BOARD LICENSURE
EXAMINATION FOR
CRIMINOLOGISTS
(BLEC)
MS JAMILLA L ASALAN, RCrim.
BS Criminology, cum laude, 2003
MS Criminal Justice (academic units
completed)
1st Place, Criminologist
Licensure Examination, 2004
Former Program Chair, Area
Chair, Full-time Faculty,
Research Officer and
Review Coordinator;
Author, criminology
textbooks and reviewers
MODULE 6
SOCIOLOGY OF
CRIME
CRIM5
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
AND VICTIMOLOGY
PRC TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
2021
1.Understand and interpret
the concepts, theories and
evolution of human
development - 2 questions
2.Classify and differentiate
typologies of human
behavior, criminal and
personality disorder - 5
questions
3. Know the legal
consequence of account of
behavior issues and
appropriate responses to
offenders suffering from a
mental disorder such as but
not limited to insanity,
PTSD, minority, senility and
others – 4 questions
4. Define the nature and
concept of victimology and
victimization, the typology
of crime victims and the
intervention to help victims
of crimes – 4 questions
TOTAL NO OF QUESTIONS = 15
The course, Human
Behavior and Victimology, is
divided into two:
1.Human Behavior –
psychological concepts as
applied to criminal behavior
2. Victimology –
victimology and
victimization concepts in
relation to crimes
PART 1
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
BASIC CONCEPTS
IN HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
PSYCHOLOGY
-the scientific study of human
thoughts, feelings and
behaviors
-the study of the human mind
and behavior
-one of its sub-fields is
criminal psychology, the study
of human behavior in relation
to criminality
BEHAVIOR
-observable actions or
responses
-actions that can be seen
because there are physical
actions involved, like
walking, dancing, speaking
and others
MENTAL PROCESSES
- a wide range of complex
mental processes that are not
directly observable
- cannot be seen because
these take place only in the
mind, such as thinking,
imagining, studying, dreaming
remembering, fantasizing,
feeling and all similar
activities
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
BEHAVIOR
- refers to the actions of
an organism or system,
usually in relation to its
environment, which includes
other organisms or systems
around, as well as the
physical environment
- it is the response of the
organism or system to
various stimuli or inputs,
whether internal or
external, conscious or
unconscious, overt or
covert, voluntary or
involuntary
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR – BIOLOGICAL
1.PHYSICAL – parts of the
body
2.PHYSIOLOGICAL – functions
of parts of the body
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR – BIOLOGICAL
Example:
1.Functions of the Nervous
System – brain, nerves and
spinal cord
2.Functions of the Endocrine
System – production of the
hormones
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR - PSYCHOLOGICAL
1. MENTAL HEALTH
-mental illness, emotional
problems, traumatic
experiences, personality
disorders
2. LEARNING ABILITIES
- mental ability
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
BEHAVIOR
-a person’s actions, whether
internal or external, that are
products of social
conditioning
-these are behaviors adapted
based on social norms, or what
society dictates as right or
wrong, acceptable or
unacceptable
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:
BEHAVIOR
- refers to a voluntary or
involuntary attitude of a
person to adapt and to fit
society’s idea or right and
wrong
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR – SOCIOLOGICAL
1.ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
-upbringing of parents, family
circumstances, level of
education, residence, media
exposure
2. CULTURAL INFLUENCE
-cultural beliefs,
traditions, customs, history
3. LAWS OF SOCIETY
-written laws that regulate
behavior in society
-unwritten laws or norms
Human behavior is a complex
interplay of three
components:
ACTION
-denotes everything that can
be observed; ACT
EMOTIONS
-denotes everything that
can be felt: FEEL
COGNITION
