SESION 2023-24

ㅤ PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
On
PROJECT
ON

DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW PRISM
FILLED WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT LIQUIDS

Submitted By - Submitted To –

NAME : Mr.D P PANDEY

CLASS : XII 'A' (PGT Phy)

ROLL NO. :

SIGN.OF SUBJECT TEACHER SIGN.OF EXAMINER SIGN.OF PRINCIPAL

 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT STUDENTS OF CLASS

XII 'A' HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED HIS PROJECT

ON :-

"DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION

ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW
PRISM FILLED WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT
LIQUIDS "

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR.D P PANDEY

(PGT PHYSICS) DURING THE YEAR 2023-24 IN

PRACTICAL FULLFILLMENT OF CHEMISTRY BY CBSE ,

NEW DELHI .

SIGN. OF TEACHER SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN.OF PRINCIPAL

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We Would like to Thank my Physics

teacher Mr.D P Pandey for extending his
valuable and scholarly guidance throughout
the preparation of this project.

We wish to extend our sincere thanks to

Mr.Diwakar Singh, Principal ,K V BHU for

his continuous motivation and moral
support for completing the work .

We would also like to thank everyone who

helped us in completing the project.

SIGN. OF TEACHER SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 CONTENTS

⇒ AIM
⇒ APPARATUS REQUIRED
⇒ THEORY
⇒ PROCEDURE
⇒ OBSERVATIONS
⇒ CALCULATIONS
⇒ RESULT
⇒ PRECAUTIONS
⇒ BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM

"TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE

ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE , USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED

ONE BY ONE ,WITH DIFFERENT

TRANSPARENT FLUIDS ."

APPARATUS REQUIRED
► Drawing Board & white sheet of paper
► Hollow prism
► Different liquids ( water, oil , spirit , hcl )
► Drawing pins , Pencil , Thumb pins
► Graph paper
► Half meter scale
► A protector
 INTRODUCTION

In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat,

polished surfaces that refract light. The exact angles between
the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional
geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a
triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use

"prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical

prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms
can be made from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials
include glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to
break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of
the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to
split light into components with different polarizations.
 THEORY
Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for
example, from air into the glass of the prism). This speed change
causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at a
different angle (Huygens principle). The degree of bending of the
light's path depends on the angle that the incident beam of light
makes with the surface, and on the ratio between the refractive
indices of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many
materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or color of the
light used, a phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes light of
different colors to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at
different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be
used to separate a beam of white light into its constituent spectrum
of colors. Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger
frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making them useful
for broad-spectrum spectroscopy. Furthermore, prisms do not suffer
from complications arising from overlapping spectral orders, which
all gratings have. Prisms are sometimes used for the internal
reflection at the surfaces rather than for dispersion. If light inside the
prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently steep angle, total
internal reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This makes a
prism a useful substitute for
a mirror in some situations.
REFRACTION : The phenomena of bending of light from
its straight line path on the surface of separation of two
optical media is known as refraction of lights.

refractive index : It is defined as the ratio of velocity

of light in vacuum of that in any medium .

Angle of incidence : The angle between the incident

ray and the normal.
angle of deviation : The angle between the incident
ray and the emergent ray .

minimum angle of deviation : The angle of ‎‎‎‎‎

incidence where the angle of deviation in a prism is ‎ ‎
minimum is called the minimum deviation position of the
prism and that very deviation angle is known as the
minimum angle of deviation (denoted by δmin, Dλ, or Dm).

Dispersion : The phenomena of splitting of white light

into its constituents colors when light ray passes through
a prism .
 EXPERIMENT

AIM :

To Investigate The Dependence Of The Angle Of Deviation On

The Angle Of Incidence , Using A Hollow Prism Filled One By One ,With

Different Transparent Fluids .

MATERIAL REQUIRED :

 Drawing sheet & Board

 Board pins
 A hollow glass prism
 Different transparent liquid

PROCEDURE :

1.The sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with drawing
pins .

2.The prism filled with liquids was placed on the paper and its
boundary ABC was traced.

3. A point O was marked on one of the refracting surface and a

normal was drawn to the surface at that point .

4. A straight line PQ was drawn corresponding to the incident ray

drawn at a suitable angle with the normal .
5. Two points P and Q was fixed about 5cm apart on the incident ray
and its image was viewed with one eye closed from that side AC

of the prism. Two pins R and S was fixed such that the tips of these
pins and the tips of image of the incident ray pin P, Q lied in the
same straight line.

6.The pinpricks on the paper were encircled.

7.The pins P and Q were removed and also encircle their pinpricks.

8.Points S and R was joined and produced backward to meet the

incident ray PQ produced. Thus RS is the emergent ray corresponding

to the incident ray PQ. Arrowheads were drawn to show the direction
of the rays.The angle of deviation and prism were measured with the
help of protector.

9. The above steps were repeated for different angles of incidence.

10.The experiment with different liquids were repeated.

CALCULATIONS:

WORKING FORMULA = μ = sin (A+Dm) / 2

sin (A/2)
Where ,

A = Angle of Prism

Dm = Minimum angle of deviation

μ = refractive index of medium

Angle of Prism

A
 OBSERVATIONS :

1. material : Coconut Oil

Serial no . Angle of Angle of

Incidence Deviation

01 30° 34°
02 35° 30°
03 40° 34°
04 45° 37°
05 50° 39°

EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.40

CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.43
 2. MATERIAL : KEROSINE

SERIAL ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

NO. INCIDENCE DEVIATION

01 30° 37°
02 35° 36°

03 40° 35°
04 45° 34°

05 50° 36°

EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.46

CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.44
 3. MATERIAL : GLYCERINE

SERIAL NO. ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

INCIDENCE DEVIATION

01 30° 37°
02 35° 36°
03 40° 35°
04 45° 34°
05 50° 36°

EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.46

CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.44
 RESULTS

THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION FIRST

DECREASES WITH INCREASE IN
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE , ATTAINS A
MINIMUM VALUE AND THEN
INCREASES WITH FURTHER
INCREASE IN ANGLE OF INCIDENCE.

~ THANK YOU