Basic Reinforced Concrete Detailing
Chapter 3
Data for Detailing
Reforcement Bar
Hong Kong Construction Standard CS2:2012:
Carbon Steel Bars for Reinforcement of Concrete.
The chemical and mechanical properties of the re-
bars comply with BS4449:2005+A2:2009.
Slide 2
Reinforcement bar
Grade 250 500 Cross-sectional area
(mm2)
Appearance Plain round Ribbed bar
Notation (BS4466) R T
Preferred nominal - (6) 28.3
size (mm) (8) (8) 50.3
10 10 78.5
12 12 113.1
16 16 201.1
- 20 314.2
- 25 490.9
- 32 804.2
- 40 1256.6
- (50) 1963.5
Slide 3
Reinforcement bar
Sizes in brackets are non-preferred size
Some engineers prefer to use "Y" instead of "T"
to denote grade 500 Ribbed Steel reinforcing bar.
Slide 4
Reinforcement bar
Nominal size ≠ the actual Dia.
Actual Dia. ≒ 15% ＞ nominal size.
The max. length of a bar ﹦ 12m.
Longer bar requires special order.
The length of bar rounded up to 50mm.
Slide 5
Concrete Cover
To protect the re-bars
To provide effective bond
To facilitate compaction of concrete
Thickness of cover is determined by :
a. Protection against corrosion
b. Fire Resistance Rating (FRR)
c. Maximum nominal aggregate size
d. Nominal diameter of the re-bars
Slide 6
Concrete Cover
The requirements on protection against corrosion:
Hong Kong Cap.123B Building (Construction) Regulation
Fire Resistance Rating:
Hong Kong Code of Practice of Fire Safety in Buildings 2011
Concrete cover is applicable to all bars (including links)
Except for the FRR requirement which is applicable to the
main bars only
Cover cannot be too thick
Slide 7
Example - concrete cover
Find the minimum concrete cover to all the bars
for the beam with the following information:
Grade of concrete = 40
Exposure = moderate
FRR = 1 hour
Nominal aggregate size = 20
Size of link = 12
Size of main bar = 32
Slide 8
Example - concrete cover
a) FRR = 1hr cover to main bar = 30 cover to
links 30 –12 = 18
b) Grade 40 concrete and moderate exposure cover
to all bars = 25 cover to links 25
c) Aggregate size = 20 cover to all bars = 20
cover to links 20
d) Size of main bars = 32 cover to main bars = 32
cover to links 32 – 12 = 20
e) Size of links = 12 cover to links 12
The links is the outermost bar. Therefore, it can
be specified that the cover to all bars = 25mm.
Slide 9
Ultimate Bond Stress
The Ultimate bond stress (i.e. the strength of the
concrete to hold the bar) depends on :-
a. Grade of concrete
b. Type of deformed bar
c. Tension/compression
Slide 10
Ultimate Bond Stress
Equation 8.3 of HK COP for Structural Use of Concrete
2013:
Design ultimate anchorage bond stress is
fbu = fcu, where
fcu = Characteristic strength of concrete
Table 8.3 of HK COP for Structural Use of Concrete
2013, Values of (partial safety factor of 1.4 included):-
Bar type Tension Compression
Plain 0.28 0.35
Ribbed 0.50 0.63
Fabric 0.65 0.81
Slide 11
Bond Stress
Make use of the equilibrium condition:
Bond length x bar perimeter x bond stress = force in the bar
Equation 8.2 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
Bond stress fb = Fs/(lb) fbu
where
Fs = Force in the bar or group of bars
= Effective bar size which, for a single bars is the bar size and
for a group of bars in contact is equal to the diameter of a bar
of equal total area
lb = anchorage length
Slide 12
Anchorage Bond Length
Anchorage bond length is
lb = fs/(4fcu) x
For bar at ultimate limit stress
fs = 0.87fy
Material Factor
Steel: 1.15
Conc.: 1.5
1/1.15 = 0.87fy
1/1.5 = 0.67fcu
Slide 13
Ultimate Anchorage Bond Length
Table 8.4 – Ultimate Anchorage bond length, lb, as multiples of bar size,
Grade of concrete 30 35 40 45
T-Bar 40 38 35 33
R-Bar 36 33 31 29
It is usual practice to state in the general notes of the
drawing that full bond length shall be used unless otherwise
specified.
