Co-ordination

CO-ORDINATION

➢ Co-ordination is the linking together of various processes in the body of an organism.

➢ It is brought about by: Nervous system and Endocrine system.

TYPES OF CO- ORDINATION

There are two types of co-ordination and there are:

• Nervous Co-ordination
• Endocrine/Chemical co -ordination

NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION
❖ Is the type of co -ordination which is brought about by the nervous system.
❖ The nervous system is a series of conducting tissue running to all parts of the body.
❖ The nervous system of a mammal consists of three main divisions.
The central nervous system

➢ It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.

The Automatic nervous system

➢ Is a system of nervous linking the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) with internal
organs such as, elementary canal, heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels.

The peripheral nervous system

➢ Is a system of paired nerves linking the central nervous system with all the other parts of the body.
o Receptors: Are cells that are able to detect change in the environment and change them to nerve impulse.

o Effectors: Are structures that respond directly or indirectly to stimulus. Effectors are inform of muscles and
glands.

o Stimulus: Is a change in internal and external environment which cause receptors to produce a nerve impulse.

o Impulse: It is an electrical message which travels in the nervous system.

o Response: It is the end action.

Note: Muscles respond by producing movement and glands respond by producing gastric juices.
 THE NERVOUS TISSUE

❖ The nervous tissue is made up of nerve cell called neurons.

❖ Neurons is the basic units of the nervous system that carry nerve impulse in the body.
❖ Neurons are specialized cells.

TYPES AND STRUCTURES OF NEURONS

Sensory/receptor neurons

❖ Are neurons that transmit impulses from the sense organs(receptors)to the central nervous system.
Motor /effector neurones

❖ Are neurons that transmit impulse from the central nervous system to the effector (muscles and glands).
Associate/ relay / Multipolar/intermediate neurones

❖ Are neurons that relay impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neurons.
❖ They are found in the brain and spinal cord when they link sensory and motor neurons.
❖ Neurons impulse usually travels in one direction from dendrites to cell body to axon.
PARTS OF THE NEURON

Cell body

➢ It consists of a cytoplasm and nucleus

Axon

➢ These are long nerve which transmit impulse away from the cell body.

Dendrons

➢ These are short nerve fibre which transmit impulse towards the cell body.
➢ Both axon and dendron branch at their ends to form dendrites.

Myelin sheath

❖ It is a layer made up of the fats which covers nerve fibre

❖ It is main function is to provide insulation
❖ Helps to speed up the transmission of impulse
Neurilemma

It is a thin layer that surrounds the myelin sheath cell

Nodes of Ranvier

These are gaps between myline sheath cells. They help to:

✓ Speed up the transmission of impulses

✓ The fibres to obtain nutrients

o Not all impulses pass through relay neurons some pass directly from the dendrites of
sensory neurons to the dendrites of mother neurons in the central nervous system.

o Nerve cells are usually end to end and in between the nerve endings there is a gap
called synapse
 Synapse
➢ It is a tiny gap between two adjacent neurones. Impulse from one neuron to another pass across
the synapse.
➢ Synapse ensures that nerve impulses flow in one direction

HOW IMPULSE IS TRANSMITTED ACROSS THE SYNAPSE

❖ When an impulse reaches the synapse, tiny amount of chemicals called neurotransmitter is
released. This chemical sends off an impulse to the next neurones.
❖ Several impulses must arrive at the synapse before enough neurotransmitter is released to cause
impulse to be fired to the next neurones.
❖ Impulse cannot jump from the neuron to another just because nerve cells have myline sheath
which provide impulse.
 THE CEREBRUM
➢ It is the largest and foremost part of the brain. It is made up of two identical halves cerebral hemisphere.
➢ The two halves are joined together by a band of nerve fibre called corpus callosum.
➢ Its outer layer is called cerebral cortex or grey matter and is highly folded to increase the surface area.
➢ The inner surface is called the white matter
➢ Cerebrum is highly folded to increase the surface area thereby creating room for millions of cell bodies.
This also Increases complexity of activities performed.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM

✓ It controls mental activities such as will, memory, speech, emotions, intelligence, judgement, decision
making.
✓ It controls voluntary actions that is interpretation of sensations such as touch, pain, vision, hearing, smell.
✓ It controls some reflex actions such as laughing, crying, salivation etc.
THE CEREBELLUM