- Denotes everything that
can be thought of: THINK
HUMAN NATURE
- common qualities of all
human beings
VIEWS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1.NEUROLOGICAL VIEW
- deals with human actions
in relation to events taking
place inside the body such
as the brain
2. BEHAVIORAL VIEW
-emphasizes external
functions of the person that
can be observed and measured
3. COGNITIVE VIEW
-concerned with the way the
brain processes and
transforms and interprets
data or information
4. HUMANISTIC VIEW
- Focuses on the person’s
motivations, experiences,
choices
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
1.HEREDITY
- determined by the genes
passed on from parents to
offspring
2. LEARNING
- process by which behavior
changes as a result of
instruction, experience and
practice
3. ENVIRONMENT
- consists of conditions and
factors that surround and
influence an individual
TWO BASIC TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
1.INHERITED – INBORN
-refers to any behavior
exhibited by a person
because of inherited
capabilities
-abilities common to all
people (movement, bodily
functions, thinking,
feeling)
2. LEARNED – OPERANT
- refers to behavior
acquired through learning
- involves knowing or
adaptation that enhances
the person’s ability to
cope with changes in the
environment to improve
chances of survival
OTHER TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
1.INSTINCTIVE
-behavior that is inherent
to all individuals
-similar to inherited/inborn
behavior
2. HABITUAL
-refers to behavior that can
be acquired or learned
-similar to learned/operant
behavior
-Ex. language, skills
3. SYMBOLIC BEHAVIOR
-refers to non-verbal
behavior or bodily gestures
as substitute for words
-Ex. head, hand, body
gestures
4. COMPLEX BEHAVIOR
-Combination of two or
more types of behavior
CAUSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1.SENSATION
-interpretation of external
stimulus through the use of
the five (5) senses
-a person is able to sense
or feel a stimulus and
can in turn cause him/her
to act or react
CAUSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
STIMULUS
- refers to anything that
can trigger an action or
reaction
Eyes – visual, sight
Nose – olfactory, smell
Ears – auditory, hearing
Tongue – gustatory, taste
Skin – cutaneous, touch
2. PERCEPTION
-refers to the mental
process of knowing something
through the senses
-the process of interpreting
a stimulus
PERCEPTION
-refers to the organization,
identification and
interpretation of sensory
information in order to make
sense of and understand the
environment
3. AWARENESS
-refers to the ability to
perceive, feel, know and
understand based on past
experiences or knowledge
-refers to the state of
knowing
AWARENESS
- the next time he/she
senses and perceives it,
he/she would already have
prior knowledge of it
because he/she has already
experienced or learned it
BASIC CONCEPTS
IN HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
-refers to a progressive
series of changes that
occurs as a result of
maturation and experience
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
-refers to the biological
and psychological
development of individuals
throughout the lifespan
-study of the changes that
take place in different
periods in the lifespan
PERIODS IN THE LIFESPAN
1.PRENATAL PERIOD
-conception to birth
-9 months
2. INFANCY
- birth to the end of second
week
PERIODS IN THE LIFESPAN
3. BABYHOOD
-end of second week until
the end of second year
4. EARLY CHILDHOOD
- from 2 to 6 years old
PERIODS IN THE LIFESPAN
5. LATE CHILDHOOD
-from 6 to 10 years old
6. PUBERTY OR PRE-ADOLESCENCE
- from 10 to 14 years old
PERIODS IN THE LIFESPAN
7. ADOLESCENCE
-from 14 to 18 years old
8. EARLY ADULTHOOD
- From 18 to 40 years old
PERIODS IN THE LIFESPAN
9. MIDDLE AGE
-from 40 to 60 years old
10. OLD AGE OR SENESCENCE
- from 60 years old to death
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
At every stage of
development of an individual:
1. there are physical,
emotional, cognitive and
social changes that affect
human behavior; and
2. there are needs that
motivate human behavior.