Slide 14
Example - calculation of embedment length
Design the depth of embedment of a T20 bar in
Grade 40 concrete if it is subjected to a design
ultimate pull out force of 80kN.
80kN
Grade 40
Concrete
Embedment
Length T20 Re-bar
Slide 15
Example - calculation of embedment length
Solution
Ultimate anchorage bond stress of T- bar in grade 40
concrete = 0.5 x 40 = 3.16 N/mm2.
Bond strength per mm of embedment = 3.16 x 20 x
3.14 = 198 N/mm
Therefore, required embedment = 80 000 / 198 =
404mm, use 450 mm.
(For simplicity, it is common practice to specify
the full tension bond length, i.e. 35 x 20 = 700,
use 750mm)
Slide 16
Lapping
Lap length is the length required to transmit the
force from a bar to another bar within the
concrete.
Lap Length
Slide 17
Lap length
It depends on :-
a. Anchorage bond length, l
b. Concrete cover
c. Spacing between adjacent lap
Slide 18
Tension Lap
Cl. 8.7.3.1 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013: Minimum Lap:
Minimum lap > 15 or 300mm whichever is greater
Cl. 8.7.3.2 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013: Tension Lap:
a. Tension lap design tension anchorage length, l
b. Tension lap 1.4l for the following conditions:-
i) at top of section as cast and cover 2 ,
ii) at corner of a section, cover < 2 or, clear distance between
adjacent lap < 75 or 6.
c. Tension lap 2.0l, if both b.i and b.ii apply.
Slide 19
Tension Lap
Slide 20
Max Amount of Bars & Compression Lap
Cl. 8.7.3.3 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013: Compression Lap :
Compression Lap 1.25 x compression anchorage bond
length
Slide 21
Minimum Radii of Bend
R = 2 Dia. (Bar Dia. <= 12 mm)
R = 3 Dia. (Bar Dia. < 20 mm)
R = 4 Dia. (Bar Dia. >= 20 mm)
Slide 22
Radii for Bent Bars
Cl. 8.3 of HK COP for Structural Use of Concrete
2013:
The radius is required to be greater than standard
where bars are stressed beyond a distance of 4
past the end of the bend.
Slide 23
Permissible Internal Radii for Bent Bars
Equation 8.1 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
Fbt 2 f cu
r 1 2( )
ab
Where
Fbt is the tensile force due to ultimate loads in the bar a the
start of a bend.
r is the internal radius of the bend
is the size of the bar
ab is the centre to centre distance between bars perpendicular
to the plane of bending or cover plus
Slide 24
Effective Anchorage Length of Hook and Bend
Cl. 8.5 of HK COP for Structural Use of Concrete
2013:
Hook (180o bend) :-
5 but equal or greater than 50mm
Bent (90o bend) :-
10 but equal or greater than 70mm
Slide 25
Basic Reinforced Concrete Detailing
Chapter 4
Slab
One-way Simply Supported Slab SLAB
Supported on two opposite edges,
The main bars are placed at the bottom face in
the direction of span.
Distribution bars are provided in the other
direction.
Slide 2
One-way Simply Supported Slab SLAB
Distribution Bar
Main Bar
Slide 3
One-way Continuous Slabs SLAB
Slab continuous over several supports
Besides sagging bending moment at the mid-
span of the slab, there is hogging bending
moment at the supports.
Main bars will be provided at the top face of the
hogging
slab at supports as well as the bottom face of
the slab at mid-span. h=slab + beam
sagging
Slide 4
One-way Continuous Slabs SLAB
Top Main Bars
Slide 5
Cantilever Slab SLAB
Supported at one end only
The main bars are placed at the top face of the
slab and anchored into the support
High-risk structure - failure at only one single
point of the structure, i.e. at the end support of
the slab, will lead to total collapse of the slab.