❖ It lies below and at the back of the cerebrum. It forms the mid brain.
❖ It's outer surface forms the grey matter and inner surface forms the white matter.
❖ Cerebellum maintains balance as it receives impulse from the semi - circular canals of the ears and body
muscles
❖ It also receives it impulses from the sense organs concerned unit balance

FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM

➢ It controls muscles tone for balance, both at rest and during actions.
➢ It controls muscles Co-ordination during activities such as walking, dancing, running etc.
➢ It controls body posture
THE MEDULLA OBLONGLATA

❖ It lies at the base of cerebellum and forms the hind- brain

❖ It is the smallest part of brain in size
❖ It's lower end (posterior) narrows gradually into the spinal cord
❖ This part of the brain has a very sensitive structure called hypothalamus
❖ The hypothalamus is very sensitive to changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood and temperature
changes

FUNCTIONS OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGLATA

➢ It controls involuntary actions such as heart beat ,blood pressure, peristalsis, respiration rate , regulation of body
temperature, contraction and dilation of blood vessels.
➢ It acts as a passage for impulse between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain
➢ It controls reflex action
FACTORS THAT THE BRAIN TO HAVE A LARGE SURFACE
✓ It is highly folded
✓ It is very large especially the cerebrum

EFFECTS OF SIZE SURFACE AREA OF THE BRAIN

• The brain is highly folded and very large and this makes the brain to have a large surface are which
accommodates a large number of cell bodies .

• The numerous number of cell bodies the complexity of the brain and the activities that a man does
.This makes man's activities more varied and complete.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
➢ The brain receives impulses from all the sensory organs of the body.(eye , tongue, skin ,nose ,ear)
➢ It sends off impulses to the effector (muscle and glands ) causing them to function accordingly
➢ It stores information so that behavior can be modified according to past experience
➢ It co -ordinate body activities so that the mechanism and chemical reaction of the body work efficiently together
THE SPINAL CORD
• Spinal cord is a cylindrical mass of nervous tissue the extending from the medulla oblongata to the end of
the vertebral column
• It is a long ,hellow bundle of nerve fibres and cell bodies that runs down the length of the body
• It passes through the vertebral column in the neural canal of vertebrae
• The vertebrae protects the spinal cord
• It is inner part is called the grey matter and outer part is white matter
• It's central canal controls cerebral spinal fluid which supplied nutrients to the spinal cord
• Humans has 31 pairs of spinal nerves forming the peripheral nervous system
• Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by two branches:
i. The dorsal root
ii. The ventral root
i. THE DORSAL ROOT (SENSORY)
➢ It has sensory neurons that brings impulses from the receptor cells such as sense organs
➢ Each dorsal root has an accumulation of cell bodies of sensory neurons at one point ,so that the
nerve appears bulged (swollen)
➢ The bulged region of nerve is called the ganglion
➢ Their axons end in the grey matter of the spinal cord and their dendrons become nerve fibre of
sensory neurons in the spinal nerve
➢ Axons of the motor neurons pass out of the spinal cord in the vertebral root

i. THE VENTRAL ROOT

❖ It transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the effector (muscles and glands) where action is taken.
❖ Their axons pass out the spinal cord through the motor neurons
❖ The spinal nerve is mixed nerve because it contains nerve from the receptor and effector neurons
❖ The grey matter lies in the centre and the white matter lies in the outer surface
❖

FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD

➢ It links nerves from the many parts of the body with the brain
➢ It controls spinal reflex actions involving body structures below the neck
➢ It conducts sensory impulses from the skin and muscles to the brain
➢ It conducts motor impulses from the brain to the muscles of the trunk and the
limbs
• Impulse in the dendrites move toward the cell body and in axon move away
from the cell body
REFLEX ACTIONS
o It is the nervous pathway of reflex action from the receptor to CN's to effectors
o Reflex arc is made of the following:
Sensory nerve endings (receptors)
➢ To receive stimulus
Sensory nerve fibre (sensory neurons)
➢ Carries impulses from sensory endings to the central nervous system
Multipolar neuron(in the spinal cord or brain)
➢ Carries impulses from sensory neurons to the motor neuron.
Motor neuron
❖ Carries impulse from the central nervous system to the effectors
Effector ( muscles and glands)
❖ Gives response to stimulus
TYPES OF REFLEXES
BRIAN REFLEXES
o It is controlled by the brain
o It is usually occur in the head region eg blinking, salivation, coughing ,contraction of the pupils of the
eye , swallowing.

