UNIT-1

Internet of Things:

Internet of Things, IoT Conceptual Framework, IoT Architectural View, Technology Behind IoT,
Sources of IoT, M2M Communication, Examples of IoT.
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Definition:

Things are connected and communicated each other via internet is called Internet of
Things.
(or)
The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects)
with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect and
exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications
networks

IOT conceptual view

 The main tasks of this framework are to analyze and determine the smart
activities of these intelligent devices through maintaining a dynamic
interconnection among those devices.
 This model is capable of logical division of physical devices placement,
creation of virtual links among different domains, networks and collaborate
among multiple application without any central coordination system. IaaS can
afford standard functionalities to accommodate and provides access to cloud
infrastructure.
 Total infrastructure system can be categorized into 4 layers

1. Connectivity Layer-

 This layer includes all the physical devices involved in the framework and the
interconnection among them.
 Future internet largely depends on the unification of these common objects found
everywhere near us and these should be distinctly identifiable and controllable.
 This layer also involves assigning of low range networking devices like sensors,
actuators, RFID tags etc and resource management checks the availability of
physical resources of all the devices and networks involved in the underlying
infrastructure.
 These devices contain very limited resources and resource management ensures
the maximum utilization with little overhead. It also allows sharing and distribution
of information among multiple networks or single network divided into multiple
domains.

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2. Access Layer-

 Context Data will be reached to internet via IoT Gateway as captured by short
range devices in form of raw data.
o Access layer comprises topology definition, network initiation, creation of
domains etc.
o This layer also includes connection setup, intra-inter domain
communication, scheduling, packet transmissions between flow-sensors and
IoT gateway.
o Feature management contains a feature filter which accepts only acceptable
context data and redundant data are rejected.
o Large number of sensor maintains lots of features but only a small subset of
features is useful generate a context data.
 Feature filter helps to reduce irrelevant data transmission, increases the data
o transfer rate of useful data and reduce energy and CPU consumption too

3. Abstraction Layer-

 One of the most important characteristics of Open Flow is to add virtual layers
with the preset layers, leaving the established infrastructure unchanged.
 A virtual link can be created among different networks and a common platform
can be developed for various communication systems.
The system is fully a centralized system from physical layer viewpoint but a
distribution of service (flow visor could be utilized) could be maintained.
 One central system can monitor, control all sorts of traffics. It can help to achieve
better band-width, reliability, robust routing, etc. which will lead to a better
Quality of Services (QoS).

4. Service Layer-
.

o It is not only responsible for storing data but also to provide security along
with it. It also allows accessing data effectively;
o integrating data to enhance service intelligence, analysis based on the
services required and most importantly increases the storage efficiency.
o Storage and management layer involves data storage & system supervision,
software services and business management & operations.
o Though they are included in one layer, the business support system resides
slightly above of cloud computing service whereas Open-Flow is placed
below of it as presented to include virtualizations and monitor
management.
o Service management combines the required services with organizational
solutions and thus new generation user service becomes simplified.

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IOT architectural Framework-
IoT architecture consists of different layers of technologies supporting IoT. The
functionality of each layer is described below:

Smart device / sensor layer:

 The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors.

 The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds
allowing real-time information to be collected and processed.
 There are various types of sensors for different purposes. The sensors have the
capacity to take measurements such as temperature, air quality, speed,
humidity, pressure, flow, movement and electricity etc.
 Sensors are grouped according to their unique purpose such as environmental
sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and vehicle telemetric
sensors, etc

Gateways and Networks-

 Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny sensors and this
requires a robust and high performance wired or wireless network
infrastructure as a transport medium.
 Current networks, often tied with very different protocols, have been used to
support machine-to-machine (M2M) networks and their applications.
 With demand needed to serve a wider range of IoT services and applications
such as high speed transactional services, context- aware applications, etc,
 These networks can be in the form of a private, public or hybrid models and
are built to support the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth
or security. Various gateways (microcontroller, microprocessor) & gateway
networks (WI-FI, GSM, GPRS).

Management Service Layer-

 The management service renders the processing of information possible

through analytics, security controls, process modeling and management of
devices.
 One of the important features of the management service layer is the business
and process rule engines.
 IoT brings connection and interaction of objects and systems together
providing information in the form of events or contextual data such as
temperature of goods, current location and traffic data.
 Some of these events require filtering or routing to post-processing systems
such as capturing of periodic sensory data, while others require response to
the immediate situations such as reacting to emergencies on patient’s health
conditions.

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  The rule engines support the formulation of decision logics and trigger
interactive and automated processes to enable a more responsive IoT system.

Application Layer-

 The IoT application covers <smart= environments/spaces in domains such as:

Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain,
Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment
and Energy.

IoT Architecture

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 Technology Behind IoT:

1.WiFi

 WiFi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) that utilizes the IEEE 802.11
standard through 2.4GhZ UHF and 5GhZ ISM frequencies.
 WiFi provides Internet access to devices that are within the range (about 66 feet
from access point).

