PIG O STAT
RADIOGRAPHIC
TABLE
PROVIDES SUPPORT FOR THE PATIENT
DURING EXAMINATIONS
TABLETOP: RADIOLUCENT MATERIAL AND CONTAINS
CARBON GRAPHITE FIBERS
FREE FROM RADIOPAQUE SUBSTANCE THAT MIGHT BE
TRANSFERRED TO AN IMAGE AS AN ARTIFACT
GUSTAV BUCKY
ADJUSTMENTS AND MOVEMENTS
• TILTING/NON TILTING
• ADJUSTABLE/NON ADJUSTABLE
• FREE FLOATING/STATIONARY
ISLAND TYPE
TRENDELENBURG
UPRIGHT
VERTICAL
BUCKY
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE
X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEM
1. operating console
2. x-ray tube
3. high-voltage generator
CONTROL
/OPERATING
CONSOLE
OPERATING CONSOLE
The part of the x-ray imaging system most familiar to Radiologic
Technologists is the operating console. The operating console
allows radiologic technologists to control the x-ray tube current
and voltage so that the useful x-ray beam is of proper quantity
and quality
based on computer technology. Controls and meters are digital, and
techniques are selected with a touch screen. Numeric technique selection
is often replaced by icons indicating the body part, size, and shape. Many
of the features are automatic, but the radiologic technologist must know
their purpose and proper use.
RADIATION QUANTITY refers to the number of x-rays in an x-
ray beam. Radiation quantity is usually expressed in milligray
(mGya) or milligray/milliampere-second (mGya/mAs).
RADIATION QUALITY refers to the energy of the x-ray beam
and is expressed in kilovolt peak (kVp)
QUALITY- refers to the energy of the x-ray photons
- Ability to penetrate
- kVp determines the quality (energy) of the beam
- The higher the kvp, the higher the quality of the beam
QUANTITY- refers to the number of x-ray photons
-mAs determines the quantioty of the beam
- The higher the mA, the higher the quantity
X RAY
TUBE
MAIN METHODS OF XRAY TUBE SUPPORT
SID – SOURCE TO IMAGE
RECEPTOR DISTANCE
PREFERRED DETENT POSITION
CEILING SUPPORT
FLOOR TO CEILING SUPPORT SYSTEM
C-ARM SUPPORT SYSTEM
Three methods of supporting an x-ray tube. A, Floor support. B, C-arm support.
ELECTRON SOURCE
ACCELEARTION OF
ELECTRONS
FOR XRAYS TO BE
PRODUCED, APPROPRIATE TARGET
CERTAIN MATERIAL
CONDITIONS
MUST EXIST: HIGH VOLTAGE
VACUUM
PROTECTIVE
HOUSING
SOLID MECHANICAL SUPPORT
LEAD LINED METAL
STRUCTURE THAT
PREVENTS DAMAGE TO THE GUARDS AGAINST
TUBE CAUSED BY HANDLING ELECTRICAL SHOCK
CONTAINS OIL THAT SERVES AS AN INSULATOR
AND THERMAL CUSHION
Properly designed protective housing reduces the level of leakage radiation
to less than 1 mGya/h at 1 m when operated at maximum conditions.
EVACUATED TUBE WITH 2 ELECTRODES HOUSED IN AN EVACUATED ENVELOPE
TWO TYPES OF ENVELOPES:
1. GLASS (PYREX) DISADVANTAGE: METAL PARTICLES FROM TUNSGTEN
WILL EVAPORATE
2. METAL Result to arcing- tube failure
AVOIDS BUILD UP
REDUCTION OF OFF FOCUS RADIATION
TUBE WINDOW
AREA WHICH THE USEFUL BEAMS ARE EMITTED
5 CM SQUARE
ALLOWS MAXIMUM EMISSION OF
XRAYS WITH MINIMUM
ABSORPTION
WHY VACUUM?
MORE EFFICIENT XRAY
PRODUCTION AND LONGER
TUBE LIFE
INTERNAL
COMPONENTS
CATHODE
NEGATIVE ELECTRODE OF THE XRAY TUBE
PRODUCE THERMIONIC CLOUD, CONDUCT THE
HIGH VOLTAGE TO THE SPACE BETWEEN
CATHODE AND ANODE, AND FOCUS THE
ELCTRON STREAM AS IT SPEEDS TOWARDS THE
ANODE
CONTAINS FILAMENTS, FOCUSING CUP AND WIRING
FOR FILAMENT
FILAMENT 2 mm in diameter
1-2 cm long
COIL OF WIRE
PROVIDE PROJECTILE ELECTRONS FOR ACCELERATION TO ANOD
TUNGSTEN
HIGH MELTING POINT 6200F/3410C
RESISTS VAPORIZATION
THORIUM THERMIONIC EMMISION
EFFICIENCY AND EXTEND TUBE LIFE
CONFINES THE ELECTRON BEAM
TO A SMALL AREA OF THE ANODE
STRUCTURE WHICH SUPPORTS
FOCUSING CUP THE FILAMENTS
MADE OF NICKEL AND
MOLYBDENUM
ANODE
THREE FUNCTIONS:
1. TARGET SURFACE FOR HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRONS FROM THE FILAMENT
2. CONDUCTS THE HIGH VOLTAGE FROM THE CATHODE BACK INTO THE XRAY CIRCUITRY
3. PRIMARY THERMAL CONDUCTOR IN THE TUBE
-BEVELED DISC, MOUNTED ON A ROTOR SUPPORTED BY BEARINGS
-CONTAINS THE FOCAL SPOT
ANODE MATERIALS: COMMON ANODE MATERIALS:
1. HIGH ATOMIC NUMBER 1. COPPER
2. HIGH MELTING POINT 2. MOLYBDENUM
3. HIGH HEAT CONDUCTION 3. GRAPHITE
4. TUNGSTEN
TWO TYPES: STATIONARY AND ROTATING
STATIONARY ANODE
TUNGSTEN EMBEDDED IN COPPER SMALL AREA FOR FOCAL SPOT, THUS THERE IS
A LIMITED AMOUNT OF TUBE CURRENT THAT COULD BE USED AND THE LENGTH OF
TIME FOR XRAY PRODUCTION
DENTAL XRAY
PORTBALE IMAGING SYSTEMS
ROTATING ANODE
CONSIST OF TARGET, STEM AND ROTOR
SPREAD THE HEAT PRODUCED WHEN THE ELECTRONS BOMBARD
A FOCAL TRACK RATHER THAN CONCENTRATING THE ENERGY IN
A SINGLE SPOT
3,000-10,000RPM
TO INCREASE ABILITY OF ANODE TO
WITHSTAND HEAT
MODIFICATIONS TO INCREASE SPEED OF ANODE:
WHY INCREASE
1. DECREASE ANODE STEM LENGTH
SPEED OF
2. DECREASE WEIGHT OF ANODE
ROTATION?
3. USE TWO SETS OF BALL BEARINGS