HUMAN MOTIVATION
-refers to anything that
causes a person to act
-this includes needs, wants
and goals
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
-a theory in psychology
proposed by Abraham Maslow
in 1943 through his paper,
“A Theory of Human
Motivation”
-describes the pattern
through which human
motivations occur
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
-illustrates how motivation
is related to human
behavior
-each level or need must be
satisfied in order for the
person to have a fulfilling
and satisfying life
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
-the most basic needs for
survival
-includes food, water,
sleep, clothes, shelter,
sex, physical comfort
SAFETY NEEDS
-the need to feel safe and
secure
-includes personal security
(protection from harm, danger,
calamities), emotional
security (contentment),
financial security (money),
health and well-being
(protection from illness)
SOCIAL BELONGING
-the need to belong and be
accepted by other people
-includes the need for love
of family, friendship,
intimacy or romantic
relationships, starting
one’s own family
SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS
-the need for acceptance,
approval, recognition,
status, achievement
-includes academic
achievement, winning in
competitions, success at
work through promotion,
awards, the need to excel
SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS
-refers to the realization of
one’s potential, achieving
one’s goals, achieving one’s
dreams
-includes success in finding a
mate in marriage, having
children, reaching one’s dream
position at work, purchasing
one’s dream house, having
money
STRESS AND
FRUSTRATIONS
STRESS
- refers to the consequences
of the failure of an
individual to respond
appropriately to emotional
or physical threats, whether
actual or imagined
STRESS
- results when an event
strains or exceeds an
individual’s ability to cope
STRESSOR
- anything that produces
stress
- even positive things can
cause stress
FRUSTRATION
-a negative emotional state
that occurs when one is
prevented from reaching a
goal
-The condition of being
thwarted in the satisfaction
of a motive
COMMON RESPONSES
TO FRUSTRATION
FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT
FIGHT – facing the problem
in a constructive and direct
way
FLIGHT – avoiding the
problem by using temporary
escape or giving up
AGGRESSION
- any response made with the
intent of harming others or
objects
- harm done can be physical
or psychological
DISPLACED AGGRESSION
- refers to the redirecting
of aggression to a target
other than the actual source
of one’s frustration
SCAPEGOATING
- refers to the act of
blaming a person or group of
people
ESCAPE
- the act of avoiding
unpleasant or negative
situations by physically or
emotionally withdrawing from
them or resorting to
negative behaviors
DEFENSE MECHANISM
- refers to individual’s way
of reacting to frustration
depends on the individual’s
own personality, personal
experiences and upbringing
can be positive or negative
COMPENSATION
- happens when a person
focuses on his or her
strengths instead of
focusing on his or her
weakness
DENIAL
- refusing to accept the
truth or an event that
happened
DISPLACEMENT
- happens when a person
decides to settle on what is
available instead of what he
or she really wants
FANTASY or DAYDREAMING
- happens when we a person
cannot do or get what he or
she really wants
- he or she resorts to
imagining he or she can do
or get what he or she wants
IDENTIFICATION
- happens when a person
intentionally changes some
aspect of himself or herself to
copy somebody else who he or
she thinks is ideal or better
- happens when one idolizes
somebody that he or she wants
to be that somebody
PROJECTION
- happens when a person
accuses another person of
thinking or feeling
something when the truth is,
he or she is the one who is
actually thinking or feeling
it
RATIONALIZATION
- happens when a person
tries to justify his or her
actions because he or she
knows that what he or she
did is wrong
REACTION-FORMATION
- happens when a person says
or does something that is
exactly the opposite of what
he or she really wants to do
or say
REGRESSION
- happens when a person
resorts to doing something
that he or she used to do
when he or she was still a
child to deal with an
unpleasant situation
REPRESSION
- happens when person
consciously or unconsciously
forgets an experience that
is unpleasant to him or her
SUBLIMATION
- happens when a person
consciously diverts negative
emotion into some positive
or neutral action
SUBSTITUTION
- happens when a person
finds other goals to focus
on instead of feeling bad
about not being able to get
what he wants
SUPPRESSION
- happens when a person
purposely forgets a negative
event or experience
CONFLICTS
CONFLICT
- a stressful condition that
occurs when person must
choose between incompatible
or contradictory alternatives
- a negative emotional state
caused by inability to choose
between two or more
incompatible choices
CONFLICT
- state in which two or more
motives cannot be satisfied
because they interfere with
one another
APPROACH – refers to things
that WE WANT
AVOIDANCE – refers to things
that WE DO NOT WANT
TYPES OF CONFLICT
1.APPROACH-APPROACH
- the individual must choose
between two things, however,
he or she wants both
- there is conflict because
he or she must only choose
one
2. AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE
- the individual must choose
between two things, however,
he or she does not want
either one
- there is conflict because
he or she must choose one
