Khulna University of Enginnering & Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Seminar Report on Plasmonic Biosensor With Gold and Titanium

Dioxide Immobilized on Photonic Crystal Fiber for Blood
Composition Detection

Authors: Vijay Shanker Chaudhary, Dharmendra Kumar , Gyan Prakash Mishra,

Sneha Sharma , and Santosh Kumar
Published in: IEEE Sensors Journal, Volume 22, Number 9, May 1, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3160482 Impact factor: 4.325

Course No: EE 4130

Technical seminar -02

Presented by:

Pritom Kumar Das

Roll: 1803038
Year: 𝟒𝒕𝒉
Term:𝟏𝒔𝒕

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Content:
1. Abstract ……………………………………………………………………….(03)
2. Introduction …………………………………………………………………(03-05)
3. Geometrical Modeling of Plasmonic Biosensor……………..(05-08)
3.A.Fabrication Possibilities of the Proposed PCF…………..(08-09)
3.B. Experimental Setup for Blood Composition Detection
Feasibility………………………………………………………………………….(09-10)
4. Operation Mechanism and Results Discussion ………………(10-17)
5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….(18)
6. References…………………………………………………………………….(18-20)

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1.Abstract:
This work suggests a plasmonic biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for
the detection of different blood components, such as red blood cells (RBCs),White
blood cells (WBCs), plasma, water, and hemoglobin (HB). This biosensor has been
statistically assessed and simulated using the finite element technique (FEM). The
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) hypothesis governs how the gold and titanium
dioxide coated PCF works. In this theory, the gold layer serves as a plasmonic
material and the titanium dioxide layer enhances adhesion between the gold layer
and the PCF surface. When the core propagation mode and the surface plasmon
polariton (SPP) mode are connected in close proximity to the phase matching point,
SPR develops at the interface between gold and the sensing channel. The loss peak
is observed in the core propagation mode as a result of SPR, and this loss peak is
very sensitive to the different blood compositions that are separately poured into
the sensing channel of the PCF with their distinct refractive indices (RI). Maximum
wavelength sensitivity for the proposed biosensor is 12400 nm/RIU. The maximal
amplitude sensitivity, however, is 574.3 𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 . Additionally, the refractive index
resolution ranges from 8.06 x 10−6 RIU to 5.0 x 10−5 RIU with a maximum detection
limit of 0.02. It is safe to assume that this biosensor will perform brilliantly in terms
of identifying blood components as a result. The suggested biosensor would
therefore examine a wide range of diagnostic applications in medicine.

2.Introduction:
BLOOD is a highly specialized tissue that is made up of over 4000 distinct
components, the most essential of that are plasma, platelets, white cells, and red
cells [1]. Different deadly diseases with a direct connection to human blood cause
over 36 million fatalities annually. An average healthy human body weighs about
7% blood [2]. We already know that blood is a mixture of solids like red blood cells
(RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets, as well as liquid plasma (90%
water).RBCs make up around 4% of the human body's total volume, while WBCs
make up about 0.7%, plasma makes up about 54%, and the remaining 10% is made
up of nutrients, proteins, and ions [3]. It is crucial to accurately diagnose a variety
of major conditions affecting the human body, including diabetes, cancer, and
heart disease. Biosensors are used to detect a variety of biological components,
such as antibodies, nucleic acids, and enzyme-related molecules, in order to

