Geography

CH-Manufacturing industries

**Cotton textile industry: -

The first cotton textile industry was established in Mumbai in 1854.

Mahatma Gandhi emphasized on spinning wheel and wearing Khadi so that weavers could get
employment.

In the initial years, the cotton textile industry was confined to the cotton centres of Maharashtra
and Gujarat.

Factors like availability of cotton, market, transportation, proximity to ports, labour, humid
climate etc. promoted its localization.

Spinning work is concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu but weaving has
become highly commercialised offering traditional skills and designs in cotton, silk, zari,
embroidery etc.

****Problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India :

• Old and traditional techniques.

• Decrease in the yield of long staple cotton.

• Lack of new machinery.

• Competition from synthetic textile industry.

• Irregular power supply.

****Major problems of cotton industry: -

• Electricity supply is irregular.

• Machinery needs to be upgraded.

• Poor performance of labour.

• Stiff competition with synthetic fibre industry.

******Jute Industry :-
India is the largest producer of jute and jute manufactured goods and Bangladesh is the second
largest exporter. The jute industry in India is mostly concentrated on the banks of the Hooghly
River.

Why are most of the jute mills in India located in West Bengal?

In India, most of the jute is produced in West Bengal.

This industry requires large amounts of water for disposal of raw jute, which is available in
ample quantity from the Hooghly River.

Cheap labour is also available from neighbouring states like West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa etc.

Railways, roadways and water transport for convenient transportation of raw materials to the
mills.

Being a big city, Kolkata provides facilities like banking, insurance etc.

*****Challenges facing the jute industry of India :-

• Things have started being made from artificial fibres.

• Things made from synthetic fibres are cheaper.

• There is huge expenditure on jute cultivation.

• Facing foreign competition poses a challenge in the market.

• Bangladesh stands as a challenger in the international market.

*****Sugar Industry :-

India ranks second in the world in sugar production and first in the production of jaggery and
sugar candy.

Sugar mills are spread across the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Over the past few years, the number of these mills has increased in the southern and western
states, especially in Maharashtra.

Reasons for increased sugar mills in southern and western states :-

• Sugarcane contains high amounts of sucrose.

• cold climate .

• Cooperative societies became more successful.

****Challenges facing the sugar industry in India :-

• This industry is seasonal in nature, of short duration.

• Sugarcane production is low per hectare.

• Presence of old machines.

• Not being able to make optimum use of bagasse.

• Due to inefficient means of transportation, sugarcane does not reach the factories on time.

(Mineral based industries :-)

Those industries which use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based
industries.

* Iron and steel industry :-

Iron and steel is a basic industry because all other heavy, light and medium industries depend
on the machinery made by it.

The ratio of iron ore, coking coal and limestone for this industry is about 4:2:1.

In 2016, India was ranked third in the world among crude steel producers by manufacturing 956
lakh tonnes of steel. It is the largest producer of sponge iron.

Almost all the public sector undertakings sell their steel through Steel Authority of India.

****Most of the iron and steel industries are concentrated in the Chhota Nagpur plateau region
of India****

* Due to maximum concentration of iron and steel industry in Chotanagpur plateau region :-

• Low cost of iron ore.

• Availability of high grade raw materials nearby.

• Availability of cheap labour.

• Huge growth potential in domestic market.

**** Reasons for not being able to fully develop the iron and steel industry in India :-

• High cost and limited availability of coking coal.

• Low productivity of labour.

• Irregular supply of energy.

• Weak infrastructure.

Reasons for calling iron and steel industry as basic industry :-

Many other industries depend on the iron and steel industry.

The iron and steel industry is a major contributor to other industries such as the sugar industry
and cement industry.

The industrial progress of the country depends on this industry.

Provides employment to a large number of people.

* Reasons why iron and steel industry is called heavy industry :-

• All raw materials like iron ore, coal and lime are heavy in nature.

• The finished products of this industry require high cost for transportation.

Aluminium Smelting :-

Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical refining industry in India.

It is lightweight, rust resistant, a good conductor of heat, flexible and can be made harder by
mixing with other metals.

Aluminium smelting plants in India are located in the states of Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala,
Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

There are two important requirements for setting up this industry :-

• Regular energy supply.

• Availability of raw materials at low cost.

chemical industry :-

• The chemical industry contributes about 3 per cent to India's GDP.

• This industry is the third largest in Asia and 12th in the world in terms of size.

• Both organic and inorganic chemicals are produced in India.

Organic Chemistry :- Petrochemistry in Organic Chemistry Which is used in making artificial

clothes, rubber, plastic, medicines etc.

Inorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry

These include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkali etc.

Fertilizer Industry :-

The fertilizer industry revolves around nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers
and ammonia phosphates and complex fertilizers.

There are no reserves of potassium compounds in our country. Therefore, we import potash.

After the Green Revolution, this industry has expanded to many parts of the country.

* Cement Industry :-

This industry requires heavy and coarse raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum.

Rail transport, coal and electricity are essential.

It is used in construction work.

Units of this industry have been set up in Gujarat because there is availability of trade with the
Gulf countries from here.

Development of cement industry is very important for our country, why?

• It is necessary to construct buildings, factories, roads, bridges, dams, houses etc.

• Our cement industry produces high quality cement.

• There is demand in African countries.

 Automobile industry: -

Motor vehicles are a means of fast transportation of passengers and goods.

After liberalisation, the market for new and modern model vehicles and the demand for vehicles
is huge.

This industry is established around cities like Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai etc.

Liberalisation and foreign direct investment in India led to tremendous growth in the automobile
industry due to :-

After liberalization, the market for new and modern model vehicles has increased.

The demand for vehicles has increased. The number of cars, scooters, scooties, bikes and auto
rickshaws has increased immensely.

The use of new technology along with foreign direct investment has brought this industry to a
world-class level of development.

Today 15 units manufacture cars, 14 units manufacture scooters, motorcycles and

autorickshaws.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry :-

• The products under the electronics industry range from transistors to televisions, telephone
exchanges, radars, computers and many other devices useful for the telecommunications
industry.

Bangalore developed as the electronic capital of India. The information and technology industry
in India

Bangalore has developed as the electronic capital of India. The success of the information and
technology industry in India has led to the continuous development of hardware and software.

Contribution of India's information technology industry to economic development: -

• Provides employment.

• Earns foreign exchange.

• The number of working women has increased.

• Hardware and software are constantly evolving.

• Software Technology Parks provide single window service to experts and high data
communication facilities.

Types of pollution :-

• Thermal pollution

• Water pollution

• Noise pollution

• Air pollution

Air pollution :-

• Emission of sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide by industries.

• Smoke emission from chemical and paper industries, brick kilns and refineries.

Water pollution :-

• Pollution by industrial wastes (organic and inorganic).

• Pollution by paper, chemical, textile industries and industries.

Thermal pollution :-

• Discharge of hot water from factories and thermal plants into the river.

Noise pollution :-

• Hearing ability is affected.

• Heart rate and blood pressure increases.

* Various measures taken by industries to reduce environmental pollution :-

• Polluted water should not be released into rivers.

• The water must be cleaned and then poured.

• Hydroelectricity should be used.

• Machinery that produces less noise should be used

Increasing importance of tourism in India :-

• World's fastest growing tertiary sector industry.

• Provides total 2500 lakh jobs.

• Total revenue 40% of GDP.

• Factor of growth in industries and business.

• Improvement in the infrastructure of the country.

• Useful in increasing international brotherhood.

In recent years, many new forms of tourism industry such as medical tourism etc. have also
become popular.