SPINAL REFLEXES
o Controlled by the spinal cord e.g the knee jerk ,ankle jerk , moving of the hand away from a hot
object.

CONDITIONED REFLEXES
o Conditioned reflexes are those that acquired from past experience with stimulus which originally
ineffective in producing the response.
The type of response to the stimulus is a conditioned response
 Food(original stimulus) before conditioning – saliva response

Saliva (response unchanged)

STEPS INVOLVED IN CONDITIONING

I. The original stimulus is presented and the related response is made.

II. The substitute stimulus is presented together with the original stimulus and response is the same (unchanged).
III. The substitute stimulus is presented alone and response remain unchanged.

❖ In conditioned reflex one response may be brought about by more than one stimulus.
❖ In simple reflex one response is brought about by one of a stimulus.

Other examples of conditioned reflexes are :

Riding a bicycle
Walking
Acquiring
PAVLOV'S EXPERIMENTS

❖ Jvan pavlov (Russian Scientist )studied conditional behavior in animals.He noticed that when young
were presented with food they salivated and when they were not being feed there was no saliva.
❖ He designed an experiment to see if dogs could be induced to produce saliva in the absence of food.
❖ He rang a bell every time and food was placed in front of the dogs and each time this happened,the
salivated.He then rang a bell again and no food was given to the dogs and he noticed that the
salivate.The sound of the bell caused the dogs to salivate.
❖ The response (Salivation) had been transferred from one stimulus (sight,smell of food) to another unsel
stimulus (sound of the bell).
 USES OF REFLEX ACTIONS
➢ Protect the organism against certain dangers.

EXPERIMENTS
AIM : To investigate the knee jerk reflex
PROCEDURES
➢ Sit cross- legged on a chair with the uppermost leg hanging loosely. Ask one person to give a short
sharp tap with the side of his hand just below the knee cap and observe what happens. Repeat
the action but this time put your hand on top of the upper leg to feel the action of the thing
muscle. Repeat the action for third time,but this time try to prevent the action.
RESULTS
o When the person tap the knee cap, the lower leg springs up automatically.
EXPLANATION

o The tapping of the knee acts as a stimulus which stimulates the receptor cells in the upper
femur muscles. When the cells are stimulated they create an impulse which rapidly travel
along nerve fibre of sensory nerve cells towards the CNS in this case the spinal cord. The
impulse passes into the motor nerve cell through a gap .It then now travels along then the
motor neuron until it finally reaches the femur muscles which it stipulates. As a result the
muscle contracts and pulls the lower leg upwards hence the knee jerk.

CONCLUSION

o When the knee tendon is struck it cause the thing muscle to be stretched which sets up
messages to the spinal cord and in response cause the muscle to contract and raise the leg in
the knee jerk.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
POLIOMYELITIS (INFANTILE PARALYSIS
- It is caused by a virus which lives and multipliers in the posterior end of the spinal cord.
- The virus attacks and destroy the motor cell bodies of motor neuron. As a result, the neurons fail to
send impulse to the effector muscles causing paralysis of muscles without neurons impulses to the
area.
- The muscle does not contract since they do not receive impulse from the brain. As a result, the
muscle fails to function and become withered and small. This in turn prevents proper development
of bones as they do not grow properly unless muscular stress is placed on them.

SYMPTOMS OF POLIOMYELITIS
- Fever
- Headache
- Neck stiffness
- Muscle pain
- Flaccid paralysis
- Withered leg
LEPROSY ( khate)

- It is a chronic Infection in man which is caused by bacterium called myeobackerium leproe.

- The bacterium lives and reproduces in the cooler part of the body e.g. hands and feet .
- It attacks and destroy the skin and receptor cells so that sensory fail to send impulses to the CNs.
- The affected part often become paralyzed and the patient does not feel pain when injured or when
she touches a hot object and this lead to deformity.

