Chapter 1: Concept of

Computer networks
History of Internet
Concept of computer networks
Network architecture
Packet switching vs. circuit switching

Reading: Chapter 1, Computer Networks, Tanenbaum

1
 History of the Internet

l Originated from an
experiemental project of ARPA
l Intially having only two nodes
(IMP atUCLA and IMP at SRI).

ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency

UCLA: University California Los Angeles
SRI: Stanford Research Institute
IMP: Interface Message Processor, that \
each computer must be attached with

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Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
2
 In 12/1969, after 3 months

SRI UTAH

UCSB
UCLA

A network with 4 nodes, 56kbps

UCSB:University of California, Santa Barbara

UTAH:University of Utah
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source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
3
 ARPANET, 1971

Source:
http://www.cybergeography.org/
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atlas/historical.html One node was added each month
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Years 70s: Interconnection,
new network architectures
and private architectures

5
 Expansion of ARPANET, 1974

source:
Traffic each day not more than 3.000.000 package
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http://www.cybergeography.org/
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atlas/historical.html 6
Years 70s

• Since 1970, new networks private

architectures appear:
• ALOHAnet in Hawaii
• DECnet, IBM SNA, XNA
• 1974: Cerf & Kahn – principles of
interconnection of open systems (Turing
Awards)
• 1976: Ethernet, Xerox PARC
• End of 1970s: ATM

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Years 80s: New protocols, more
expansion

8
1981: Beginning of NSFNET

NSF: National Science Foundation

NSF network is separated from ARPANET for academic research
uniquely

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 1986: Connect USENET and NSFNET

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Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html 10
More network to join and more protocol

• More networks join in: MFENET, HEPNET

(Dept. Energy), SPAN (NASA), BITnet, CSnet,
NSFnet, Minitel …
• TCP/IP is standardized and becomes popular in
1980
• Berkeley integrate TCP/IP in BSD Unix
• Services: FTP, Mail, DNS …

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Years 90s: Web and E-commerce
over Internet

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Years 90s

lBegining of 90s:
Begining of Web End of 1990’s – 2000’s:
lHTML, HTTP:
• Many new Internet
Berners-Lee applications was introduced:
l1994: Mosaic, • Chat, file sharing P2P…
Netscape • E-commerce, Yahoo, Ebay,
Amazon, Google…
lEnd of 90s: • > 50 millions hosts, > 100
Commercialized the millions users.
Internet

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 Internet in Việt Nam

•1996: Preparation for the Internet infrastructure

• ISP: VNPT
• 64kbps, 01 connection to the world, few end users.
•1997: Việt Nam connects to the Internet officially
• 1 IXP (Internet Exchange Point): VNPT
• 4 ISP (Internet Service Provider) : VNPT, Netnam (IOT), FPT,
SPT
•2007: After 10 years
• 20 ISPs, 4 IXPs: VNPT, FPT, Viettel, EVN Telecom
• 19 mil. users, 22.04% population

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 Development of the Internet in Vietnam

The numbers of users are estimated by 2 times the number of subscribers

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Source: Vietnam Internet Case Study, http://www.itu.int/asean2001/reports/material/VNM%20CS.pdf
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Statistics until 2007

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Source: Vnnic, http://www.thongkeinternet.vn 16

Bandwidth to the world (Mbps), 3rd Quarter
2007

FPT, 2635

EVN, 400

SPT, 200

HanoiTelecom,
4
Vietel, 2056
VNPT, 6820

Total: 12115.0 Mbps

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 Fixed internet subscription, 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx

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Some fixed internet subscription technologies
• Dial-up:
• 56kbps,
• use public telephone lines,
• Data are transmitted over the same frequency with voice,
• Old technology, popular before 2000
• ADSL, xDSL:
• few Mbps,
• use public telephone lines,
• Data are transmitted over the different frequency with voice,
• popular between 2000-2010
• Internet over TV cable
• Use TV cable to carry data
• FTTH
• several dozen Mbps,
• Use optical fiber
• Popular nowadays.

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Data usage on mobile phones 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx
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International Internet data volume 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx
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 Domestic Internet data volume

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx
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Internet management in Việt Nam

• VNNIC
• Is responsible for managing the Internet domain
name, address in Việt Nam;
• Provides guidelines, statistics about Internet and
participates in international activity about Internet.
• VNIX: Vietnam National Internet eXchange
• switching system between national ISP.