even if he does not want to
3.APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
- the individual must choose
between two things, but both
have positive points and
negative points and he or she
likes or dislikes both almost
equally
- there is conflict because he
or she has to choose but he or
she cannot decide which one to
choose
ADJUSTMENT
- the continuous process of
attempting to overcome the
inner and outer obstacles to
the satisfaction of needs
MENTAL HEALTH
-refers to the individual’s
state of adjustment to
himself and to his
environment with a maximum
of effectiveness and
satisfaction
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
-behavioral characteristics
regarded as out of ordinary
-considered deviant from
what is widely accepted as
normal
-often indicative of mental
and psychological disorders
MENTAL DISORDER
-a prolonged or recurring
problem that seriously
interferes with an
individual’s ability to live
a satisfying personal life
and function adequately in a
society
- a generic term that
refers to all forms of
mental illnesses
- standard classification
and description are
contained in the
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders,
American Psychiatric
Association
ABNORMAL REACTIONS TO
FRUSTRATIONS
1.NEUROSIS
-a mild form of mental
disorder that can usually be
cured by therapy
-it may cause disruption in
daily life, but it is not so
serious to affect his
perception of reality
ABNORMAL REACTIONS TO
FRUSTRATIONS
2. PSYCHOSIS
-a severe form of mental
disorder that greatly affects
the individual’s concept of
reality
-usually difficult to cure and
may require confinement in a
mental health institution
CLASSIFICATION
OF MENTAL
DISORDERS
1. SCHIZOPRENIA
- a severe form of
psychosis
- psychotic symptoms
include hallucinations,
delusions and
disorganized behavior
2. MOOD DISORDERS
-a prolonged and disturbed
emotional state that affects
almost all of a person’s
thoughts, feelings and
behaviors
-examples are depression and
bipolar disorder
DEPRESSION
-a mental disorder
characterized by an all-
encompassing low mood
accompanied by low self-
esteem, and by loss of
interest or pleasure in
normally enjoyable
activities
BIPOLAR DISORDER (formerly
Manic Depression)
-marked by fluctuations
between episodes of
depression and mania
MANIA
-a feeling of extreme
excitement or elation
3. ANXIETY DISORDERS
-physiological signs of
anxiety and feelings of
tension, apprehension and
fear
-examples are phobia and
obsessive-compulsive
disorder
PHOBIA
-characterized by an intense
and irrational fear that is
out of proportion t the
possible danger of the
object or situation
OBSSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
DISORDER
-characterized by the
presence of persistent,
unreasonable ideas or
actions
OBSESSION
-a useless or irrational
idea, usually disturbing,
that forces itself into the
consciousness of an
individual
COMPULSION
-a useless and irrational
act which the person feels
compelled to perform
4. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
-enduring collection of
behavioral patterns often
associated with considerable
personal, social and
occupational disruption
-examples are paranoid
personality disorder and anti-
social personality disorder
PERSONALITY
-the set of enduring
behavioral and mental traits
that distinguish individual
humans
PARANOID PERSONALITY
DISORDER
-a pattern of distrust and
suspiciousness and
perceiving others as having
evil motives
ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER
-pattern of disregarding or
violating the rights of
others without feeling guilt
or remorse
-people with this disorder
are called SOCIOPATH OR
PSYCHOPATH
PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
- a form of sexual disorder
that refers to a condition
in which a person derives
sexual gratification from
performing certain
activities, or from objects
that are not sexual in
nature, that are not
normally done or experienced
by average people
- categorized under the
Sexual and Gender
Identity Disorders in the
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5,
2013)
- DSM-5 identified 8
paraphilic disorders
- these 8 paraphilic
disorders are relatively
common and are classed as
criminal offenses due to
their potential harm to
others
8 PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
1.VOYEURISTIC DISORDER
-also called VOYEURISM
2. EXHIBITIONISTIC DISORDER
- also called EXHIBITIONISM
3. FROTTEURISTIC DISORDER
-also called frotteurism or
frottage
4. SEXUAL MASOCHISM DISORDER
5. SEXUAL SADISM DISORDER
6. PEDOPHILIC DISORDER
-also called PEDOPHILIA
7. FETISHISTIC DISORDER
-also called FETISHISM
8. TRANSVESTIC DISORDER
- also called TRANSVESTISM
ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR AND THE
LAW
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
-refers to behavioral
characteristics regarded as
out of ordinary
-considered deviant from
what is widely accepted as
normal and can often be
indicative of mental and
psychological disorders
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
-a person who is suffering
from any mental disorder is
not acting normally and
rationally
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
-his thought processes are
affected by such mental
disorder and this might
cause him to behave in an
unacceptable way, sometimes
even leading to commission
of crimes
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
- an applied field focused
on using psychological
research and principles in
the legal and criminal
justice system
It examines the criminal
mind and criminality (Mann,
2016).