SYMPTOMS OF LEPROSY

- Disfiguring skin sores

- Lumps or bumps that do not go away
- Loss of feeling in the arms and legs due to damage of nerve
- Muscle weakness
 MENINGITIS
➢ It is a disease which is experienced by the inflammation of protective membrane covering the brain
and spinal cord known as the meninges.
➢ The disease is caused by both viruses and bacteria which attacks and destroy the meninges.
➢ The disease is also caused by physical injury, cancer and certain drugs.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENINGITIS

- Headache
- Fever
- Sensitivity to light
- Macular rigidity
- Convulsions
- Death
 TETANUS
➢ It is a disease which is caused by the bacteria called clostrium tetanii which lives in dead cells on the wound. The
bacterium is an anaerobe, it can only produce in absence of oxygen.
➢ The anaerobe produces toxins that diffuse into the blood stream. The toxin's spread into the blood causing
permanent contraction of muscles especially the jaws (neck and chest) .
➢ The infected person cannot be able to open his / her mouth.
➢ Sudden death may occur.

SYMPTOMS OF TETANUS

- Spasms and stiffness of the jaw muscles

- Stiffness of neck muscles
- Difficulty in swallowing
- Stiffness of abdominal muscles
- Fever
- Sweating
- Rapid heart rate
STROKE

- Too much cholesterol in diet results in the fats being deposited in the inner walls
of arteries. Then fibrous tissue builds up around the fat deposit and the
diameter of the artery become narrow.
- The narrowed artery makes it difficult for blood to pass through it which
increase high blood pressure. The artery hardens resulting a disease called
arteriosclones.
- A clot ( thrombosis) may form in the narrow section and cause partial stoppin of
blood flow in the area.
- A clot in the brain is called stroke and may cause death.
CEREBRAL MALARIA

- It is a form malaria that attacks the brain. The malaria parasites enter the brain attacking the
meninges covering the brain and spinal cord.
- It is caused by plasmodium which attacks the meninges.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CEREBRAL MALARIA

- High fever
- Severe headache
- Vomiting

DEPRESSION

- It is ana emotional State characterized by sadness, unhappy thoughts, empathy and dejection.
EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

- Drugs is a substance that can alter the way the nervous system works .

- They are grouped into four :

✓ Painkiller
✓ Stimulants
✓ Depressants
✓ Hallucinogen
PAINKILLER

- They suppress activities of the past of the brain responsible for pain.e.g.; morphine, panado.

STIMULANTS

- They promote (speed) the action of the central nervous system (brain).
- Usually make the drug user become more alert and confident, they increase physical energy, people feel
happy.
- Examples are :
➢ Tobbaco
➢ Tea
➢ Cocaine
➢ Crack
➢ Coffein
➢ Methamphetamine
DEPRESSANTS (sedatives / relaxants)

- These drugs inhibit or slow down the activities of the central nervous system.
- They make the user feel relaxed, less anxious, feel sleepy, less pain and less
aware of events around them.
- Examples are:
➢ Alcohol
➢ Heroin
➢ Inhalants
➢ Sleeping pills eg valium
➢ Ketamine
HALLUCINOGENS

- These drugs are sometimes called mind expanding drugs.

- The changes the passage of impulses through the CNs.
- They increase awareness of sight, touch, taste, feeling and hearing, the user have illusion, sees
things that are not there.

- Examples are ;
➢ Marijuana ( cannabis or weed )
➢ Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
➢ Ecstasy
 EXPERIMENT

AIM: To investigate glandular reflex

PROCEDURES:

Hold a fresh lemon not more than 20cm from the face then peel it with the fingers and observe what happens.

RESULTS

As the lemon is peeled the eyes and nostrils are irritated and eventually the eyes and mouth become watery.

DISCUSSION

Irritating chemical substances in the lemon cause chemical receptors in the and eyes to generate and send impulses to
the brain. In response the tear glands in the eyes secret tears and salivary gland in the mouth produce saliva.

CONCLUSIONS

Glandular reflex are those which are controlled by the gland.

THE ENDOCRINE CO - ORDINATION
- This is the type of co -ordination which is brought about by the endocrine system.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- The endocrine system consists of glands called endocrine glands.

- A gland is an organ that secretes a useful substance into the blood.

- Endocrine glands produce chemicals called hormones directly into the blood.

- Endocrine glands have no ducts or openings. The chemical they produce enter the blood stream as it
passes through the glands and they circulated all over the body.

- Hormones are chemicals secreted by the gland in the body to regulate various processes in the body.

