Lesson 1: COMMUNICATION literally and figuratively; literally, a mechanical sound

that is perhaps more resonant than the message

Definition of Communication
drowning it; figuratively, can refer to the resistance of
 The word communication is derived from a the intended receiver to the messages being sent to
Latin word ‘communis’’ which means his/her direction
‘commonness’ or ‘to share or to participate’.
Context – a collection of observable conditions that
 It is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts,
both the sender and the receiver can use to associate
feelings and emotions from one person to
the same elements with a specific message; are
another with the use of symbols which may be
interconnected factors that have an impact on the
verbal and/or non-verbal and aims for
message; physical, psychological, social, and cultural
understanding
aspects are among the communication contexts that
 “Communication is the act of transmitting
need to be considered in the communication process.
information, signals, or messages by talk,
gestures, or words within a system of sending Principles in Ethical Communication
or encoding and receiving or decoding
messages from a source to its destination Ethics in Communication:
through language of expression.”  Uphold Integrity
 Respect Diversity of Perspective and
Most common ways we communicate  Privacy
 Spoken Word  Observe Freedom of Expression
 Written Word  Effectively
 Visual Images  Promote Access to Communication
 Body Language  Be Open-minded
 Develop Your Sense of Accountability
Importance of communication
 Communication helps to spread knowledge and Seven C’s of Communication Principle:
information among people.
 The advent of the internet not only allows  Completeness
people to have better access to knowledge and  Conciseness
information in all fields, but also makes it easier  Coherence
and faster to contact with people around the  Concreteness
world.  Clarity
 Communication is the foundation of all human  Correctness
relationships.  Courtesy
 Communication helps people to express their
ideas and feelings and at the same time helps us Types of Communication
to understand emotions and thoughts of others.
Verbal Communication
The Communication Process  It refers to the form of communication in which
message is transmitted verbally.
Elements of Communication:  Communication is done by word of mouth and a
Sender/Source – where the message comes from; can piece of writing.
be a person or organization  In verbal communication remember the
Receiver – the one who gets the message that was acronym “KISS” (keep it short and simple).
transmitted through the channels; can be
individual or organization Verbal Communication is divided into:
Message – the verbal and non-verbal form of the idea,  Oral Communication
thought, or feeling that one intends to  Written Communication
communicate to another person or groups of people.
Encoding – the process by which a message is translated Oral Communication
so it can be transmitted and  In oral communication, Spoken words are used.
communicated to another party; how you compose  it includes face-to-face conversations, speech,
your sentence as you communicate telephonic conversation, video, radio,
Decoding – the process by which the receiver translates  television, voice over internet.
the source’s thoughts and ideas so  Communication is influenced by pitch, volume,
they can have meaning speed and clarity of speaking.
Channel – technologies are the lines that enable the act Advantages:
of sending or transmitting  It brings quick feedback.
Feedback – the response generated by the message  In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial
that was sent to the receiver; can either expression and body language one can guess
be immediate or delayed whether he/she should trust what’s being said
Barriers – the factors that inhibit the clarity and flow of or not.
communication; can be treated both
Disadvantages:
  In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to expressed using your body; your posture,
deeply think about what he is delivering, so this gesture, facial expression, body language,
can be counted as a fault. and everything you do are perhaps the most obvious in
communicating messages
Written Communication  Gestures – most usually hand or head
 In written communication, written signs or movements that indicate a particular meaning
symbols are used to communicate.  Facial Expressions – executed using the facial
 In written communication message can be muscles
transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc.  Eye contact – looking directly at your audience’s
 Written Communication is most common form eyes
of communication being used in business.  Body stance – how you sit or stand in front of a
person or an audience
Advantages:
 Messages can be edited and revised. Levels of Communication
 Written communication provides record and
backup.  Intrapersonal Communication is communication
 A written message enables receiver to fully that occurs in your own mind. It is the basis of your
understand it and send appropriate feedback. feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs.
Disadvantages:  Examples are when you make any kind of
 Written communication doesn’t bring instant decision – what to eat or wear. When you
feedback. It takes more time in composing a think about something – what you want to
written message as compared to word-of- do on the weekend or when you think
mouth and number of people struggle for about another person.
writing ability.  Interpersonal Communication is the communication
between two people but can involve more in
Nonverbal Communication informal conversations.
 Nonverbal communication is the sending or  Examples are when you are talking to your
receiving of wordless messages. Such as friends. A teacher and student discussing an
gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice assignment. A patient and a doctor
or facial expressions, is called nonverbal discussing a treatment. A manager and a
communication. potential employee during an interview.
 Nonverbal communication is all about the  Small Group Communication is communication
body language of speaker. within formal or informal groups or teams. It is
group interaction that results in decision making,
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication problem solving and discussion within an
organization.
 Vocalics/Paralanguage – refers to the use of  Examples would be: A group planning a
volume, tone, pitch, and rate of speaking surprise birthday party for someone. A team
 Vocal Characterizers – include vocal aspect of working together on a project.
the following actions: yawning, whispering,  Public communication involves a speaker who seeks
yelling, laughing, smiling, crying, sneezing, to inform, persuade or motivate an audience.
sighing  Examples are a teacher and a class of
 Vocal Qualifiers – include tone, tempo, rhythm, students. A preacher and a congregation. A
pitch, volume, intensity, and extent speaker and an assembly of people in the
 Vocal Segregates – include sounds like “uh-uh”, auditorium.
“mmm”, “uh” and even silent pauses.  Mass Communication is the use of print (newspaper
 Proxemics – refers to the use of space to convey an and magazines) and broadcast (radio and television)
idea or image; the use of space or proximity is a media channels to reach a wider coverage. The key
significant indicator of how close or intimate we feel is that you are reaching a large amount of people
toward people. There are four (4) proxemic zones without it being face to face. Feedback is generally
according to Hall (1966): delayed with mass communication.
 The Intimate Zone (0” – 1..5’)  A television commercial. A magazine article.
 The Personal Zone (1.5 – 4’) Hearing a song on the radio. Books, Newspapers,
 The Social Zone (4’ – 12’) Billboards.
 The Public Zone (12’ – infinity)
 Chronemics – an attitude of time which disclose
information with others about status and
relationship
 Artifacts – refer to the things a person owns,
use, wear, and even discard convey message
about such person; it includes your preference,
taste, resources or lack of it to convey meanings
 Movements – a kind of non-lexical
communication where ideas or messages are
Barriers in Communication Overcoming Communication Barriers