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TRƯỜNG CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG
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International connections

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International connections

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International connections

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Optical fiber under the ocean

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Source: https://www.submarinecablemap.com 28
Optical fiber under the ocean

Source: https://www.submarinecablemap.com
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Concepts of computer
networks

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Concepts

lA set of computers/nodes
connecting to each other according
to an architecture in order to
exchange data
l Computer/node: workstation,
server, router, mobile phone .etc
with information processing
capacity
l They connect to each other by a
media (wired or wireless)
l Arcording to an archirecture
lDifferent kind of computers

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Example of computer networks

lThe Internet
lA local network using Ethernet
lAn wireless LAN at a coffee shop: using
802.11 standard
lA network connecting ATMs

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 Network architecture

• Network architecture contain 2 aspects:

• topology: the form that network nodes connects to each
other
• Protocol: language and procedure of communication
between nodes.
• Topology
• Bus, Ring, Star…

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 What is a protocol?

Hi request

non response

What time is it now? request

ok response

Thời gian

Protocol between human being: Protocol between

vocabulary, procedure
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Network protocol

• A protocol defines communication rules between nodes

• Protocol defines:
• Format of messages/ information to be exchanged between
nodes.
• Order of messages sending between entities/nodes
• Action should be performed when an entity receives a message.
• Example of protocols running on the Internet: TCP, UDP, IP,
HTTP, Telnet, SSH, Ethernet, …

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 Communication media

• Physical medium that can carry signal

• Classification:
• Wired media: twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber,…
• Wireless media: radio wave, microwave, infrared wave,…
• Some characteristics:
• Bandwidth (băng thông): width of the frequency band could be
used for carrying signal
• fmin: minimum frequency, fmax: maximum frequency
• Bandwidth = fmax - fmin
• BER – Bit Error Rate= nb of error bits/nb of transmitted bits)
• Attenuation (suy hao): signal power decrement level

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Computer network classification

• PAN – Personal Area Network

• Scope: several metres
• #users: few
• To serve an individual
• LAN – Local Area Network):
• Scope: few km
• #users: few to hundreds of thousands
• To serve a household, an organization

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Computer network classification

• MAN – Metropolitian Area Network

• Scope: hundreds of km
• #users: Millions
• To serve a metro, area
• WAN – Wide Area Network
• Scope: thousands of km
• #users: billions
• GAN – Global Area Network: over the world
(ex: Internet)

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LAN

• LAN (Local Area Networks):

• Scope: a building, an office, an organization
• Wireless LAN
• VD: WIFI
• Wired LAN
• VD: Ethernet

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 MAN

• Metropolitan Area
Networks
• Cover a city
• Ex:
• Television network
• Backbone networks of
ISP.

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 WAN

• Wide Area Networks

• Cover a large scope such as a
country
• Ex: network connecting
different branches of a
company
• Technology characteristics:
• Using long distant lines to
connect different parts of the
network
• Ex: Using public telephone
network
• Ex: using optical cable.

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GAN

• Global Area Networks

• Interconnect different networks
• Cover many continentals.

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Internet
mobile network

global ISP
• Contain more than 5 billions
devices
• 3.2 billion users (40%) home
network
regional ISP
• Medium: optical fiber, twisted
pair, Wimax, 3G…
• Transport ~3x109 GB data per
day
• Services: Web, email, social
networks, …

institutional
network

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 Internet

• Network of networks
access access
network access network
network
...

Internet
access
network

How to interconnects millions

of network systems? access
network

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Internet: network of networks
• Directly connect one network with all others?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

Not scalable:
…

…
Number of

…
access access
…

net net

access
connections O(n2)
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

net
… access access …
net access net
net

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Internet: Network of networks(2)
• Connect each access network to a relay stations of a global ISP

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

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Internet: Network of networks(3)
• Add more ISP...

Internet relay station

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net
access Peer-to-peer
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

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Internet: Network of networks(4)
• Add regional networks...

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

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Transmission models
Packet switching vs. Circuit switching
Connection oriented vs. Connectionless

49
Connecting hosts
Direct links model

• Using direct links between all pairs of hosts

• A link: a segment of medium without any processing unit in the middle
• Weakness: too many links, distance limitation.

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Connecting hosts
Bus model

• Point-to-multipoint:
• Single communication medium is used for all hosts à
broadcast communication
• Weakness: long physical link, few hosts can
communicate simultaneously

X
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 Connecting hosts
Switching model

• Solution: using switch

• Switch: device with multiple ports
• A host links to a switch
• Switches link together point-to-point
• Switch forwards data/signal between ports toward destination.