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
- examines the criminal
mind and criminality
BRIEF REVIEW OF
RELEVANT LEGAL TERMS
AND CONCEPTS
MALICE
- a mental state or condition
prompting the doing of an
overt act without legal excuse
or justification from which
another suffers injury
MALICE
- denotes that the person
doing the act must be of
sound mind to knowingly
commit an act to deliberately
cause harm against the victim
MENS REA
-guilty mind; guilty of
wrongful purpose or criminal
intent
ACTUS REUS
-guilty act; guilty of a
criminal act that was the
result of voluntary bodily
movement
“Actus non facit reum,
nisi mens sit rea” is
literally translated as “a
crime is not committed if
the mind of the person
performing the act
complained of is innocent.”
This means that “for one
to be criminally liable for
a felony by means of dolo or
deceit, or with malice,
there must be a confluence
of both an evil act and an
evil intent.”
When an offender is
suffering from some form of
mental disorder, then it
calls into question the
presence of malice in the
commission of his act.
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
-those which have the effect
of completely eliminating
criminal liability
-the law recognizes that from
the beginning, the offender
cannot be guilty of the crime
he is complained of
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
- one of the enumerated
exempting circumstances
is insanity
INSANITY
-exists when there is a
complete deprivation of
intelligence while
committing the act
INSANITY
- it must be shown that
the accused had no full
and clear understanding
of the nature and
consequences of his or her
acts
LANDMARK CASES ON
INSANITY AS A LEGAL
DEFENSE
THREE MAJOR CRITERIA IN
DETERMINING INSANITY
1.DELUSION TEST
2.IRRESISTIBLE IMPULSE TEST
3.RIGHT-AND-WRONG TEST
TWO LANDMARK CASES ON
INSANITY AS A LEGAL
DEFENSE
1.M’NAGHTEN RULE – UK
2.DURHAM RULE – US
M’NAGHTEN RULE
- originated from the UK
case involving Daniel
M’Naghten
- M’Naghten was acquitted
because the court
decided that he was
insane
M’NAGHTEN RULE
- M’Naghten killed the
secretary of then British
Prime Minister Robert Peel
because he thought he was
Peel
- He believed that Peel
had plans to harm him
M’NAGHTEN RULE
- states that it is enough
to establish that the
offender was insane at the
time he committed the
crime in order to be
acquitted on the grounds
of insanity
DURHAM RULE
- states that an accused is
not criminally
responsible if his unlawful
act was the product of
mental disease or mental
defect
DURHAM RULE
- Monte Durham had been in
prisons and mental
institutions from the time
he was 17 years old for
various violations of the
law
DURHAM RULE
-Durham was arrested and
charged with housebreaking
-he was found by the trial
court to be suffering from
some mental defect and had
to be committed to a mental
institution
DURHAM RULE
-after six months in the
hospital, he was given
clearance and was declared
competent for trial
-the trial court then found
him guilty for the crime of
housebreaking
DURHAM RULE
-his lawyer appealed the
case on the ground that
Durham’s action is the
product of his insanity
-on appeal, the court
reversed the decision of the
trial court and found him
not guilty by reason of
insanity
HIGHLIGHT
Understanding the basic
concepts of human behavior,
especially abnormal
behavior, is important in
understanding certain
criminal behaviors and other
unacceptable behaviors in
society.
PART 2
VICTIMOLOGY
VICTIMOLOGY
- the study of the etiology,
or causes, of victimization,
its consequences, how the
criminal justice system
accommodates and assists
victims, and how other
elements of society, such as
the media deal with crime
victims
VICTIMOLOGY
- the study of victimization,
including the relationship
between victims and offenders,
the interactions between
victims and the criminal
justice system and the
connections between victims
and other societal groups and
institutions
- the scientific study of
the physical, emotional
and financial harm people
suffer because of illegal
activities
- this definition focuses
on the effects of crime
to the victims
- the study of the
relationship between victims
and offenders
- the study of the role of
the victim in his
victimization
- an allied field of
criminology where the
focus is on the role of
the victim in his or her
victimization
- signals the acknowledgment
of the importance of the
victim in studying
criminology
- Victimology aims to
answer the following
questions:
- Why does a person become
a victim of crime?
- Why are certain people
victimized more than the
others?
- What makes a person a
target of offenders?
