Investigatory Project
Submitted by :-
NAME – ANIMESH PAUL
CLASS – XII
ROLL :-
SESSION 2024-25
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICAT
This is to certify that this PHYSICS project titled – “ TO INVES-
TIAGTE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON
THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED
ONE BY ONE , WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS ” has
been successfully completed by : ANIMESH PAUL of CLASS XII
in the partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDAY EDUCATION (CBSE) IN THE SESSION – 2024-25 .
This project is genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of
any kind .
EXAMINERS SIGNATURE TEACHER IN CHARGE
DATE PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE
ROLL NO:
INSTITUTION’S RUBBER
STAMP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher DR . SHARMILA NATH as well as our
PRINCIPAL SIR , DR. BIPUL CHOUDHURY , who gave
me the golden oppurtunity to do this wonderful
project. This project also helped me in doing a lot of
research and i came to know about so many new
things .
I am extremely grateful to my parents and my friends
who gave valuable suggestions and guidence for
completion of my project . This cooperation and
healthy criticism came handy and useful with them .
Hence, i would like to thank all the above mentioned
people once again .
NAME : ANIMESH PAUL
CLASS : XII
ROLL NO:
CONTENT
LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE NO:-
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. AIM 2
3. MATERIALS REQUIRED 2
4. RAY DIAGRAM 3-5
5. THEORY 6-8
6. PROCEDURE 8-10
7. OBSERVATIONS 11
8. CALCULATIONS 12
9. RESULT 13
10 . PRECAUTIONS 14
11 . BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
INTRODUCTION
The refractive index (n) of an optical medium is defined
as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum and the speed of
light in that medium . It is a dimensionless number that
describes how light passes through that medium .
For visible light most transparent media has refractive indices
between 1 and 2 . Gases at atmospheric pressure have refractive
index close to 1 because of low density .
Almost all solids and liquids have refractive indices about 1.3
with aerogel as clear exception .
The refractive index depends upon the density of the medium
higher is the density , more is the refractive index value of that
particular medium .
1
AIM
AIM
To find the refractive indexes of :-
(A) GLYCERIN
(B) KEROSENE OIL
(C) ETHANOL
ATERIALS REQUIRED
MATERIALS REQUIRED
(1) DRAWING BOARD (5) PAPERS
(2) HOLLOW GLASS PRISM (6) PROTRACTOR
(3) ALPINS (7) A RULER
(4) WHITE PAPER SHEETS (8) A SHARP PENCIL
2
RAY DIAGRAMS
( 1 : Glycerin )
3
( 2: Kerosene Oil )
4
( 3 : Ethanol )
5
THEORY
THERY
Refraction through a prism : Deviation produced by a
Prism . Figure 1 shows the path PQRS of a ray of light
suffering refraction through a triangular glass prism . The
angle between the directions of the incident ray PQ and
the emergent ray is called the Angle of deviation , δ . Let i
and r be the Angle of incidence and Angle of refraction at
the face AB , and r' and e be the angles of incidence and
emergence at the face AC . Let a be the angle of the prism
.
From the quadrilateral AQNR , a + ∠QNR = 180˚
From ∆QNR , r + r' + ∠QNR = 180˚ ∴ a = r + r'
Δ = ∠MQR + ∠MRQ – (i - r) + (e - r') = i + e – a
or , i + e = a + δ or Angle of incidence + Angle of
emergence = Angle of prism + Angle of deviation
So when a ray of light is refracted through a prism , the
sum of Angle of incidence and the Angle of emergence is
equal to the sum of the Angle of prism and the Angle of
deviation .
6
Variation of angle of deviation with
angle of incidence :-
Figure 2: shows the variation of Angle of deviation δ
with the Angle of incidence i . For a given prism and for a
red color of light , the Angle δ depends on i only . As i
increases , the Angle of δ first and reaches a minimum
value δm and then increases . Clearly , any given value of
δ corresponds to two angle of incidence i and e .
The minimum value of the angle of deviation suffered by
a ray on passing through a prism is called the ANGLE OF
MINIMUM DEVIATION and is denoted by δm or Dm .
Relation between refractive index and angle
of minimum deviation :-
When a prism is in the position of minimum deviation , A ray of
light passes symmetrically (parallel to the base) through a prism
so that –
i=e , r = r' , δ=δm
As , A+δ=i+e
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
∴ A+δ=i+i or i=
2
𝑎
Also , A= r + r' = r + r = 2r ∴𝑟=
2
7
From Snell’s law , the refractive index of the prism will be :-
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
Sin ⅈ sin
µ= = 𝐴
2
sin 𝑟 sin
2
PROCEDURE
1. Fix a sheet of white paper on the drawing board with
cellotape . Draw a long straight line XY in the middle of
the paper to its longer side . Mark Six points O1 , O2 , O3
at suitable (a few cm more than the side of the prism)
and equal distances on the line . Draw the
perpendiculars O1N1 , O2N2 , O3N3 on this line .