Pros and Cons of WiFi

Pros:

 Universal Smartphone compatibility

 Affordable
 Well protected and controlled
Cons:

 Relatively high power usage

 Instability and inconsistency of WiFi

Example of WiFi connectivity would be Drop cam streaming live video via the local WiFi
instead of streaming through a connected Ethernet LAN cable .

2. Radio Frequency (RF)

 Radio frequency communications are probably the easiest form of
communications between devices.

 Protocols like ZigBee or ZWave use a low-power RF radio embedded or

retrofitted into electronic devices and systems.

 Z-Wave’s range is approximately 100 ft (30 m). The radio frequency band used is
specific to its country.

 For example, Europe has a 868.42 MHz SRD Band, a 900 MHz ISM or 908.42 MHz
band (United States), a 916 MHz in Israel, 919.82 MHz in Hong Kong, 921.42 MHz
in the regions of Australia/New Zealand) and 865.2 Mhz in India.

 ZigBee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. However, its low power
consumption limits transmission distances to a range of 10 to 100 meters.

Pros and Cons of RF

Pros:

 Low energy and simplicity for its technology is not dependent on the new
functionality of phones

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Cons:

 Radio frequency technology is not used by smartphones and without a central

hub to connect the RF devices to the internet, the devices cannot be connected
Example of radio frequency connectivity would be your typical television remote for it
uses radio frequency, which enables you to switch channels remotely.

3. RFID
 Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields
to identify objects.

 Usually you would install an active reader, or reading tags that contain a stored
information mostly authentication replies.

 Experts call that an Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system. Short range RF ID is
about 10cm, but long range can go up to 200m.

 Bands RFID runs on: 120–150 kHz (10cm), 3.56 MHz (10cm-1m), 433 MHz (1-
100m), 865-868 MHz (Europe), 902-928 MHz (North America) (1-12m).

Pros and Cons of RFID

Pros:

 Does not require power

 Established and widely used technology
Cons:

 Highly insecure
 Ongoing cost per card
 Tags need to be present as identifier and be handed over before
 Not compatible with smartphones

Examples include animal identification, factory data collection, road tolls, and building
access. RFID tag is also attached to an inventory such that its production and
manufacturing progress can be tracked through the assembly line. As illustration,
pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses

4. Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances .If
you look at the frequencies it is actually the same as WiFi such that these two
technologies seem very similar. However they have different uses. The 3 different styles
of Bluetooth technology that are commonly talked about are:

 Bluetooth: Such Bluetooth technology are battery draining, insecure and are
often complicated to pair.
 BLE (Bluetooth 4.0, Bluetooth Low Energy): Originally introduced by Nokia and
presently used by all major operating systems such as iOS, Android, Windows
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 Phone, Blackberry, OS X, Linux and Windows 8, BLE uses fast, low energy usage
while maintaining the communication range.
 iBeacon: It is the trademark for a simplified communication technique based on
Bluetooth technology that Apple uses. What it actually is: a Bluetooth 4.0 sender
that transmits an ID called UUID, which is recognized by your iPhone.
 This simplifies the implementation effort many vendors would previously face.

IOT applications-

The IoT application covers smart environments/spaces in domains such as:

Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain,
Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.
Below are some of the IoT applications.
IOsL (Internet of smart living)-Remote Control Appliances:

 Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature,

pressure, wind speed and rain levels with ability to transmit data over long
distances, <
 mart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside,
food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the
information available on a Smartphone app.
 Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and.
 Kitchen ranges with interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely
adjustable temperature control and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning
feature,
 Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe
in their daily life at home,
 Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and
violations to prevent intruders,
 Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to
obtain advice on how to save cost and resources.

IOsC ( Internet of smart cities)-

 Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in

buildings, bridges and historical monuments,
 Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights,
 Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public
announcement systems,
 Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages
and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like
accidents or traffic jams,
 Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city
making residents able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces,

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  Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the
trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the
sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out.

IOsE (Internet of smart environment)-

 Air Pollution monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution

emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms,
 Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire
conditions to define alert zones,
 Weather monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early Detection,
 Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea for eligibility in
drinkable use,
 River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs
during rainy days,
 Protecting wildlife: Tracking collars utilizing GPS/GSM modules to locate and
track wild animals and communicate their coordinates via SMS.

IOsI (Internet of smart industry)-

 Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels and leakages in

industrial environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside
mines, Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to
ensure workers and goods safety, Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in
storage tanks and Cisterns,
 Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment malfunctions and
service maintenance can be automatically scheduled ahead of an actual
part failure by installing sensors inside equipment to monitor and
send reports.

IOsH (Internet of smart health)-Patients Surveillance:

Monitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals and in old people’s home,
Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and
organic elements,
Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people living independent,
Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless sensors placed across the mattress sensing
small motions, like breathing and heart rate and large motions caused by tossing and
turning during sleep, providing data available through an app on the Smartphone.