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identify them. Analytes are also used to determine the presence of any additional
biological components or substances. Biosensors built on PCF are becoming more
widespread. In a variety of industries, such as medicine, diagnostics, biomolecular
analysis, agricultural management, and environmental monitoring, biosensors are
becoming more and more common [4]–[8]. In the biosensing sectors, which have
been created with the aid of smart electronics and nanoengineering, numerous
smart biosensors have been presented. Since PCF offers versatility, improved
sensitivity, and lower production costs, it draws a lot of attention [9]–[12]. The
PCF's geometry can be changed to significantly improve sensor performance. For
this reason, a variety of PCF shapes have been employed, including square,
elliptical, hexagonal, octagonal, and circular [13]–[15]. The sensitivity of SPR-based
PCF is higher than that of traditional fibers. Additionally, SPR PCF needs less time
to identify an analyte than a traditional system [16]. Conventional fibers, on the
other hand, struggle with challenges including effective material loss, dispersion,
confinement loss, and others [17], [18]. The design requirements of the PCF can be
simply changed to solve these problems. Creatinine detection [19], alanine
aminotransferase detection [20], cancer detection [21], [22], sensing using 2D
materials [23], and other uses are possible for SPR-based optical biosensors. A
rectangular core PCF capable of sensing the major blood components with a
maximum relative sensitivity of roughly 94.38% was demonstrated by Podder et al.
in 2020 [24]. A circular PCF with a mono squaredcore was presented by Bulbul et
al. in 2021 for efficient blood component detection in the THz range, with a
maximum relative sensitivity of 96.19% [25]. A hollow core Topas-based PCF
biosensor with a maximum relative sensitivity of 99.39% for sensing in the terahertz
frequency spectrum is introduced by Islam et al. that same year [26]. Rahman et
al.'s most recent work, from 2022, offers a trustworthy blood component detection
technique with a maximum relative sensitivity of about 99.18% that is crucial for
the detection of hematologic disorders [27]. These methods for identifying blood
components rely on the sensing object's ability to absorb an evanescent field,
which has significant confinement loss and material loss problems. Islam et al.
introduced an Aldoped ZnO-coated PCF-SPR sensing method with a maximum
wavelength sensitivity of 1950 nm/RIU for detecting blood components in 2022 to
address these problems [28]. So, it can be concluded that the SPR-based PCF
approach may be effectively applied in biosensing applications.

This study presents a highly sensitive plasmonic biosensor built on gold and
titanium dioxide coated PCF. Blood components such RBCs, hemoglobin, white

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blood cells, plasma, and water are regarded as sensing samples. Each blood
composition has a unique RI that serves as the primary plasmonic PCF detection
parameter. Samples of various blood compositions are placed in the sensing
channel of the PCF for testing. When the SPP mode is linked with the core mode, it
causes a shift in the loss peak resonance wavelength among various blood
compositions at the resonance state. Based on the RI of various blood
compositions, the peak loss resonance wavelength shift is determined. The shift in
peak loss resonance wavelength between two blood compositions has been used
to gauge the sensitivity of the proposed plasmonic biosensor. The FEM-based
COMSOL Multiphysics has been used to explore and optimize the PCF-based
plasmonic biosensor structure. The suggested biosensor has to be considered as a
potential tool for the extremely accurate and focused analysis of blood
components.

3. Geometrical Modeling of Plasmonic Biosensor:

A cross-sectional view of the proposed gold and titanium dioxide coated PCF-based
plasmonic biosensor for detection of different blood compositions is shown in
Fig.1(a). Two rings of circular air holes, arranged in a hexagonal arrangement with
triangular lattice constants on a silica foundation, make up the cladding region. The
first ring has six d0 diameter tiny air holes. In the vertical direction, the second ring
has 10 large air holes with diameter d and 2 small ones with diameter dc. These
two tiny air-holes stop direct interaction between propagation modes.The cladding
air-holes provide an evanescent field that interacts with the plasmonic gold layer
to excite the surface free electrons while also aiding in the confinement of light
inside the PCF's core. The PCF's circular surface is coated externally with titanium
dioxide and gold, with thicknesses of ti and tg, respectively. The titanium dioxide
layer fixes the PCF surface's adhesion issue with the gold layer, enhancing the
coupling between the guided mode and SPP mode. In addition to being corrosion-
resistant, gold does not chemically react with other substances. Its natural ductility
makes it simple to stretch and compress. Compared to coated silver or aluminum
layers, the gold layer's resonance intensity is noticeably higher. Gold is used to
produce surface plasmon waves, which are what induce SPR, because it is a
plasmonic material with good chemical stability and ductility. A sensing channel
and perfectly matching layer (PML) are put on top of the gold layer. Samples of
diverse blood compositions have been placed in the sensing channel for detection,
and a PML layer with boundary conditions that scatter radiation from the surface
of the PCF is absorbed by it.

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Fig. 1. (a) Cross-sectional view of the PCF (b) Meshing style of the PCF cross-section.