G D
A
3
1
C 5 B
2

E F
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Data switching network

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Circuit switching

l A switch closes two ports together, making data from in-port to

flow to out-port.
l Circuit is a continuous path/channel, going through several
switches, over which data flow

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Circuit switching

l Resources (ex: bandwidth over a link) is dedicatedly assigned to

a circuit. When the circuit is unused (no data is transmitted), no
other circuits can use the resources.
l 3 phases of data transmission
l Setup circuit: close ports of switches along the path
l Transmit data
l Tear down the circuit: release the closed switches
l Circuit switching guaranties that the circuits uses the whole
available the bandwidth over each link for data transmission
(good for audio/video transmission)
l Waste of bandwidth if the data transmission process does not
consume the whole capacity of each link of the circuit.

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Example of circuit switching : Public Switched Telephone
Network PSTN

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End-to-end data transmission time in circuit switching

A Sw1 Sw2 B

Setup
circuit

Transmit
data Information
time
Teardown
circuit
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Weakness: case of idle chanel

Sw1 Sw2

Setup

Transmit Transfer
data Information
t
teardown

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Weakness: case of small channel

Sw1 Sw2

Setup

Transmit data
Information

Teardown

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Packet switching

lData is divided into small packets and transferred

through the network
lSwitch does not close one port to another but just
copies packets between ports.
lMultiple connections can share a single channel
lIncrease bandwidth utilization efficiency
lEach packet is forwarded individually

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Example of packet switching

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Transmission time in packet switching
l Switch forwards a packet only A Sw B
after receiving all the packet
(store and forward)
h
payl
d
oad r

l Switch needs time to process a

packet (dproc):
l Checks error
l Decides which ports to forward
packet out
l dproc is usually smaller than
transmission delay
dproc

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Bandwidth vs throughput

• Bandwidth - R
• In telecommunication: bandwidth= fmax - fmin
• In computer networks: Maximum amount of data
can be transmitted in a unit of time over a link (bps
– bit per second).
• Ex: optical fiber has bandwidth of 1000Mbps.
• Throughput: actual data transmission speed
(bits/sec)

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Bottle neck

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Delay

Transmission delay
A Propagation delay

C D
B
Processing delay
Queue delay

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay

Time to send data out of a Time to propagate data from one
node end of link to the other
§ L: data size(bits) § d: length of link
§ R: bandwidth(bps) § s: signal propagation speed in medium
§ dtrans = L/R (ex: ~2x108 m/sec)
TRƯỜNG CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG § dprop = d/s
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Delay

Transmission delay
A Propagation delay

C D
B
Processing delay
Queue delay

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: processing delay dqueue: queue delay

§ Error check § Time data stay in queue
§ Identify out port waiting for processing
§ Usually < μsec § Depending on the amount
of data in the queue.
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 Round Trip Time (RTT)

• RTT: = t3 – t0
A B
T = t0

T = t1
Processing
time at B
T = t2

T = t3

l One way delay: t1 – t0

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Connection oriented vs connectionless communication

• Connection oriented communication:

• Data is transmitted over a connection already setup
• 3 phase of communication
• Setup connection
• Data transmission
• Tear down connection
• Connection setup allows to make sur that receiver is ready for
the communication à more reliable
• More control mechanism can be performed before the data
transmission to enhance it QoS
• Connectionless
• No connection is setup, there is only data transmission phase
• Not reliable
• “Best effort” QoS, sending data as quick as possible.

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Summary

• Introduction to the course

• History of the Internet
• Concept of Computer Networks
• Architecture
• Topology
• Protocol
• Circuit switching vs. packet switching
• Pros & cons

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Next week…

lLayering architecture
lOSI reference model
lIP, MAC address, port number
lDNS service.

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 Lecture 2:
Basic concepts of computer networks
lLayer architecture
lOSI & TCP/IP reference model
lAddressing
lDomain name and conversion/resolution of
domain name

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Layer architecture

72
Devide and conquer principle

• Big work is divided into small tasks

• Assign some tasks to individuals
• Ex: Compagny A & B needs to discuss about a contract
• Director of A,B: Identify the main points of the contracts & ask
secretary to write down the contract.
• Secretary:
• Format the contract, put contract to envelope, write down the
address of company B
• Ask post office (VNPT) to send to company B
• Post office:
• Forward the envelop through several hub of post then to B

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Example

• Parties at the same level performs similar tasks and use the same
information communication methods.