BRIEF HISTORY OF
VICTIMOLOGY
BRIEF HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY
- before and throughout
the Middle Ages (5th
through the 16th
century), the burden of
the criminal justice
system fell on the victim
BRIEF HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY
- when a person or
property was harmed, it
was up to the victim and
the victim’s family to seek
justice
BRIEF HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY
- this was typically
achieved through
retaliation
BRIEF HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY
- the response to crime
centered on the victim
because during this
period, a crime was
considered a harm against
the victim, not the state
BRIEF HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY
- as criminal justice
systems developed, criminal
law shifted to considering
crimes as a violation
against the state rather
than the victim
BRIEF HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY
-since then, the victim
became secondary
-this state-centered system
has largely remained in
place until the 1940s
KEY PERSONALITIES IN
VICTIMOLOGY
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
- coined the term,
victimology, in the
1940’s in Romania
KEY PERSONALITIES IN
VICTIMOLOGY
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
- coined the term,
victimology, in the
1940’s in Romania
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
-recognized as the father of
victimology
-a lawyer from Bucharest,
Romania who developed a
scientific method for the
study of the criminal act that
utilized biopsychosocial data
on the criminal, the victim
and the witnesses
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
- developed victim
typologies that identified
victim characteristics
that might increase a
person’s risk of
victimization
HANS VON HENTIG
-a German scholar who taught
at a university in the United
States.
-wrote an article called “The
Criminal and His Victim:
Studies in the Sociobiology of
Crime”, focusing on the
interaction between criminals
and his victims, and published
it in 1941
HANS VON HENTIG
- developed his own victim
typology consisting of
13 categories, based on
psychological, social and
biological factors
Stephen Schafer
- wrote “Restitution to
Victims of Crime”, the
first textbook written
about victims
- published in 1968 and
was authored by Stephen
Schafer.
KEY CONCEPTS IN
VICTIMOLOGY
VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIP
- refers to the
relationship of the
victim
- this relationship could
be a factor as to why
he/she was victimized by
the offender
VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIP
- could be that the victim
personally knows the
offender, may be actually
related to him/her by blood,
or they may be co-workers,
neighbors or classmates, or
even in a relationship with
each other
VICTIM FACILITATION
- happens in situations
wherein victims
unknowingly, carelessly
and negligently make it
easier for the criminal
to commit a crime
VICTIM FACILITATION
- because of carelessness
or negligence on the
part of the victim, the
offender is given the
opportunity to actually
commit the crime, such as
in cases of theft and
robbery
VICTIM FACILITATION
- it was the victim who
made it possible for the
offender to commit the
crime against him/her
- could be victim
precipitation or victim
culpability or
provocation
VICTIM PRECIPITATION
- the victim significantly
contributed to his/her
victimization by allowing
himself to be a target
VICTIM CULPABILITY OR
PROVOCATION
- the victim is considered
to be even more
responsible for the
crime than the offender
himself by provoking the
offender
VICTIM RESISTANCE
-refers to the efforts of
the victim to fight-off or
repel the offender
-some have the ability to
protect themselves, some
cannot protect themselves
VICTIM VULNERABILITY
-refers to the tendency of a
person to become victimized
without any fault on his/her
part
-such person can easily
become a victim because of
his/her personal
circumstances, such as age
and state of mental health.