TABLE I
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF VARIOUS BLOOD COMPOSITIONS

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 TABLE II
OPTIMIZED GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONS FOR THE PROPOSED PCF

TABLE III
SELLMEIER COEFFICIENTS FOR SILICA

TABLE IV
CONSTANTS OF THE DRUDE ̶ LORENTZ MODEL

The RI of various blood compositions to be sensed is shown in Table I, and the

optimized design parameters for the proposed PCF are shown in Table II. The RI of
base material silica has been calculated using the Sellmeier’s equation as [29].

2 𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3
𝑛𝑠𝑖 (𝜆) = 1 + 𝐶 + 𝐶 + 𝐶 (1)
1−( 21 ) 1−( 22 ) 1−( 23 )
𝜆 𝜆 𝜆

where B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, and C3 are the Sellmeier coefficients shown in Table III, λ
is operating wavelength and nsi is the RI of silica. The RI of air is considered to be 1
while the RI of titanium dioxide is calculated as [30]

2.441 × 107
𝑛2𝑇𝑖 = 5.913 + (2)
(λ2 ̶ 0.803 × 107 )

where, λ is the operation wavelength in angstrom units and RI of titanium dioxide

is nT i . The Drude – Lorentz model has been used to compute the gold permittivity

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as [31]

where ωD, 𝜖∞ , γD, ∆𝜖 , Ω𝐿 , and Γ𝐿 are the plasmon-frequency, high-frequency

dielectric-constant, damping frequency, weighted coeffificient, oscillator-strength,
and Lorenz oscillator’s frequency-spectrum width, respectively and their values are
reported in Table IV. Fig.1(b) presents the meshing approach of the proposed PCF.
The triangular mesh statistics, that contain 34632 triangles, 3321 edge elements,
92 vertex elements, 23 domains, and 92 boundaries, are used to create the full
meshing design.

3.A. Fabrication Possibilities of the Proposed PCF:

The suggested PCF can be made using a variety of methods, including "sol-gel
casting," "stackand-draw," and "injection molding." The most often used
fabrication method is the "stacking and drawing" approach because it is flexible
and inexpensive [32]. This method, as shown in Fig. 2(a), involves stacking tiny
length capillaries with predetermined sizes inside a large diameter glass tube to
build the prototype. It is afterwards formed into a cane, and the cane is
subsequently drawn into a fiber with a particular diameter. Additionally, by closing
one side of the designated air-holes on a cane, the PCF's air-hole diameter can be
changed. The external thin coating of gold and titanium dioxide can be deposited
in a variety of techniques, including as "chemical vapor deposition (CVD)," "thermal
evaporation," "wet chemical deposition," and "radio frequency sputtering" [33].
These common methods for metal coating offer a uniform thickness of metal layer.
In this instance, "CVD" method is appropriate for producing a uniform metal
coating with layers that are only a few nanometers thick [34]. As seen in Fig. 2(b),
during the CVD process, the gaseous precursors react to form a solid coating on a
heated substrate. A "selective-filling technique" can be used to fill the liquid sample
into the sensing channel over the gold layer, as shown in Fig. 2(c) [35]. As a result,
the suggested gold and titanium dioxide coated PCF based plasmonic biosensor
may be made using currently available methods.

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Fig. 2. Fabrication process of proposed PCF based plasmonic biosensor (a) stacking
and drawing technique (b) chemical vapor deposition method (c) selective-fifilling
approach.

3.B. Experimental Setup for Blood Composition Detection Feasibility:

Figure 3 shows the experimental setup for evaluating the accuracy of blood
composition detection using the suggested plasmonic biosensor. Optical light has
been transmitted across single-mode fiber (SMF) using a wideband light source
(BLS, 200–1800 nm). The SMF and the suggested PCF can be connected using a
splicing technique (Fujikura Splicer). The various blood component sample
containers are maintained inside the gold-coated sensor channel. Before
measuring new samples, the biosensor probes must be washed with deionized
water. Ligands reacted with samples of diverse blood compositions inside the
sensing channel. The SPP mode's effective refractive index (ERI) changed as a result
of this interaction, shifting the resonance wavelength.The spectrometer receives
the directed light via the SMF. Finally, the computer attached to the spectrometer
will produce the output spectrum.

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Fig. 3. Standard setup for sensing blood compositions physically using the proposed
PCF based plasmonic sensor.