Compagny A Compagny B
Prepare idea of contract
Director Director
Natural language

Make envelop/ unfold

Secretary envelope Secretary
address

Forward mail using code

Zip code
Post office Post office

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Advantage of layering systems

• For the complex system: principle of ” devide and

conquer”
• Allow to determine the responsibility of each layer
and the relationship amongst them
• Allow to maintain and upgrade easily the system
• Changes in some parts do not influence the other
parts.
• Ex: upgrade a media lecture from CD lecture to
DVD lecture without the need to change speakers.

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 Example of layers

Architecture with Architecture

layers without layers

Cassette

Sound system
All functionalities are put
Player on the same box
Speaker
When we want to upgrade:
Amplifier
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Upgrade the whole box
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Reference models
OSI
TCP/IP

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OSI - Open System Interconnection: 7 layers

Application layer Tầng ứng dụng

Presentation layer Tầng trình diễn

Session layer Tầng phiên

Transport layer Tầng giao vận

Network layer Tầng mạng Tầng mạng

Data link layer Tầng liên kết dữ liệu

Physical layer Tầng vật lý

Intermediate nodes End system

End system
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 The main functionality of each layers

• Physical layer: Transfering bits “over medium”

• Datalink layer: Transfering data between direct
connected elements in the networks. application
• Network layer: Routing, forwarding data from the presentation
source to the distant destination
session
• Transport: Transmitting data between
applications transport
• Session : synchronization, check-point, recovery network
of transmission process data link
• Presentation: data encoding, compression, data physical
conversion…
• Application: Supporting communications between
distant parts of an application.
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Models OSI and TCP/IP
In the TCP/IP model of the Internet, the
functionalities of 3 first layers are combined in
a single layer.

Application layer
Application
Presentation layer HTTP, FTP, SMTP…

Session layer
Transport layer TCP UDP
Network layer IP
Datalink layer Network Interface
Physical layer Physical
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Layering model of the Internet

Example of data transmission from a source to a

destination through intermediate nodes (router)

HTTP HTTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 100M 100M/Ethernet

CAT5 CAT5 CAT5 CAT5

Source Intermediate nodes Destination

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Data Encapsulation

Data encapsulation is similar to a packaging process for a gift.

Packaging

Decoration

Put address

address address

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 Data Encapsulation

• Sender side: Add header containing the information necessary for

package processing at that layer, then send packet to the lower layer.
• Receiver side: Process data in the package according to information in
the header, remove the header and send data to the upper layer.

PDUN Layer N Protocol N Layer N PDUN

Protocol N-1
HN-1 Layer (N-1) Layer (N-1) HN-1
...

...
addr.
H2 ... Layer 2 Layer 2 H2 ...

H1 ... Layer 1 Layer 1 H1 ...

Sender
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Receiver
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PDU: Protocol Data Unit

Protocol N+1
Layer (N+1) (N+1) PDU
Service interface

Protocol N
Layer (N) (N) PDU HN

Service interface
Protocol N-1
addr.
Layer (N-1) (N-1) PDU HN HN-1

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 SAP: Service Access Point

Protocol 1
Client 1 Server 1
Client 2 Protocol 1 Server 2
Server 3 Protocol 1 Client 3
Application

SAP SAP

transport TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
protocol

Internet

SAP: is a conceptual location at which one OSI layer can request the services
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 The protocols TCP/IP and encapsulation process

• At sender
• Each layer add control information to the header of packet
and transfer to the lower layer.
• At receiver
• Each layer process packet according to the information of
the header, then remove the corresponding header and
deliver the remaining data to the upper layer.

Ex：HTTP header
Application Application
Data Data
TCP header TCP TCP

IP header IP IP

Ethernet Frame Network Interface Network Interface

Physical Physical
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Sender Receiver 86
 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Dữ liệu - payload
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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

WDM header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

WDM header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Dữ liệu - payload
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 Summary: Advantage of layering architecture

• Layering architecture allows to divide the

functionalities of networks into small components
• Layers are independent:
• An upper layer makes use of the functionality of its right
bellow layer but does not care about further layer.
• Extensibility/Scalability
• Flexible
• It is possble to upgrade the communication system by
upgrading the technology of some layers: Ex:
• ADSL→FTTH
• IPv4→IPv6

• Without layering:
• Any change in the system requires changing the whole
systems.
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Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast protocols
• Unicast protocol: control data to send to one
destination node
• Multicast protocol: control data to send to
multiple destination nodes
• Broadcast protocol: control data to send to all
nodes

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Identification in the
Internet
MAC Address
IP Address
Port number

103
Identification

lIdentification allows identify a person or

an object
lName
l Nguyen Thanh Ha
lAddress
l 1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi
lTelephone number
l 8680896
lEmail
l [email protected]