VICTIM
VICTIM
-the person against whom a
crime was committed
-the person targeted by the
offender
-the person complaining
about a crime committed
against him
KINDS OF VICTIMS
1) DIRECT OR PRIMARY VICTIM
- the person who was
actually harmed because
of the commission of the
offense
2) INDIRECT OR SECONDARY
VICTIM
- refers to the family or
loved ones of the
victims
3) TERTIARY VICTIM
- the community in general
because of the harm of
the effect on crime in
society
VICTIM
TYPOLOGIES
VICTIM TYPOLOGY
- refers to the
classification of victims
based on the type of crimes
usually committed or are
likely to be committed
against them
VICTIM TYPOLOGY
- based on the victim’s
demographic profile, such as
gender, age, occupation,
location of residence or
place of work and other
factors
A. BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN’S
VICTIM TYPOLOGY
- victim typologies that
identified victim
characteristics that might
increase a person’s risk
of victimization, or even
contribute to, or
precipitate the
victimization
A. BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN’S
VICTIM TYPOLOGY
- based on the level of
responsibility of the victim
about his victimization
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
1.COMPLETELY INNOCENT VICTIM
- a victim who bears no
responsibility at all for
victimization; victimized
simply because of his or
her nature, such as being a
child
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
2. VICTIM WITH MINOR GUILT
- a victim who is victimized
due to ignorance; a victim
who inadvertently places
himself or herself in a
harm’s way
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
3. VICTIM AS GUILTY AS
OFFENDER/VOLUNTARY VICTIM
- a victim who bears as much
responsibility as the
offender; a person who,
for example, enters into a
suicide pact
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
4. VICTIM AS GUILTY AS
OFFENDER/VOLUNTARY VICTIM
- a victim who instigates of
provokes his or her own
victimization
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
5. VICTIM MORE GUILTY THAN
OFFENDER
- a victim who instigates of
provokes his or her own
victimization
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
6. MOST GUILTY VICTIM
- a victim who is victimized
during perpetration of a
crime or as a result of a
crime
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
7. SIMULATING OR IMAGINARY
VICTIM
- a victim who is not
victimized at all but
instead fabricates a
victimization event
B. HANS VON HENTIG’S
VICTIM’S TYPOLOGY
- Hans Von Hentig
attempted to identify the
characteristics of a
victim that may effectively
serve to increase
victimization risk
B. HANS VON HENTIG’S
VICTIM’S TYPOLOGY
- he argued that victims
could be placed into one
of thirteen (13)
categories based on
their propensity for
victimization
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
1.YOUNG
- viewed by criminals as
weak, inexperienced, and
vulnerable to attack
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
2. FEMALE
- weak because they have
less strength against their
attacker
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
3. OLD
- likely to be victims of
property crimes; also
viewed as weak because they
have less strength against
their attacker
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
4. IMMIGRANTS
- viewed as vulnerable
because he is still
adjusting to a new culture;
criminals take advantage of
their struggles
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
5. DEPRESSED
- a depressed person’s
attitude is submissive and
has no fighting qualities
which makes him open to
victimization
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
6. MENTALLY
DEFECTIVE/DERANGED
- viewed as handicapped in
any struggle against crime
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
7. THE ACQUISITIVE
- criminals exploit his need
or greed for money
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
8. DULL NORMAL
- viewed as born victims
because criminals and
swindlers exploit their
vulnerabilities
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
9. MINORITIES
- their situation is similar
to immigrants; racial
discrimination increases
their chances of
victimization
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
10. WANTON
- dimmed by the
generalization of laws and
obscured by social
conventions
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
11. THE LONESOME AND
HEARTBROKEN
- criminals take advantage
of their loneliness
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
12. THE TORMENTOR
- the abuser becomes the
victim of the person he is
abusing, such as in the
case of domestic violence
VICTIM TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
13. THE BLOCKED, EXEMPTED AND
FIGHTING
- the victim is unable to
protect himself because of
the situation he is
facing, such as in the case
of blackmail
C. STEPHEN SCHAFER’S VICTIM
TYPOLOGY
- his typology places
victims in groups based on
how responsible they are
for their own
victimization by using both
social characteristics and
behaviors
C. STEPHEN SCHAFER’S VICTIM
TYPOLOGY
- identified seven (7)
categories and labeled their
level of responsibility
VICTIM TYPOLOGY AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
1.UNRELATED VICTIMS
- no responsibility
2. PROVOCATIVE VICTIMS
- shared responsibility
VICTIM TYPOLOGY AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
3. PRECIPITATIVE VICTIMS
- some degree of
responsibility
4. BIOLOGICALLY-WEAK VICTIMS
- no responsibility
VICTIM TYPOLOGY AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
