MODULE-3
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER: GENERAL FEEDBACK STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES OF
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, THE FOUR BASIC FEEDBACK TOPOLOGIES, THE
SERIES SHUNT, SERIES-SERIES, SHUNT-SHUNT AND SHUNT-SERIES
AMPLIFIERS (QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS).
OUTPUT STAGES AND POWER AMPLIFIERS: INTRODUCTION,
CLASSIFICATION OF OUTPUT STAGES,, CLASS A OUTPUT STAGE, CLASS B
OUTPUT STAGE: TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS, POWER DISSIPATION, POWER
CONVERSION EFFICIENCY, CLASS AB OUTPUT STAGE, CLASS C TUNED
AMPLIFIER.
Feedback
• IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN
• The general structure of the negative-feedback amplifier and
the basic principle that underlies its operation.
• The advantages of negative feedback, how these come about,
and at what cost.
• The appropriate feedback topology to employ with each of the
four amplifier types: voltage, current, trans-conductance, and
trans-resistance.
• Why and how negative-feedback amplifiers may be unstable (i.e.
oscillate) and how to design the circuit to ensure stable
performance.
INTRODUCTION
• Most physical systems incorporate some sort of
feedback.
• Although theory of negative feedback was developed by
electrical engineers.
• Harold Black with Western Electric Company
• Feedback can be negative (degenerative) or positive
(regenerative).
INTRODUCTION
• Feedback may be used to:
• desensitize the gain
• reduce nonlinear distortion
• reduce the effect of noise
• control the input and output resistances
• extend bandwidth
• These characteristics result, however, in loss of gain.
• “The basic idea of negative feedback is to trade-off gain for other desirable properties.”
INTRODUCTION
• Under certain conditions, negative feedback can be
come positive.
• This causes oscillation.
• However, positive feedback does not always lead to
instability.
• Regenerative feedback has a number of applications
– specifically, in active filtering.
THE GENERAL FEEDBACK
STRUCTURE
• Figure . shows the basic structure of a feedback amplifier
– signal-flow diagram.
• Open-loop amplifier has gain A (xo = Axi).
Figure 1: General structure of the feedback amplifier. This is a signal-flow diagram,
and the quantities x represent either voltage or current signals.
THE GENERAL FEEDBACK
STRUCTURE
• Output (xo) is fed to load as well as feedback network.
• Feedback factor (b.
) defines feedback signal (xf).
• Feedback signal (xf) is subtracted from input (xi).
• This characterizes negative feedback.
• Gain of feedback amplifier is defined in (10.4).
• Note that (10.4) may be approximated at 1/b.
.
• As such, gain of feedback amplifier is almost entirely
determined by feedback network.
THE GENERAL FEEDBACK
STRUCTURE
•
THE GENERAL FEEDBACK
STRUCTURE
•
SOME PROPERTIES OF NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
• 10.2.1. Gain De-sensitivity
• Equations (10.8) and (10.9) define de-sensitivity
factor of (1+Ab.).
• 10.2.2. Bandwidth Extension
• Equations (10.10) through (10.13) demonstrate
how 3-dB frequencies may be shifted via negative
feedback.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
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10.2. SOME PROPERTIES OF
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• 10.2.3. Interference Reduction
• Signal-to-interference ratio (S/I = Vs/Vn)
• Equations (10.14) through (10.16) define this
value.
• Power supply hum
• Pre-amplification
• 10.2.4. Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion
• Negative feedback may facilitate linearization.
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ELC251 Electronics I
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Figure 10.4: Illustrating the application of negative feedback to improve the signal-
to-interference ratio in amplifiers.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
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Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
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10.3. THE FOUR BASIC FEEDBACK
TOPOLOGIES
• 10.3.1.Voltage Amplifiers
• 10.3.2. Current Amplifiers
• 10.3.3. Trans-conductance Amplifiers
• 10.3.4. Trans-resistance Amplifiers
10.3.1.VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
• voltage amplifiers – accept input voltage and yield output
voltage.
• VCVS
• Thevenin Output
• voltage-mixing / voltage-sampling – is the topology
most suitable for voltage amps.
• Is also known as series-shunt feedback.
• Provides high input resistance/low output resistance.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
Figure 10.6: Block diagram of a feedback voltage amplifier. Here the appropriate
feedback topology is series–shunt.