IOsA (internet of smart agriculture)-Green Houses:

 Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and

vegetables and its quality,
 Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc.
to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants,

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  Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in
open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in
farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements,
 field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring,
accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields,
including better control of fertilizing, electricity and watering.

Source of Internet of Things (IoT) Platforms

Zetta:

Zetta is API based IoT platform based on Node.js. It is considered as a complete toolkit to
make HTTP APIs for devices. Zetta combines REST APIs, WebSockets to make data-intensive
and real-time applications. The following are some notable features.

 It can run on the cloud, or a PC, or even modest development boards.

 Easy interface and necessary programming to control sensors, actuators, and
controllers.
 Allows developers to assemble smartphone apps, device apps, and cloud apps.
 It is developed for data-intensive and real-time applications.
 Turns any machine into an API.

Arduino

If you are seeking to make a computer that can perceive and exercise stronger control over
the real world when related to your ordinary stand-alone computer, then Arduino can be
used

Arduino is a simple-to-use IoT platform. It operates through an array of hardware

specifications that can be given to interactive electronics. The software of Arduino comes in

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the plan of the Arduino programming language and Integrated Development Environment
(IDE)

ThingsBoard

ThingsBoard is for data collection, processing, visualization, and device management. It

upholds all standard IoT protocols like CoAP, MQTT, and HTTP as quickly as cloud and on-
premise deployments. It builds workflows based on design life cycle events, REST API
events, RPC requests.

SiteWhere

SiteWhere platform offers the ingestion, repository, processing, and assimilation of device
inputs. It runs on Apache Tomcat and provides highly tuned MongoDB and HBase
implementations. You can deploy SiteWhere to cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, GCP, or on-
premises. It also supports Kubernetes cluster provisioning.

The following are some of the other features.

 Run any estimate of IoT applications on a single SiteWhere instance

 Spring brings the root configuration framework.
 Add widgets through self-registration, REST services, or in batches.
 InfluxDB for event data storage
 Connect devices with MQTT, Stomp, AMQP and other protocols
 Integrates third-party integration frameworks
 Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging
 HBase for the non-relational datastore
 Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data

Thinger

Thinger.io provides a scalable cloud base for connecting devices. You can deal with them
quickly by running the admin console or combine them into your project logic using their
REST API. It supports all types of hackers boards such as Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, ESP8266.

Thinger can be integrated with IFTT, and it provides real-time data on a beautiful dashboard

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Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication is a form of data communication that involves
one or more entities that do not necessarily require human interaction or intervention in
the process of communication.

It is different from the current communication models in the ways that it involves:

-new or different market scenarios

- lower costs and effort

- a potentially very large number of communicating terminals

- little traffic per terminal, in general M2M communication could be carried over mobile
networks (e.g. GSM-GPRS, CDMA EVDO networks). In the M2M communication, the role of
mobile network is largely confined to serve as a transport network.

Applications of M2M

The applications of M2M cover many areas and the areas in which M2M is currently used
are given below:

a. Security : Surveillances, Alarm systems, Access control, Car/driver security

b. Tracking & Tracing : Fleet Management, Order Management, Pay as you drive, Asset
Tracking, Navigation, Traffic information, Road tolling, Traffic optimization/steering

c. Payment : Point of sales, Vending machines, Gaming machines

d. Health : Monitoring vital signs, Supporting the aged or handicapped, Web Access
Telemedicine points, Remote diagnostics

e. Remote Maintenance/Control : Sensors, Lighting, Pumps, Valves, Elevator control,

Vending machine control, Vehicle diagnostics

f. Metering : Power, Gas, Water, Heating, Grid control, Industrial metering

g. Manufacturing : Production chain monitoring and automation

h. Facility Management : Home / building / campus automation

Key features of M2M

Some of the key features of M2M communication system are given below:

a. Low Mobility : M2M Devices do not move, move infrequently, or move only within a
certain region

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b. Time Controlled : Send or receive data only at certain pre-defined periods

c. Time Tolerant : Data transfer can be delayed

d. Packet Switched : Network operator to provide packet switched service with or without
an MSISDN

e. Online small Data Transmissions: MTC Devices frequently send or receive small amounts
of data.
f. Monitoring: Not intend to prevent theft or vandalism but provide functionality to detect
the events

g. Low Power Consumption : To improve the ability of the system to efficiently service
M2M applications

h. Location Specific Trigger : Intending to trigger M2M device in a particular area e.g. wake
up the device

Examples of IoT:

 Smart Home
 Smart Agriculture
 Smart city
 Smart health monitoring System
 Weather monitoring
 Fall detection
 Air pollution monitoring system
 Water Quality System
 Transportation
 Smart Parking
 Waste Management System
 Smart Public Safety & Security
 Smart Education

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 Smart City

Smart Agriculture

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 Smart Home

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 Waste management System

Health Monitoring System

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