Special care in detailing cantilever slab.
800mm Cant. Back-Span
Slide 6 RC WALL
Cantilever Slab SLAB
Adequate
anchorage
Slide 7
Two Way Slabs SLAB
Supported on four edges
Length to width ratio of the slab panel is less
than 2
Bends in two directions
Main bars are placed in two directions
Slide 8
2-Way & 1-Way Slabs SLAB
1-way slab
2-way slab
Slide 9
Ribbed Slabs and Waffle Slabs SLAB
A ribbed slab consists of a topping and a series
of ribs. Waffle slab is similar to ribbed slab, but
span in two directions. It consists of a topping
and a square grid of ribs.
Slide 10
Flat Slabs SLAB
A flat slab is a slab of uniform
thickness supported directly
on columns.
In order to improve the
resistance to large bending
moment and punching shear at
the column head, drop, i.e.
local increase in thickness of
the slab, of enlarged column
Punching shear
head can be used.
d=slab
saggin
Slide 11
Main Reinforcement SLAB
The amount of main bars is determined by
flexural strength requirement.
It is denoted by As and is usually specified in
mm2/m (area of steel in mm2 per one-meter
width of the slab).
Re-bars which are not for structural purpose but
are required to control shrinkage are called
“Secondary Bars”.
Slide 12
Main Reinforcement SLAB
Use grade 500 high tensile bars to minimize the
risk of deformation during fixing and concreting.
Laid on the tension face of the slab in the
direction of bending.
Comply with the minimum area and spacing
requirements.
Slide 13
Example - Steel Area SLAB
The designer specifies that As required = 900
mm2/m. Determine the bar size and spacing.
If T16 is used: area of a T16 = 201.1mm2, maximum
spacing = 201.1/900 = 0.2234m, T16-200 can be
adopted.
If T12 is used: area of a T12 = 113.1mm2, maximum
spacing = 113.1/900 = 0.1257m, T12-125 can be
adopted.
Slide 14
Nominal Steel SLAB
The main bars should not be less than that
required both by the flexural strength and the
nominal.
The distribution bars, sometimes called
“Secondary Bars” are usually provided
according to the nominal area and minimum
spacing requirements.
Slide 15
Nominal Steel SLAB
Cl.9.3.1.1 of HK COP of Structural Use of
Concrete 2013: C
Minimum % of re-bars: T
fy = 250 N/mm2 : 0.24% of concrete cross-
sectional area; and
fy = 500 N/mm2 : 0.13% of concrete cross-
sectional area.
Slide 16
Example - Nominal Reinforcement SLAB
Determine the minimum reinforcement for a
150mm thick slab for fy = 500 N/mm2
• The minimum area of distribution bar = 150 x 1000 x 0.13% =
195mm2/m, T10-400 is adequate.
(Note: It is common practice to have the re-bars not less than T10-300)
Slide 17
Bar Spacing SLAB
Cl.9.3.1.1 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
The maximum spacing of bars should comply with the
following requirements:
(i) for the principal reinforcement, 3h ≤400 mm; and
(ii) for the secondary reinforcement, 3.5h ≤ 450 mm.
In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum
moment those provisions become respectively:
(iii) for the principal reinforcement, 2h ≤ 250 mm; and
(iv) for the secondary reinforcement, 3h ≤ 400 mm.
Slide 18
Bar Spacing SLAB
In addition, unless crack widths are checked by direct
calculation, the following rules will ensure adequate
control of cracking for slabs subjected to normal internal
and external environments:
No further check is required on bar spacing if either:
(v) h ≤ 250 mm (grade 250 steel);
(vi) h ≤200 mm (grade 500 steel); or
(vii) the percentage of required tension reinforcement
(100As/bd) is less than 0.3%.