10.3.1.VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
• Increased input resistance results because Vf subtracts
from Vs, resulting in smaller signal Vi at the input.
• Low Vi causes input current to be smaller.
• This effects higher input resistance.
• Decrease output resistance results because feedback
works to keep Vo as constant as possible.
• ∆Vo and ∆Io change / vary together.
• This effects lower output resistance.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
Figure 10.7: Examples of a feedback voltage amplifier. All these circuits employ
series–shunt feedback. Note that the dc bias circuits are only partially shown.
10.3.2. CURRENT AMPLIFIERS
• current amplifier – accepts input current to generate
output current.
• CCCS
• Norton Source
• current-mixing / current-sampling – topology is most
suitable for current amps.
• Is also known as shunt-series feedback.
• Provides low input resistance/high output resistance.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
Figure 10.8: (a) Block diagram of a feedback current amplifier. Here, the
appropriate feedback topology is the shunt–series. (b) Example of a feedback
current amplifier.
10.3.3. TRANSCONDUCTANCE
AMPLIFIERS
• transconductance amplifier – accepts input voltage and
generates output current.
• VCCS
• Norton Source Output
• voltage-mixing / current-sampling – topology is most
suitable for transconductance amps.
• Is also known as series-series feedback.
• Provides high input resistance/high output resistance.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
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Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
Figure 10.10: (a) Block diagram of a feedback transconductance amplifier. Here,
the appropriate feedback topology is series–series. (b) Example of a feedback
transconductance amplifier. (c) Another example.
10.3.4. TRANSRESISTANCE
AMPLIFIERS
• transresistance amplifier – accepts input current and
generates output voltage.
• CCVS
• Thevenin Source Output
• current-mixing / voltage-sampling – topology is most
suitable for current amps.
• Is also known as shunt-shunt feedback.
• Provides low input resistance/low output resistance.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
Figure 10.11: (a) Block diagram of a feedback transresistance amplifier. Here, the
appropriate feedback topology is shunt–shunt. (b), (c), and (d) Examples of
feedback transresistance amplifiers.
10.4. THE FEEDBACK VOLTAGE
AMPLIFIER
• Series-shunt is appropriate feedback for voltage
amplifier.
• Unilateral open-loop amplifier (circuit A).
• Ideal Voltage-Sampling, voltage-mixing feedback
network (bcircuit)
• Input resistance Ri
• Open Circuit Gain A
• Output resistance Ro
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Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
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Figure 10.12: The series–shunt feedback amplifier: (a) ideal structure; (b)
equivalent circuit.
10.4.1. THE IDEAL CASE
•
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Figure 10.13: Determining the output resistance of the feedback amplifier of Fig.
10.12(a): Rof = Vx /Ix.
10.4.2. THE PRACTICAL CASE
• In practical case, feedback network will not be ideal
VCVS.
• Actually, it is resistive and will load the amplifier.
• Source and load resistances will affect A, Ri, and Ro.
• Source and load resistances should be lumped with
basic amplifier.
• Expressed as two-port network.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
10.4.3. SUMMARY
• 1. Ri and Ro are the input and output resistances,
respectively, of the A circuit in Figure 10.15(a).
• 2. Rif and Rof are the input and output resistances,
respectively, of the feedback amplifier, including Rs and
RL (see Figure 10.14a).
• 3. The actual input and output resistances of the
feedback amplifier exclude Rs and RL. These are
denoted Rin and Rout in Figure 10.14(a) and can be
determined via equations (10.25) and (10.25).
10.5. THE FEEDBACK
TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER
Figure 10.18: The series–series
feedback amplifier: (a) ideal
structure; (b) equivalent circuit.
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
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10.6. THE FEEDBACK
TRANSRESISTANCE AMPLIFIER
Figure 10.24: (a) Ideal structure for
the shunt–shunt feedback amplifier.
(b) Equivalent circuit of the amplifier
in (a).
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
Circuits by Adel S. Sedra (0195323033)
10.7. THE FEEDBACK CURRENT
AMPLIFIER
Figure 10.28: (a) Ideal structure for
the shunt–series feedback amplifier.
(b) Equivalent circuit of the amplifier
in (a).