2. Draw the incident rays at the points O1 , O2 , O3 making
angle of incidence 40˚C , 50˚C , 60˚C respectively with
the normals , using a protractor .
3. Fill the hollow prism with water and close its plastic lid
. Dry drops of water , if any sticking on its outer
surface .
8
4 . Place the prism with its refracting face AB on the
line XY with point O1 in the middle of AB , as shown in the
figure . Draw the boundary of the prism with a sharp
pencil .
5. Fix two points P1 and Q1 on the incident ray already
marked . Looking into the prism from the opposite refracting
face AC , position the eye in such a way that the feet of P1
and Q1 appear to be on behind the other . Now fix pins R1 and
S1 in the line with P1 and Q1 so as viewed through the prism .
Keep the eye at some distances from the pins so that all the
pins can be seen in clear focus simultaneously as shown in
the figure below . Distances P1Q1 and R1S1 should not be less
than 6cm so as to locate the directions of the incident and
rays accurately .
9
6 . Remove the pins and encircle their pin pricks . Draw
the line joining R1 and S1 . Produce lines P1Q1 and R1S1 so that
they meet at point M1 . Measure the angle of incidence
i=∠P1O1N1 and the angle of deviation δ = ∠S1MT
7 . Repeat the experiment with angle of incidence like
40˚C , 50˚C and 60˚C and measure the corresponding
angles of deviation in each case
8. Repeat the experiment by filling the hollow prism with
alcohol and kerosene . note the values of i and δ
9. Note the angle of prism .
OBSEVATION 10
OBSERVATIONS
Least count of the protractor = ____
1˚ degrees
Angle of prism , A = ____
60˚ degrees
ANGLE OF DEVIATION δ FOR HOLLOW PRISM
S. NO ANGLE OF FILLED WITH
INCIDENCES
,i
(DEGREES)
WATER ETHYL KEROSENE OIL
ALCOHOL
1 40˚ 25˚ 30˚ 25˚
2 50˚ 25˚ 30˚ 25˚
3 60˚ 29˚ 35˚ 25˚
11
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
( i ) Angle of minimum deviation for water , δm =
_____
25 degrees .
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
sin
Refractive index of water , µwater = 2
𝐴
1.35
= ______
sin
2
degrees .
( ii ) Angle of minimum deviation for ethyl alcohol ,
δm = _____
30 degrees .
Refractive index of ethyl alcohol , µethyl alcohol =
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
sin
2 1.41 degrees .
= ______
𝐴
sin
2
( iii ) Angle of minimum deviation for kerosene oil ,
δm = _____
25 degrees .
Refractive index of kerosene oil , µkerosene oil =
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
sin
2 1.35 degrees .
= ______
𝐴
sin
2
ESULT 12
RESULTS
1 . As the angle of incidence increases , the
angle of deviation first decreases , reaches a
minimum value and then again increases .
2. Angle of minimum deviations are :-
δm ( water ) = 25 degrees .
δm ( ethyl alcohol ) = 30 degrees .
δm ( kerosene oil ) = 25 degrees .
3. Refractive indices of the transparent
liquids are :-
µ water = 1.35 degrees .
µ ethyl alcohol = 1.41 degrees .
µ kerosene oil = 1.35 degrees .
13
PRECAUTIONS
(i) Same angle of prism should be used for all
observations
( ii ) The angle of incidence should not be less than
30˚C , as the ray may get totally reflected inside the
prism .
( iii ) For prisms of side 2.5 cm or 3 cm , the distance
between any two points should not be less than 6 cm .
( iv ) Pins should be fixed vertically and the pin pricks
should be encircled immediately after they are removed .
( v ) The feet of the pins (and not their heads) should be
in the straight line .
( vi ) Indicate the path of the incident , the refracted and
the emergent rays by arrowheads .
(vii) A smooth best fitting curve should be drawn
through the plotted points .
(viii) Position of the prism should not be disturbed for a
given set of observations .
( ix ) After filling the hollow prism with a liquid , covered
properly by its plastic lid . Also , liquid drops left on its
outer surface should be dried with a tissue paper .
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 . Class 12 physics laboratory manual 2024-25.
2 . NCERT Class XII Physics ( part -II) .
3 . All in one Physics , Class XII .
THE END
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