5. SOCIALLY-WEAK VICTIMS
- no responsibility
6. SELF-VICTIMIZING
- total responsibility
VICTIM TYPOLOGY AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
7. POLITICAL VICTIMS
- no responsibility
THEORIES OF
VICTIMIZATION
VICTIMIZATION THEORY
- a set of testable
propositions designed to
explain why a person is
victimized
- apply the various concepts
of victimizations as to
the role of the victims in
their victimization
ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY
- Lawrence Cohen and
Marcus Felson proposed that
a person’s routine
activities or daily
routine patterns impact
risk of being a crime
victim
ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY
- there are three factors
interacting with each
other that would make
crime and victimization
happen
ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY
- explains that the
victimization event
occurs when there is a
convergence in time and
space of a motivated
offender, a suitable
target and the absence of
capable guardianship
ELEMENTS OF CRIME ACCORDING
TO THE ROUTINE ACTIVITY
THEORY
1. Motivated Offender
- criminal
2. Suitable Target
- victim
ELEMENTS OF CRIME ACCORDING TO
THE ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY
3. Absence of a Capable
Guardian
- lack of police officers,
security measures,
concerned neighbors, etc
VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY
- states that people might
actually initiate the
confrontation that
eventually leads to their
injury or death
VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY
- there are two types of
precipitation:
1.ACTIVE PRECIPITATION
2.PASSIVE PRECIPITATION
ACTIVE PRECIPITATION
-if the victim acts
provocatively or attacks first
-such as in the case of self-
defense where a person who
exhibits unlawful aggression
against a person who defended
himself/herself suffered an
injury
PASSIVE PRECIPITATION
-if the victim’s own
characteristics is the cause
of victimization
-for example, when a victim
appears weak and unable to
protect himself/herself,
he/she will likely be
targeted
DEVIANT PLACE THEORY
- Rodney Stark published
an article in 1987 called
“Deviant Places: A Theory
of the Ecology of Crime”
DEVIANT PLACE THEORY
-this became the foundation
of what is also known as the
deviant place theory
-Stark calls it by the much
longer name, a theory of
deviant places
DEVIANT PLACE THEORY
- theorizes that when a
person resides in or
frequents places known to
be high-crime areas, the
likelihood of
victimization is higher
DEVIANT PLACE THEORY
- proposed that the greater
the exposure to
dangerous places, the more
likely people will become
victims of crime and violence
HOT SPOT
- a place where criminality
is high
LIFESTYLE THEORY
-was proposed by Michael
Hindelang, Michael Gottfredson
and James Garofalo
-they posited that certain
lifestyles or behaviors place
people in situations in which
victimization is likely to
occur
LIFESTYLE THEORY
- people may become crime
victims because their
choice of activities and
way of life increase
their exposure to
criminal offenders
LIFESTYLE THEORY
- emphasized how the risk
of victimization varied
according to certain
demographic
characteristics such as
age, gender, profession
and others
LIFESTYLE THEORY
- the key component of the
lifestyle theory is that
when it comes to
victimization, some
situations are much
riskier than others
LIFESTYLE THEORY
- one of the best ways to
elevate one’s risk of
being victimized is to do
risky things in risky
settings
LIFESTYLE THEORY
- people may become crime
victims because their
choice of activities and
way of life increase
their exposure to criminal
offenders
VICTIM RIGHTS,
VICTIM ASSISTANCE
AND RESTORATIVE
JUSTICE
REPUBLIC ACT 7309
-enacted on March 30, 1992
-the law that created the
Board of Claims under the
Department of Justice for
victims of unjust
imprisonment or detention
and victims of violent
crimes.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8505
-the Rape Victim Assistance
and Protection Act of 1998
-was enacted on February 13,
1998
-mandated the establishment
and operation of rape crisis
centers in every province and
city that shall assist and
protect rape victims in the
litigation of their cases and
their recovery
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10368
-the Human Rights Victims
Reparation and Recognition
Act of 2013
-was approved on February
25, 2013
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10368
- created the Human Rights
Victims’ Claims Board,
an independent and quasi-
judicial body attached to
the Commission on Human
Rights
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
- a process through
which remorseful
offenders accept
responsibility for their
misconduct, particularly
to their victims and to
the community
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
- creates obligation to
make things right through
proactive involvement of
victims, ownership of the
offender of the crime and
the community in search for
solutions which promote
repair, reconciliation and
reassurance
RESTITUTION
-the restoring to the
rightful owner what has
been lost or taken away
-returning what was taken
from the victim
REPARATION
- the restoring to good
condition of something that
has been damaged
-compensation for loss paid
by an offender to a victim
as part of a criminal
sentence or as a condition
of probation
RECONCILIATION
- The restoration of
peaceful or amicable
relations between two
individuals who were
previously in conflict with
one another
RECONCILIATION
- implies forgiveness for
injuries on either or
both sides
END