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 Identification

• Identification usually has hierarchical structure

• Allow to manage efficiently a large addressing space
• Scalability

• Example of hierarchy
• Address
• 1 Dai Co Viet street, Hai Ba Trung district, Ha Noi Hanoi
• Telephone number
• +84-(4) 868-08-96 Hai Ba Trung

Dai Co Viet

So 1
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Identification in the Internet and the relationship between layers

Domain name, e.g., hust.edu.vn

application

TCP/UDP Port Number, e.g. Port 80

IP IP address, e.g. 203.12.15.165

data link Physical address / MAC address

e.g. 00:11:24:79:8e:82
physical

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 Addressing in the Datalink layer

• Physical address/ MAC address

• Using in Datalink layer
• Fixed on NIC (Network Interface Card)
• Used for identifying machine in broadcast network
segment.

HEX

BIN
00:11:24:79:8e:82
00000000 00010001 00100100 01111001 10001110 10000010

OUI Assigned by manufacture

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier):

Each Manufacture have an some OUI unique
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Addressing in the Internet

• IP address
• Used in IP-Internet Protocol (network layer)
• Value depends on the networks. Each network
interface card should be assigned an IP address.
• Used for identifying a machine in an IP network,
example:
• 133.113.215.10 (ipv4)
• 2001:200:0:8803::53 (ipv6)

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Addressing in transport layer

• Port number
• On each machine, there may be several applications running.
• Applications of the same machine are distinguished by port
number.
• An application instance in the internet is identified by the IP
address of the host and port number on which it runs
• Similar to the address of a room in a building
• Buiding address: B1 Building, 1 Dai Co Viet, Ha Noi => similar
to IP address
• Room number 325 => Similar to port number
• E.g. HTTP runs on port 80, FTP runs on ports 20, 21 …
• http://bidv.vn:81

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Addressing in Application layer

• Domain Name
(FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name)
• Domain name is the name given to a
computer or a network using alphabet and
numbers
• www.keio.ac.jp
• soict.hust.edu.vn

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Domain name space

.keio.ac.jp
pc24.cs.keio.ac.jp
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 Domain name and IP address

• For sending data to a host/machine, the host must be identified

• By an IP address
• By a domain name (easy to be memorized by human)
• name
• Variable length
• easy to be memorized by human
• Nothing to do with the location of the host
• IP address
• Fixed length (32 bits or 128 bits)
• Computer process address more easily
• Used for routing purpose

203.162.7.194 www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn

www.hust.edu.vn
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202.47.142.40 112
 Conversion/resolution of address

• Computer prefers numbers

• Human prefers names I want to see the webpage
www.hust.edu.vn

User

Need address conversion Need to access to

202.47.142.40

Domain name server

If user knows the IP address of

Webserver of
www.hust.edu.vn
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202.47.142.40 via IP address from Browser 113

Address resolution/conversion

lConcept
l Mechanism finding address IP from a domain name
and vice versa.
l There is no mathematical formula for this conversion.
lDomain name server (DNS)
l Store the mapping of IP address and Domain name of
the same host in a database
l Answer requests to resolve IP addresses or domain
names from users.
l Widely used in the Internet

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Example

User
(1)

(2) www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn

www.hust.edu.vn
DNS Web browser
(3)
(4) 202.47.142.40
202.47.142.40
Web server

Provide mapping IP-domain name

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Nslookup tools on Windows, Linux

• nslookup www.soict.hust.edu.vn
• Conversion “name⇔ IP address”

C:\>nslookup www.soict.hust.edu.vn
Server:
Address: 192.168.1.1

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: www.soict.hust.edu.vn
Address: 202.191.56.68

C:\>

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 ARP Conversion of Mac and IP addresses

• Address Resolution Protocol

• MAC and IP are both used for identifying a NIC.
• ARP allows to find MAC address from IP address

32bit IP address

ARP RARP

48bit MAC address

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Example: ARP table (on Windows)

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>arp -a

IP address
Interface: 192.168.1.34 --- 0x2
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.1.1 00-02-cf-75-a1-68 dynamic
192.168.1.33 08-00-1F-B2-A1-A3 dynamic

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>

MAC address

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Summary

lLayer architecture
lWhy layering
lModel TCP/IP vs. Model OSI
lEncapsulation, PDU. SAP
lAddressing on Internet
lAdress IP, MAC, domain name, port
lAddress conversion

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Quizz

• What do the following objects identify

• IP address
• Transport port
• Mac address
• Domain name
• What identifies uniquely an application.
• IP of the host running the application?
• Transport port of the application?

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