CONTENTS Pages py (x) reface o-Gai Syllabus ~ 1-18 Chapter1. General Introduction 40 Chapter 2. Current Electricity—Sources and Accessories - - SECTION A Chapter 3. — Measurement of Resistance 41-64 Experiment]: To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph for Potential difference versus current. — 46 Experimogs 2: To find resistance of a given wire/standard resistor using metre bridge. 51 Experiment 3A: To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances usin, iB a metre bridge. 54 Experiment 3B: To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge. 56 Chapter 4. _ Galvanometer, Ammeter and Voltmeter 65-01 Experimeng.4: To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deftection method and to find its figure of merit. a ExperimerteSA: To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and — figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same. . Experiment 5B: To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and a figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same, 75 pter 5. Frequency of A.C. heparan curren) Mains 82-91 Cha of the ins ‘onometer. Experiment 6: To find the frequency mains with a sonometer, 5 is 92-, ae ‘To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with _ Activity 1 oe without iron core. oe easure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check LS Activity 2: Te ie anity of a given circuit using multimeter. one ble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three bad Activity 3: To assem” I “nes, a fuse and a power source. (on/off) swit 98 (v) OOActivity Activity. Activity 8S Chapter 6. Experiment 1: Experiment 2: Experiment 6: Experimetieg: Experiment 8: Chapter 9. Experimend@ ACTIVITIES Activity 3: Activity 2: (vi) To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram. SECTION B Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens. Focal Length of Spherical Lenses To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between uand vor between 2 and x 3 To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens. Refractive Index of Prism Material, Glass Slab and Transparent Liquid To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and the angle of deviation. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope. To find the refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens, and plane mirror. To find the refractive index of a liquid (say water) using a concave ‘mirror. Semiconductor Diodes To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. To use a multimeter to: (a) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and (b) check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order. 99 100 102 106-127 113 119 128-146 140 147-166 150 157 163 167-180 381-19 13) a(vii) ivity 3: To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the Aen source) on an LDR. rr To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light 2 incident obliquely on a glass slab. Activity 5: To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. Activity To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex \ lens on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens). Activity 6B: To study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the mirror). To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses. Suggested Investigatory Projects Appendix Logarithmic and Other Tables Activity 7: 184 185 188 189 191 193 s+ 197-224 225-228 @-(xvi)Hence, mm =oEXPERIMENT! AIM: To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph for potential dif, versus current. APPARATUS A resistance wire (of different material such as copper, iron, constantan, etc.), a volte (0-3) Vand an ammeter (0-3) A of appropriate range, 2 battery (battery eliminator), a rheostat, scale, one-way key, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. THEORY According to the Ohm’s law, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proper to the potential difference across its ends, provided the physical conditions (temperature, dimes? pressure, etc.) of the conductor re: main the same. If I be the current flowing through a conductor V be the potential difference across its ends, then according to Ohm’s Law, TeV Vel or V=RI where, Ris the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor. or or ve T L 7 We know, R=p q where p is resistivity or SP- resistance. 