BEEE-Unit 3
L.Premalatha
Introduction
Electrical service can be available in single-phase current or
three-phase current.
Many years ago, single-phase current was sufficient to do the
work that was necessary on nearly all farms.
However, as farm sizes increased and the size of workloads for
electric motors increased, single-phase current was not enough
to meet the load demands.
As a result, three-phase current at the local farm level became a
viable solution for several farms
Advantages
Three-phase motors are simpler, cheaper to buy and maintain, and
safer to use around combustible materials since there is no sparking
when they start.
This is because three-phase current allows a motor to be self-
starting since it produces a rotating field of magnetism in the
motor.
Three-phase motors are available in larger horsepower sizes than
single-phase motors.
Three-phase motors are less expensive and usually lighter and
smaller than single-phase motors of the same horsepower rating.
3 phase generator and output
waveform
• Circuits or systems in which the ac sources operate at the
same frequency but different phases are known as poly
phase.
• As distinct from a single-phase system, a three-phase
system is produced by a generator (alternator), whose
cross-sectional view is shown in Fig. (a).
• The alternator basically consists of a rotating magnet
(called the rotor) surrounded by a stationary winding
(called the stator). Three separate windings or coils with
terminals a-a', b-b', and c-c' are electrically placed 120◦
apart around the stator. Because the coils are placed 120◦
apart, the induced voltages in the coils are equal in
magnitude but out of phase by 120◦ as shown in Fig. (b).
• Since each coil can be regarded as a single-phase generator
by itself, the three-phase generator can supply power to
both single-phase and three-phase loads.
3 phase voltage sources connection
Y-connected Source D-connected Source
Balanced phase voltages
• Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of
phase with one another by 120 degrees.
Y-connection
• Line voltages is 1.732 times the magnitude of the
phase voltages
• Line current = phase current
Delta-connection
• Line current is 1.732 times the magnitude of the
phase current
• Line voltage = phase voltage
The D-Y and Y- D Transformation
Balanced Three-phase Load Configurations
A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal
in magnitude and in phase.
D-connected Load
Different connections
• Since both the three-phase source and the three-
phase load can be either Y or ∆, we have four
possible connections:
• • Y-Y connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a
Y-connected load)
• • Y-∆ connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a
∆-connected load)
• • ∆-∆ connection (i.e., ∆-connected source with a
∆-connected load)
• • ∆-Y connection (i.e., ∆-connected source with a
Y-connected load)
Balanced Y-Y Connection
Balanced Y-D Connection
Balanced D-D Connection
Balanced D-Y Connection
3 phase power measurement
cc = current coil
vc = voltage coil
W1 read
P1 VAB I A cos 1
W2 read