4. Operation Mechanism and Results Discussion :

The SPR effect is the foundation of the suggested PCF. Due to the plasmonic gold
coating, the transmitted optical light is constrained to the core region (core-mode)
and the interface between gold and the sensing medium (SPP-mode). When the
core-mode and the SPP-mode are connected during specific transmission
conditions, the SPR effect happens. At the resonance wavelength of 1032 nm, the
electric field distribution for core-mode and SPPmode is illustrated in Fig.4(a)-(b),
with arrows pointing in the direction of the electric field.

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Fig. 4. Electric fifield distribution during mode coupling between core-mode and
SPP-mode at the resonance wavelength of 1032nm for RBCs samples in (a) y-
polarized core-mode and (b) y-polarized SPP-mode.

At the resonance wavelength of 1032 nm, the phase matching condition between
the coremode and the SPP-mode is met, and the coremode is coupled to the SPP-
mode. As a result, some of the energy from the coremode is transferred to the SPP-
mode. In SPR-based PCF, the coupled-mode theory can effectively explain the
distribution of electric fields and mode coupling mechanisms, so the coupled-mode
equations are defined as [36].
𝑑𝐸1
= i𝛽1 𝐸1 + i𝜅𝐸2 (4)
𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝐸2
= i𝛽2 𝐸2 + i𝜅𝐸1 (5)
𝑑𝑧

where 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 are the electric fields strength of the corresponding core-mode and
SPP-mode, 𝛽1 , 𝛽2 are the core-mode and SPP-mode propagation constants,
respectively, that is a complex quantity and κ, z express the coupling strength and
propagation length. The real component of the 𝛽1 and 𝛽2 will be equal under
phase-matching conditions, which will cause core-mode coupling with the SPP-
mode and the occurrence of SPR.Using Eqs. 4 and 5, one can compute, the
propagation constant 𝛽 following the coupling of the core and SPP modes, as

𝛽± = 𝛽𝑎𝑣𝑒 ± √𝛿 2 + 𝜅 2 (6)

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 𝛽 −𝛽 𝛽 +𝛽
here, 𝛿 = 1 2 2 = 𝛿𝑟 + 𝑖𝛿𝑖 and 𝛽𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 1 2 2 . When the phase matching condition
is met, 𝛿𝑟 = 0 and if 𝛿𝑖 < 𝜅, the imaginary portions of 𝛽+ and 𝛽− are identical but
their real parts are distinct, then the complete coupling occurs. While an
incomplete coupling occurs when the imaginary portions of 𝛽+ and 𝛽− are
dissimilar but their real parts are the same. The electric field strength for core-
mode and SPP-mode under conditions of mode coupling is shown in Fig. 5(a)-(b).
According to this, the electric field strength for core-mode propagation is
significantly higher in core-mode than in SPP-mode, whereas for SPP-mode
propagation, the electric field strength is significantly higher in SPP-mode than in
core-mode. This is due to the fact that in core propagation mode, the plasmonic
region of the PCF receives less of the transmitted optical energy than the core
region does, whereas in SPP propagation mode, the plasmonic region receives
almost all of the transmitted energy.

Fig. 5. Electric fifield strength at the resonance wavelength of 1032nm for RBCs
sample in (a) core-mode and (b) SPP-mode.

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Fig. 6. Normalized electric fifield along radial x-direction of the cross-section of
proposed PCF for core-mode and SPP-mode at the wavelength of 1032nm for RBCs
samples.

The distribution of the normalized electric field over the cross-section of the
proposed PCF's radial x-direction is shown in Fig. 6. The PCF core's center has the
greatest electric field, which gradually weakens as it moves outward in the radial x-
direction. The fact that the majority of the optical light energy is contained in the
core region rather than the plasmonic region in the core-mode as opposed to the
plasmonic region in the SPP-mode suggests that the electric field strength for the
core-mode is significantly higher than the SPP-mode. An important component of
PCF-based SPR biosensors, the core-mode confinement loss can be estimated using
the formula [37].
2𝜋
𝛼𝑐𝑙 (dB/cm) = 8.686 × 𝐼𝑚 (𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) × 104 (7)
𝜆
where, 𝐼𝑚 (𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) is the imaginary component of ERI, and 𝜆 is the wavelength in 𝜇𝑚.
The core-mode confinement loss peaks at the resonance wavelength when there is
a mode coupling scenario. By measuring the resonance wavelength, different blood
compositions can be distinguished. As seen in Table I, different blood compositions
have distinctive RI, hence their resonance wavelengths will also vary. The
dispersion connection between core-mode and SPPmode for samples of WBCs is
depicted in Fig. 7. It shows that the phase matching point (𝜆 = 696 nm), where the
real component of SPP-mode and core-mode propagation constant is identical, is
where the real components of ERI (𝑅𝑒 (𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 )) of core-mode and SPP-mode
intersect. The confinement loss of the core-mode reaches its maximum value at