- When hormones reach particular parts of the body, they cause certain changes to take place.
 GENERAL EFFECTS OF HORMONES IN THE BODY
➢ It influences growth of an organism
➢ It controls development
➢ It controls body activities

Note :

➢ Both hormones and nerve impulses co -ordinate the workings of the body, but they do this in
different ways.
➢ The effects of hormones are much slower and more general than nerve action and they control
rather long-term changes such as rate of growth, rate of activity and rate of sexual maturity.
The diagram showing position of endocrine glands in the human body.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

1.THE PITUITARY GLAND

- It is found in small cavity of the skull beneath the brain.

- It is called the master gland because it produces several hormones which affect the
body directly and some have a controlling influence over the other endocrine gland.

FUNCTIONS
- It produces hormones which influences growth both directly through its own growth
hormone and indirectly through the influence of other endocrine glands.
.
Hormones produced by pituitary gland and their functions

Growth hormone

Effects of growth hormone

- It influences the growth of bone and other tissue since it stimulates protein synthesis.

Note :

- Too much growth hormone result in abdomen growth as giantism (humans grow to more height ).
- Too little growth hormone result in delayed retarded growth (dwarfism ).

ANTI - DIURETIC HORMONE ( ADH)

Effects of anti - diuretic hormone ( adh)

➢ Controls the amount of water reabsorbed into the blood stream by the kidneys.
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

Effects of follicle stimulating hormone

- It acts as on the ovary and cause the Graafian follicle to develop and secret of oestrogen.

THYROIPIC HORMONE (TSH)

EFFECTS OF THYROIPIC HORMONE (TSH)

➢ Stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and produce thyroxine.

- Acts on the cortex of the adrenal gland and promotes the production of cortisone

LUTEINISING HORMONE

EFFECTS OF LUTEINISING HORMONE

➢ It causes the secretion of testosterone in males hence controls spermatogenesis.

- Causes ovulation in females and development of corpus luteum
THE THYROID GLAND

- It is a butterfly shaped gland situated at the neck in front of wind pipe.

FUNCTIONS
- It secretes thyroxine
- Controls the rate of metabolism in the body
- It influences physical and mental development from birth to old age

EFFECTS OF THYROXINE
- It controls the rate at which sugar is consumed in cellular respiration.
- Influence physical and mental development after birth by controlling the rate of chemical reactions in all body
cells.
- Regulate the rate of metabolism
- It enhances the effects of growth hormone
➢ In children, the failure of the thyroid gland to produce this hormone result in stunted growth
and severe mental retardation, a condition called Cretinism

➢ In adults, too little thyroxine causes :

- Overweight
- Thick skin
- Coarse hair
- Slow mental and physical reactions
- Premature ageing and this condition is called myxodoema

➢ Over active thyroid gland ( too much thyroxine ) increases the rate of metabolism and the body
get thinner ,the victim become restless ,over excited and mental unstable.
THE PANCREAS

- It secretes below the stomach

- Contain cells cells which secrete digestive juices
- It also contains endocrine cells called islets of Langerhans which the use of sugar in the body.
FUNCTIONS
- It secretes digestive juices
- It secretes a hormone insulin due to increase in concentration of blood glucose.
- Controls level of glucose in the blood by increasing the rate at which the liver converts glucose into
glycogen for storage
- Enables body cells (except neurons and muscles ) to absorb glucose which is their main source of energy
- It stimulate the production of fat from glucose
- Increases the synthesis of proteins in some cells
- To little result in the liver releasing too much glucose. This cause the disease of sugar called diabetes
- Diabetes is a disease in which the level of glucose in the blood increases due to slow production of insulin
 SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
- Massive increase in glucose level in blood
- Glucose appears in urine

EFFECTS OF DIABETES
i. Glucose from digested carbohydrates is no longer turned to glucose or fat
ii. Both fat and protein tend to be broken down which eventually yields to more glucose
iii. Many body cells can no longer absorb glucose and so their respiration rate slows down

✓ To much insulin result in blood glucose levels fall to abnormally and this result in coma.
 ADRENAL GLANDS
- Situate just above the top of each kidney

FUNCTIONS
o It produces a hormone called adrenaline due to condition of fear , anxiety of anger.

EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE
- Increase heart beat and breathing rate
- Increasing the amount of glucose released from the liver
- Increase the supply of blood to the muscles and reducing the supply to the gut
- Prepares the body for action . This is done in two ways
❖ Constrict blood blood from the region
❖ Enlarges blood vessels to it's muscles ,so that blood flow is greatest where it is most needed
OVARIES

- It is found in female's
- Produces hormones known as oestrogens and progesterone

FUNCTIONS OF OESTROGENS

- Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics are puberty eg; breasts, hips and high
pitched voice
- Prepares the uterus so that it can receive a fertilized egg
- Maintains the uterus in a state where it can nourish and protects the development of embryo
Functions of progesterone

- Promotes thickening and vascularization of the uterus

- Prevents the uterus from contracting until the baby is due to be born

Functions of ovaries

- Produces eggs
- Produce sex hormones

➢ Underproduction of progestogen result in abortion and too much progesterone

result in inhibition of parturition.
TESTES (male only)

- Situated in the groin in a sac called the scrotum.

Functions of testes

- Produces sperms
- Produce a sex hormone called testosterone

Effects of testosterone

- Promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics eg deeper voice,

courser skin, body hair, power muscles.
Similarities between hormonal nervous control

- In both cases, a stimulus causes the transmission of a message to a

target organ (effector) which carries out the impulse
 Difference between nervous and hormonal control

Nervous control Hormonal control

➢ It involves nerve impulses ➢ Hormones are involved

➢ Impulse is transmitted by neurons ➢ Hormones are transported by blood

➢ Quick response ➢ Usually has a slow response

➢ Response short lived ➢ Response may be short lived or long term

➢ May be voluntary or involuntary usually localized ➢ Always involuntary may affect more than one target
organs
Diagrams showing how hormones and nerve impulses coordinate the body
QUESTIONS

Design an experiment that you would conduct to find the region that respond to stimulate. Your answer should be in essay
form.

To find the region that respond to stimulus

Hold a fresh lemon not more than one 15 cm from the face. Then feel it with fingers and observe what happens. Place a hand
a hot object eg a hot plate and observe what happens.

As the lemon is peeled, the eyes and nostrils are irritated and eventually eyes and mouth become watery. This is because
irritating chemical substance in the lemon acts as a stimulant that cause receptors cells in the nostrils and eyes to generate
impulse and send it to the brain. In response the tear gland in the eye Secrete tears and salivary gland secrete saliva.

As the hand touches the hot plate there was a sudden withdrawal. The hot plate stimulates receptor cells in the hand to
create impulse and send it to the central nervous system, then to the muscles in this case the biceps muscle which contracts
and brings about a sudden withdrawal of the hand.
Effectors such as gland and muscles are the structures that are responsible for the response to stimulus.
How an impulse is transmitted across a synapse?

- Through a chemical called neurotransmitter which fills the synapse so that the
impulse can across it to the next neurones.

Endocrine glands have no ducts. How do their secretions reach their target areas?
- The secretions of hormones enter the blood and are transported to the target
organs.
What effect will the removal of the pancreases from an individual have on the food
composition of his blood? Give a reason for your answer
- The amount of glucose in the blood will change because pancrease produces insulin
which regulates the glucose level in the blood

What is the difference between secretion and excretion?

- Secretions provide substance's which are useful in the body while excretions is the
removal of wastes products from the body.
 Both the endocrine and neurons systems control the body. Outline the difference between the two
systems

Difference between endocrine and nervous coordination

Firstly, the nervous system produces nerve impulse generated by the receptors cells due to changes in
the surroundings while the endocrine systems involve chemical messenger called hormones produced
by glands as result of stimuli.
 Both the endocrine and neurons systems control the body. Outline the difference
between the two systems

Difference between nervous and endocrine systems

Firstly, the nervous system produces nerve impulse generated by the receptors cells due to changes in
the surroundings while the endocrine systems involve chemical messenger called hormones produced by
glands as result of stimuli.

Secondly, in nervous system Impulses are transmitted by nerve fibre of neurons from receptor cells to
the effectors while in endocrine system, hormones are carried by blood around the body and then
diffuse to their organs which they control.
The third difference is that, impulse in the nervous system travel at faster speed and this lead to
quick response to stimulates in the other hand the endocrine system through the hormones are
slower and gives slow response.

The nervous system controls a short-term change, for example handling of hot object than
endocrine system since the it controls long- term changes such as of activity and maturity.

Lastly, the nervous system affects only a particular part of the body. For example, when the hand is
placed of sharp object can only affect the. In the other hand the endocrine system affects several
target organs since the hormones are transported e.g. blood around the body be, for example, the
effects of adrenaline on the heart, arteries and iris of the eye.