Slide 19
Curtailments – General SLAB
Re-bars cannot be terminated abruptly at the
point where the bending moment is zero or the
rest of the bars can just take up the bending
moment.
Every bar should extend beyond the point at
which it is no longer needed.
When part of the bars are curtailed, pay
particular attention to the bar spacing of the
remaining bar
Slide 20
SLAB
General Rules of Bar Curtailment in Slab
Tension anchorage
lenght
Slide 21
SLAB
General Rules of Bar Curtailment in Slab
Slide 22
SLAB
General Rules of Bar Curtailment in Slab
Slide 23
SLAB
Curtailments – Simplified Rules (For Reference)
Under the following circumstances the
simplified rules can be applied:-
(a) The slabs are designed for predominantly
uniformly distributed load.
(b) In case of continuous slabs, the design has been
carried out for the single load case of maximum
design load on all spans and the spans are
approximately equal.
Slide 24
Curtailments – Simplified Rules SLAB
In general, if the spans deviate less than 15%
from the maximum span, it can be regarded as
approximately equal.
If the ratio of design live load to dead load is
more than 1.25 or the design live load is more
than 5kPa, the simplified rule is not
recommended.
Slide 25
Simplified Rules for Bar Curtailments in Slab
SLAB
Slide 26
2.4 End Anchorage SLAB
Slide 27
2.4 End Anchorage SLAB
Slide 28
Bar label SLAB
Slide 29
Bar label SLAB
For one-way, the main bars are usually located at
T1 & B1, i.e. the outer layers. The distribution
bars are at T2 and B2.
T=Top
T1 B=Bottom
T2
B2
B1
Slide 30
Bar Mark SLAB
Bars of similar dimension and fixing within the
same structural element are provided with a bar
mark.
It is usually labeled according to the probable
sequence of fixing.
Some design offices omit the number of bars and
bar mark in the bar label.
Slide 31
Slab On-Plan Presentation SLAB
The on-plan presentation is to draw the re-bars
onto the framing plan.
In order to improve the clarity, the detail
dimensions and member labels on the framing
plan are switched off.
The recommended scale is 1:50. Depending on
the size of the slab and the complexity of the re-
bars fixing, scales of 1:100 or 1:20 may be used.
Slide 32
On Plan Presentation SLAB
Bars having the same bar mark are presented by
a typical bar drawn to scale using heavy line.
The zone within which the bars are distributed is
indicated by a thin indication line with arrows at
both ends.
Some design offices do not use on plan
presentation method. Only sections are used to
present the slab re-bars
Slide 33
On Plan Presentation
SLAB
x x
mPD
major axis= x-x
minor axis= y-y
Slide 34
Framing Plan
SLAB
Slide 35
Bottom Main Bars Only
SLAB
Zone of placement
Bar Label
A typical bar
Element Labels omitted
Slide 36
Bottom Main Bars + Distribution Bars
SLAB
Slide 37
Bottom Bars + Top Distribution Bars
SLAB
Slide 38
Bottom Bars + Top Distribution Bars + Top Main Bars
SLAB
Slide 39
Section Presentation Must have section
SLAB
If on-plan presentation is used, sections are drawn
where required to clarify the fixing. Full bar label is
usually omitted in the section. Only the bar marks
are used.
If on-plan presentation is not adopted and only
sections are used to present the slab re-bars, at least
two sections, one longitudinal section and one
transverse section are used to provide the fixing
details. Full bar label is given.
The recommended scale is 1:20. Depending on the
thickness of the slab and the complexity of the re-
bars fixing, scales of 1:25 or 1:10 may be used.
Slide 40
Section Presentation
SLAB
Click here to skip explanation
Slide 41
Bottom Main Bars Only
SLAB
Due to symmetry
only half of the
slab is shown
Slide 42
Bottom Main Bars + Distribution Bars
SLAB
Slide 43
Bottom Bars + Top Distribution Bars
SLAB
Slide 44
Bottom Bars + Top Distribution Bars +Top Main Bars
SLAB
Slide 45