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this intersection point where the core-mode energy is linked and resonates with
the SPP-mode. The mode coupling effect between the core and SPP-mode causes
a loss peak (7.598 dB/cm) to be seen in core-mode propagation. Fig. 7's
interpolated mode-field distribution of core mode and SPP-mode, which shows
that the energy transferred from the core-mode to the SPP-mode is largest near
the phase matching point, also supports this claim.

Fig. 7. Loss curve of fundamental mode and dispersion relation of core and SPP
mode for WBCs sample.

As a function of wavelength, Fig. 8 displays the core-mode confinement-loss

spectrum, as well as the ERI of core and SPP modes for different blood constituents,
including RBCs, HB, WBCs, plasma, and water.

Fig. 8. Variation of core-mode confifinement loss and ERI of core and SPP-modes
with wavelength for RBCs, HB, WBCs, plasma, and water.
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This graph shows that the loss peak sites for RBCs, HB, WBCs, plasma, and water
samples are all separate. The ERI of core-mode and SPP-mode are matched at
resonance wavelengths where these loss peak sites are discovered. Because the
ERI of core and SPP-mode vary for each blood composition, the peak loss value
varies for various blood compositions. As a result, by analyzing their resonance
wavelength and peak loss intensity, it is simple to determine the blood
compositions of RBCs, HB, WBCs, plasma, and water.
The change in confinement loss of core propagation mode for samples of blood
with various blood compositions is shown in Fig.9(a)-(d). As can be seen in Fig. 9(a),
the resonance wavelength shift is 40 nm, and the measured peak loss wavelength
of the core propagation mode for "water" (RI = 1.33) and "plasma" (RI = 1.35) are
626 nm and 666 nm, respectively. The peak loss wavelengths for "plasma" (RI =
1.35) and "WBCs" (RI = 1.36) can be seen in Fig. 9(b), and the corresponding
resonance wavelength shift is 30nm for each.

Fig. 9. Confifinement loss variation of core-mode propagation with wavelength for

(a) water-plasma (b) plasma-WBCs (c) WBCs-HB and (d) HB-RBCs blood
compositions.
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According to Fig. 9(c), the corresponding resonance wavelength shift is 88 nm, and
the evaluated peak loss resonance wavelengths of the core guided modes for
"WBCs" (RI = 1.36) and "HB" (RI = 1.38) are 696 nm and 784 nm, respectively.
According to Fig. 9(d), the associated resonance wavelength shift is 248 nm, and
the predicted peak loss resonance wavelengths of the core guided modes for "HB"
(RI = 1.38) and "RBCs" (RI = 1.40) are 784 nm and 1032 nm, respectively. The
resonant wavelength shift between two blood compositions is obviously quite
sensitive to changes in their RI, as seen in Fig. 9(a)-(d). The wavelength sensitivity
of the proposed PCF-based plasmonic biosensor is assessed by measuring the
resonance wavelength shift in relation to the RI difference between two blood
sample compositions as [38]
Δ𝜆𝑝
𝑆𝑤 (nm/RIU) = (8)
Δ𝑛
here, the RI difference in between two blood sample compositions are Δ𝑛 and the
respective resonance wavelength shift is Δ𝜆𝑝 . The measured RI changes for the
blood compositions of water-plasma, plasmaWBCs, WBCs-HB, and HB-RBCs are
0.02, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively. These values represent the respective
blood compositions' detection limits.
The predicted wavelength sensitivity is thus 2000 nm/RIU, 3000 nm/RIU, 4400
nm/RIU, and 12400 nm/RIU, respectively, for waterplasma, plasma-WBCs, WBCs-
HB, and HB-RBCs blood compositions. The greatest detection limit stated is 0.02
since the proposed plasmonic biosensor's sensitivity depends on the RI difference
between two blood components. Additionally, the performance of the plasmonic
biosensor is assessed using the amplitude interrogation approach, which does not
have the same challenges with wavelength projection as the wavelength
interrogation method. The amplitude sensitivity of the proposed plasmonic
biosensor can be evaluated by [39]
1 Δ𝛼𝑐𝑙
𝑆𝑎 (𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 ) = ̶ × (9)
𝛼𝑐𝑙 Δ𝑛
where, Δ𝛼𝑐𝑙 and Δ𝑛 represent the change in confinement loss and the difference
in RI between two blood compositions, respectively, but 𝛼𝑐𝑙 denotes the
confinement loss of a specific blood composition. The amplitude sensitivity
variation for various blood compositions is shown in Fig. 10. For water-plasma,
plasma-WBCs, and WBCs-HB, the maximum amplitude sensitivity values are 249.1
𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 , 333.2 𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 , and 574.3 𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 , respectively. The suggested model has the
tendency to be significantly more sensitive to amplitude variations of the relevant
blood samples, which improves the proposed PCF-based plasmonic biosensor's
resolution. Any change in the RI of the blood samples can be easily detected by