 Become an engaged listener. Listening well

Communication barriers are any factors that prevent us means not just understanding the words or the
from effectively exchanging and understanding information being communicated, but also
messages. They can be physical, cultural, linguistic, or understanding the emotions the speaker is
emotional, and can occur within or between individuals, trying to communicate.
groups, or organizations.  Apply positive self-talk and perception.
Positivity is the best encouragement. It
welcomes good vibes and pleasant outlook in all
communication.
 Language Barrier is a difficulty or obstacle that
 Use appropriate language. Tailor the words you
arises when people who speak different languages
will use based on your audience or listener.
attempt to interact. This can prevent people from
Keep it simple or understandable.
understanding each other and lead to
 Be Open. Suspend your own judgment, ideas,
misunderstandings, frustration, and even conflict.
and beliefs. Give the speaker time to develop
The language barrier can be caused by a lack of
and express his/her ideas or point before you
knowledge of the other person’s language, or a
conclude if the message has any value, little
lack of proficiency in both languages.
value, or none at all.
 Physical Barrier refers to any physical limitation
 Give and accept feedback. Feedback keeps the
that can interfere with the communication
communication going. Respond to what has
process. Examples include noise, poor lighting,
been heard. Keep an open mind and avoid
distance between speakers, and physical
overreacting emotionally to a message or
obstructions between speakers. Other physical
feedback.
environmental barriers include technology issues,
 Pay attention to nonverbal signals. The way
such as poor signal reception on mobile phones,
you look, listen, move, and react to another
or a lack of access to technology, such as the
person tells them more about how you’re
internet or computers.
feeling than words alone ever can
 Emotional Barrier is a psychological barrier that
prevents people from fully expressing their
emotions or feelings to one another. This can be
due to a lack of trust, fear of vulnerability, or
difficulty in understanding the other person's
point of view. Emotional barriers can interfere
with effective communication and lead to
misunderstandings and conflict.
 Cultural Barrier refer to the differences in
language, customs, and beliefs that may exist
between people of different cultures or societies.
These barriers can prevent people from
understanding each other, leading to
miscommunication and misunderstanding.
Cultural barriers can also lead to cultural clashes,
which are disagreements or conflicts caused by
differences in beliefs and values