.
Dampl s:
prog am and use vofable
en you uHte a
X= (o, the ePU generates a logte
Rve Rnt addess ?s
ay the iocfeol
ndosess tor x. let's
OX0010.

l8.phusco Adde ss:

oddess Ps the adál, 1ocaton n-he
A physfcol. oheye the da s stoted.
phustol memoy cRAM)
attey the logito addsess s
* G s detei ined
+anslated thugh the mmu.
not see mafipulte
The vser progom,
phuscal addresses syetty
Eample:
*Tthe lofcal addss ox0o19ght be transkted
D4 the MMU toa.phy aladdess PKe oXABOO1O,
ich cossesponds 46 a neal tootfbn Pn, RAM.
r

1.

tha neo the o neat dfagram, expiofn the

Yntera fon betseen LouerS h the osI model.
 9ntemedate DeRee &,
Rrtemefote
yrode
Appfcatn
pesentaon Psesertato o
Sessfon sessfon
TsanS poYt tsons pott
NetusONsNetwooF
Sata 1hkto-fnk
Netuuok
Sota-thie
Netusok

phuoo phusa! Bhyeal. phyfeal

thusi al commorfcotn.

OST Copen System nter conne on).

modol usas developad bs hteynnfbna stahdad

As the meSS0ge avel tom A to R, 94 mau

poss tnogh any Prte modatenodes Tthete
htermefate rodes usualiy PhvoNeZ ontý tné
6st 4hnee layeyof thé osT nodel

takfng CoYe of the eletal and mehanial

oper
afbns of the host at the actual phua
layey.
ace. Pterprogram Applfeaon
wae thDugh seys ;end
actessble
an bs dfrety Dppfcaton:
Rs
bommad the s ouers esentofon 6)
hosts.
erninng
ot conholfng
4 estabflshing, #
laueY3 Pon Sess 5)
blw data obeytrans parent tyans achtve
a
end-to-end *
Tronsport: 4
y. tasaddess)
ng,esro pRmay x
net0Tks. dß6erent
neked
to foS Na todata*goutfnq
ayey: 3>Neto0Yk
hosts, moTe
betuseen onneRon duBng OYYOY S of
betWeen betuween
the inaon
of bishmen+
te esto
lauey fnk