7 _ pl 7D R depen of the pends upon the nature of material, temperature and dimensions of thi In S$) ni J units, the potential difference V is measured in volt and the curre R is measured in ohm.TPF21 38 oa ng mat AZ go ag ee dev oF Mo OREN sg 130 90 aanawure pure zaya PeAWO>reIs00HL a9 ay 1 30 anfea axa unopo ‘um a>uEasisaa ayy 10 aa yy Ls | SouRs}801 UML reys00u | AAA (x=) nue: nen ou _ ase ag 2 2282:051p tenuonod agp uaomng ydesl onconee SNFPW11/A oes axp veep umo4s 2q.05 54 ly eteCell (or Battery eliminator) Resistance wire V V Ammeter = voltmeter Fig. Arrangement diagram. OBSERVATIONS/ Length Length ofthe resistance wire |= [202 Range Range of the given ammeter = Range of the given voltmeter = Least count Least count of ammeter = Least count of voltmeter = 4. Zero error Zero error in ammeter, e, = Zeto error in voltmeter, €, = Zero correction Zero correction for ammeter, ¢ Zero correction for voltmet2 + savoduse ur (1) 8D ” {wouino Jo Yul $z'0 = wo |: se. ‘ouereHp Fenveiod Jo A'S = wo |: Spey e105, "WoUnD PUB eovelehig renueiog vooMieg udels oe oo 030-4 n @ _ wet 7 nN @ © Lo 100 ® ay 78 Av a o 8 Lue awet ww? Jaw DPaveTO[e 9q we souerssas am “ydess a wns Hu =a Bnonp Burssed) aur ayfrems aq 01 sauto> Buryea ‘(qe wamnyo>) j uous pue (ge uunfo> ‘suo. Compr chensing y Practica Constant ratio | gives resistance of the wire. "Pr, Resistance of the wire ......Q. Finding the Diameter of wire 1. Table for diame D) of th Linear Seale Circular Scale Reading He vee No. of circular Value Cory of Obe. scale division on nx (LC) iamety, referenceline(n) (mm) Deo. mm) @.. | 32) | Ga) (3b) oo * a D,(a)= 2 « D,@)= 2 . | D, (a). 3 @ ® | Mean D = Area (a) = ea (a) = Finding the lengths of the wire 1. Mean length, L= 12222" 1s, where Ly L, L, are lengths of wire 2 Le m Table for unknown resi ae Serial No. of fromthe | LengthAB= | Obe. resistance box (em) R (ohm) @m | gm 1 : 2 3. - ne oS =. RE! ‘] SULT 1g ot Resistivity of the wire is". m. sn le, percentage ero” Note. By nating the resistivity (or specific resistance) from the tal PRECAUTIONS ‘ pelt ear tl The connections should be meat, clean and tight. ; fer removin} ‘Thick wires should be used for the connections @! ends by rubbing with sand paper. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range-(vorunaye ou) 19 ONO ate T a + 008) ot > GeO ee oe eo meussrneo 6) aujod aouereg oxdn pu o122 wrosy au s8ptaq deb ayfi og ux umn Mowe pur G8 y>[ 9% UPON ouRRIELUMoUy My quand x mung: se ded oo saded pues jo 721d» pure sanym Sunzouo> ‘aus aureyssar e ay he 200 cok pae a ys01 © May Ken aup anole ewoueaqeS © (Loyeuruns Azorzeg 20) Ts> aypuepey w “@Bpaq az aps ape ay suave’ “o8pi4q 24s Buysn 10981804 paopunys/a.yo uoayS v Jo nunnsespel', @ 7 AN3WIIdX] mm -sourgns re ayqeese qo dew sss HE “enon aq feu saps xen " yous soo ws “sBuypearB are nod way uado 2q prow eS pear Bupyer rou nt aie Bureay proae oy se os “yByy A190 9q 10u Pinoys a1 aourystsa1 yo Suneay ploae or 4sie 52 Comprehensive Practical Physic p PROCEDURE For Resistance Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance isto be determined in the right gap betwee, and B. Take care that no part of the wire forms a loop. 7 Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and B. Make all the other connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Take out some resistance (say 2 ohms) from the resistance box, plug the key K. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the bridge wire. Note the deflections in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows deflections in opps directions, the connections are correct. If the deflection is one side only, then there is sce fault in the circuit. Check or take help of your teacher and rectify the fault. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to right till galvanometer gives ze deflection. The point where the jockey is touching the wire is null point D. Choose an appropriate value of R from the resistance box such that there is no deflection inthe galvanometer when the jockey is nearly in the middle of the wire (i.e., between 45 to 55 cm). Note the position of point D (with the help of a set-square) to know balancing length, AD=I Take at least four sets of observations in the same way by changing the value of R inst Record your observations. One-way key Leclanche cel aly | A Resistance box ® =? Unknown wire Galvanometer Fig. Arrangement diagram,je c 53 Measurement of Resistance ERVATIONS Length of given wire, L = ....em Serial No.of Resistance from the Length AB =1 Length Unknown Obs. resistance box (om) BC= (100-1) veststance R (om) xog 200-0 (ohm) : @ @ 8) a eS Leo > 5 3 io 638 7 JALCULAT IONS From position of D, find [em and write in column 3 of Table 1. Find length (100-1) cm and write in column 4. Calculate X and write in column 5. 1% KX gg 4 Standard value of the resistance of given wire (from resistance box), xX, ohm-m Percentage error X-% Mean X= 100 REsuL; The value of unknown resistance, X =... Percentage error = . PRECAUTIONS ‘The connections should be neat, clean and tight. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight. love the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it plugin key K should be inserted only when the observations are to be taken Null point should be brought between 48 em and SS em, |, Set square should be used to note nll point to avoid ertor of parallax, The wite should not make a loop. URC OF ERROR strument screws may be loos "he plugs may not be clean. Thewire ‘may not have uniform thickness. © Screw gauge may have faults like back lash error and wrong pitch ieee EEE ee eeenee, i" Campchonsoe Practical Phys yy mm EXPERIMENT 4 il AIM: Te determine resistance of a galvanometer hy half deflection method and to find its figy, of merit. APPARATUS A weston type galvanometer, a voltmeter, a battery or battery eliminator, two (10,000 Qand 200 ©) resistance