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analyzing the variation in resolution of the suggested model. The RI resolution can
be determined as [40]
Δ𝑛 × Δ𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛
RI (RIU) = (10)
Δ𝜆𝑝
where, Δ𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 denotes the minimum wavelength shift that is 0.1 nm. For the blood
compositions of water-plasma, plasma-WBCs, WBCs-HB, and HB-RBCs, the
computed resolution of the proposed PCF is 5.0 × 10−5 RIU, 3.33 × 10−5 RIU, 2.27
× 10−5 RIU, and 8.06 × 10−5 RIU, respectively. Table V provides an overview of the
amplitude sensitivity, wavelength sensitivity, detection limit, and resolution of the
different blood components for the proposed plasmonic biosensor. It shows that
the maximum amplitude and wavelength sensitivity, which are determined to be
12400 nm/RIU and 574.3 𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 , respectively, are extremely high. The highest
resolution and detection limit, however, are 5.0 × 10−5 RIU and 0.02, respectively,
both of which are respectable. These findings show that the suggested method is
especially suitable for identifying blood components. Table VI contrasts the
sensitivity of the proposed PCF-based plasmonic biosensor with that of earlier
investigations. The sensing strategy based on absorbance phenomena, a non-SPR
technique, was the sole one examined in a number of prior investigations, which
left out crucial elements like resolution. The proposed plasmonic biosensor, on the
other hand, is based on the SPR technique and has been investigated using
resolution parameters, amplitude interrogation methods, and wavelength
interrogation methods. According to Table VI, the proposed plasmonic biosensor
outperforms recently published conventional articles in terms of amplitude and
wavelength sensitivity with excellent resolution.

TABLE VI
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED PLASMONIC BIOSENSOR WITH
PREVIOUS SENSORS

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5. Conclusion:
Reseachers introduce a PCF-based plasmonic biosensor that can identify different
blood components such RBCs, HB, WBCs, plasma, and water. The ideas of SPR and
mode coupling are employed for the purpose of sensing. Due to the presence of
SPR, the confinement loss peak is discovered for each blood composition sample at
resonance wavelength in core guided mode.By comparing the resonance
wavelengths of different blood compositions within the loss spectrum of the core
propagated mode, different blood compositions are identified, and the wavelength
sensitivity of the proposed PCF is assessed by comparing the resonance wavelength
shift between them. The proposed amplitude interrogation method also
determines the amplitude sensitivity of the plasmonic biosensor. The wavelength
sensitivity extends from 2000 nm/RIU to 12400 nm/RIU and the amplitude
sensitivity varies between ̶ 249.1 𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 and ̶ 574.3 𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 for different blood
compositions with the proposed PCF-based plasmonic biosensor's improved design
constants. The maximal detection limit is 0.02 and the resolution ranges from 8.06
× 10−6 RIU to 5.0 × 10−5 RIU. The high wavelength and amplitude sensitivity with
high resolution, ease of manufacture, and quick detection method make the
proposed plasmonic biosensor significant.

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