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) –
ELC251 Electronics I
http://anthony.deese.googlepages.com
Based on Textbook: Microelectronic
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10.8. SUMMARY OF FEEDBACK
ANALYSIS METHOD
• Always begin analysis by determining an approximate value for the closed-loop
gain (Af).
• Assume that loop gain Abis large.
• Af = 1/b
• This value should serve for final check on Af.
• The shunt connection at input or output will always result in reducing the
corresponding resistance.
• In utilizing negative feedback to improve the properties of an amplifier under
design, the starting point is selection of feedback topology.
• Feedback factor (b.
) may be determined as 1/Af.
10.9. DETERMINING LOOP GAIN
Output Stages and Power Amplifiers
INTRODUCTION
• IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN
• The classification of amplifier output stages on the basis of the fraction of the cycle of an input
sine wave during which the transistor conducts.
• Analysis and design of a variety of output-stage types ranging from the simple but power-
inefficient emitter follower class (class A) to the popular push-pull class AB circuit in both
bipolar and CMOS technologies.
• Thermal considerations in the design and fabrication of high-output power circuits.
• Useful and interesting circuit techniques employed in the design of power amplifiers.
• Special types of MOS transistors optimized for high-power applications.
INTRODUCTION
• One important aspect of an amplifier is output
resistance.
• This affects its ability to deliver a load without loss of gain
(or significant loss).
• Large signals are of interest and small-signal models
cannot be applied.
• Total harmonic distortion is good measure of
linearity of output stage.
INTRODUCTION
• Most challenging aspect of output stage design is
efficiency.
• Power dissipation is highly correlated to internal
junction temperature.
POWER AMPLIFIERS
Definition:
A power amplifier is an electronic amplifier designed to increase the
magnitude of power of a given input signal.
The power of the input signal is increased to a level high enough to
drive loads of output devices like speakers, headphones, RF
transmitters etc.
Classification Based on Mode of Operation
Class A Power amplifier − When the collector current flows at
all times during the full cycle of signal, the power amplifier is
known as class A power amplifier.
Class B Power amplifier − When the collector current flows
only during the positive half cycle of the input signal, the power
amplifier is known as class B power amplifier.
Class C Power amplifier − When the collector current flows
for less than half cycle of the input signal, the power amplifier is
known as class C power amplifier.
Class AB Power amplifiers - There forms another amplifier
called Class AB amplifier, it combine the class A and class B
amplifiers to utilize the advantages of both.
CLASS REPRESENTS AMOUNT OF OUTPUT
SIGNAL VARIES OVER ONE CYCLE OF OPERATION
OVER FULL CYCLE OF INPUT SIGNAL
CLASS - A AMPLIFIER
• This single output transistor is biased around the Q-point within
the middle of its load line and so is never driven into its cut-off or
saturation regions thus allowing it to conduct current over the full
360 degrees of the input cycle.
• Class “A” amplifiers are considered the best class of amplifier
design due to their excellent linearity, high gain and low signal
distortion levels when designed correctly.
CLASS-B AMPLIFIER
• It is possible to design the power amplifier circuit with two
transistors in its output stage producing what is commonly
termed as a Class B Amplifier also known as a push-pull amplifier
configuration.
• The conduction angle for this type of amplifier circuit is only 180
degrees or 50% of the input signal.
CLASS AB AMPLIFIER
• The Class AB amplifier output stage combines the advantages of
the Class A amplifier and the Class B amplifier while minimizing the
problems of low efficiency and distortion associated with them.
• Each transistor will conduct between 180 and 360 degrees.
CLASS-C AMPLIFIER
• Class C power amplifier is a type of amplifier where the active
element (transistor) conduct for less than one half cycle of the
input signal. Less than one half cycle means the conduction angle is
less than 180° and its typical value is 80° to 120°.
• The reduced conduction angle improves the efficiency to a great
extend but causes a lot of distortion. Theoretical maximum
efficiency of a Class C amplifier is around 90%.
AMPLIFIER CLASSES AND EFFICIENCY
CLASS A OUTPUT STAGE
Advantages of Class A Amplifiers
• The advantages of Class A power amplifier are as follows −
• The current flows for complete input cycle
• It can amplify small signals
• No distortion is present
Disadvantages of Class A Amplifiers
• The advantages of Class A power amplifier are as follows −
• Low power output
• Low collector efficiency