boxes, two one-way keys, a rheostat, a screw gauge, a metre scale, an ammeter of given range, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. THEORY ‘The resistance of the given galvanometer as found by half-deflection method is given by, R.S | oe S| R-S where Ris the resistance connected in series with the galvanometer and Sis the shunt resistance. ool) pS E The igureofment, | ke Bae (2) where E is the e.m-f. of the cell and @ is the deflection produced with resistance R, ‘The maximum current that can pass through the galvanometer, T= mk @) I where n is the total number of divisions on the galvanometer scale on either side of zero. CWRCUIT DIAGRAM VS E 4] pp ae 7 E R 4) Wy | | Ay, bg 5 , Fi], se 7 ‘G % Fig. (a) Resistance of galvanometer, Fig. (b) Figure of merit dgj= eee _ mnometer, Ammeter and Voltmeter Galva pROCEDURE (a) Resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method Make the connections accordingly as shown in circuit ofthe resistance boxes ae tight 1. Take out the high resist only. diagram, See that all plugs ‘ance (say 20000) from the resistance box R and i deflection in the galvanometer reduces to ‘actly half the value obtained instep a a Note the value of resistance s 8. Repeat steps 4 t07 three times ‘akingout diferent values of Rand adjusting Severy tin (0) Figure of merit 9. eliminator) and find its EME. by a voltmeter Connecting +ve of the voltmeter with +ve ofthe cel and ve of voltmeter cell. Let it be E. with ~ve of 1) Make connections asin circuit diagram, Adjust the value of R to obtain a certain deflection 8 (say 30 divisions) whe Note the values of resistance R and deflection 8 Now change the value of R and note the galvanometer deflection again Repeat the steps 9 to 13 with both cells of the battery with different v poltages |i 8, volts from battery eliminator, Find the figure of merit k using the formula. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION 1. Table for resis j tance of the galvanometer by half-defiction method [foi Resistance | Deflection ‘Shunt Half Galvanometer 2 is deflection resistance os R inthe resistance a (ohm) Galvanometer 8 ; 5 ora : (oho) @) @) @ @) @Pr 72 Comprehensive Practical Physics 2. Table for figure of merit T Em/fofthecell | Resistance | Deflection | Figure ofp joe ame | eee | eee a eel atery battery eliminator | R (ohm) Rom @ @ ) sn) le i OP gy 1 | | 5 | | | | 3. | | 4. 1 Number of divisions in the galvanometer scale, n = 1. Calculation for G RS Calculate G, using formula, G and write it in column 6 of Table 1, R-S Take mean of values of G recorded in column 6 of Table 1 2. Calculation for k E R+G)0 Take mean of values of k recorded in column 6 of Table 2. Calculate k, using formula, k and write it in column 6 of Table 2. RESULT Resistance of given galvanometer = ..... Figure of merit of given galvanometer = A/div. PRECAUTIONS All the connections should be meat, clean and tight. All the plugs in resistance boxes should be tight. ‘The em. of cell or battery should be constant. Initially a high resistance from the resistance box (R) should be introduced in the deat (otherwise for small resistance an excessive current will flow through the galvanometer or ammeter can be damaged) SOURCES OF ERROR ‘The screws of the instruments may be loose. ‘The plugs of resistance boxes may not be clean. ‘The e.m{. of battery may not be constant. ‘The galvanometer divisions may not be of equal size.— salvanmete,Ammeter and Voltmeter 73 ™™ EXPERIMENT 5A Mill . Toconvert the given galvanometer (ofknown resistan i itmeter a een (fa ce and figure of merit) into.a volt APPARATUS A weston type galvanometer, a voltmeter of sliminator, two (10,000 2.and 200.2) resistance box jd a piece of sand paper. 0-3 volts range, a battery of two cells or batte: 65, to one-way keys, a rheostat, conn: ecting wires THEORY ‘The series resistance required for conversion, revig I, where V is the range of conversion, CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Converted voltmeter High resistance ——{¢ }—____ Battery - + 4 fp aoe Fig. Circuit diagram for verification by voltmeter. PROCEDURE |. Calculate the value of series resistance R to be connected in series with the galvanometer for the given range V (say 3 volts). *. Connect a resistance box in series with the galvanometer and take out the plugs of resistance R. Now, the given galvanometer is ready for use as a voltmeter of range V volts1” shown in the cect dagram Here AB sq, jon make the connections 25 tial divider. Aand Bat CALCULATIONS Resistance ofthe given galvanometer, Figure of m Number of divisions in the galvanometer scale, Current for full scale defection, Range of conversion, Resistance to be placed in series with the galvanometer, VERIFICATION edhe ied terminals and Cis the vary tthe galvanometer rea Pe ee heresitancebor.Insertthekey Kandy egalvanometer becomes marin. he erbecomesmatig, terand galvanom v Least count of the galvanometer converted into voltmeter = — = {Seria No.| Reading of converted gelvenometer into ‘of 0bs. | voltmeter Deflection PD. involts 7 V,=OxLC. w Ga) __@) Standard “om — w “ ® | w