1.
Parts of Speech
Parts of speech are the building blocks of sentences. They tell us how words are used in a
sentence. Here are the main parts of speech:
a. Nouns (Naming words)
Definition: A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: boy, school, dog, happiness, city.
Types:
o Common Nouns: general names (e.g., teacher, country, car).
o Proper Nouns: specific names (e.g., Mr. Sharma, India, Toyota).
o Collective Nouns: names for groups of things (e.g., team, family, herd).
b. Pronouns (Words that take the place of nouns)
Definition: Pronouns are words that replace nouns to avoid repetition.
Examples: he, she, it, they, we, I, you.
Example Sentence: "Sam is my friend. He is very kind." (Here, "he" replaces "Sam".)
c. Verbs (Action words)
Definition: A verb tells us what the subject is doing or what is happening.
Examples: run, play, eat, read, is, jump.
Example Sentence: "She runs fast." (Here, "runs" is the action.)
d. Adjectives (Describing words)
Definition: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun, telling us more about it.
Examples: tall, beautiful, soft, happy, colorful.
Example Sentence: "The blue sky is
beautiful." (Here, "blue" and "beautiful" describe the noun "sky".)
e. Adverbs (Describing verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs)
Definition: An adverb describes how, when, where, or to what extent something is
done.
Examples: quickly, slowly, very, often, here, well.
Example Sentence: "He runs quickly." (Here, "quickly" tells us how he runs.)
f. Prepositions (Position words)
Definition: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
another word in the sentence.
Examples: in, on, at, under, over, beside.
Example Sentence: "The cat is under the table." (Here, "under" shows the position of
the cat.)
g. Conjunctions (Joining words)
Definition: Conjunctions are words that join two or more words, phrases, or
sentences.
Examples: and, but, or, because, so, although.
Example Sentence: "I like pizza, but I don't like pasta." (Here, "but" connects two
ideas.)
h. Interjections (Emotion words)
Definition: Interjections are words or phrases that express strong feelings or
emotions.
Examples: Wow! Ouch! Hooray! Oh no!
Example Sentence: "Wow! That was amazing!"
2. Sentence Structure
a. Sentence Types
Declarative Sentence: A statement that provides information.
o Example: "I like reading books."
Interrogative Sentence: A question.
o Example: "Do you like ice cream?"
Imperative Sentence: A command or request.
o Example: "Please pass the salt."
Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence expressing strong feelings.
o Example: "What a beautiful day!"
b. Subject and Predicate
Definition: Every sentence has two main parts—the subject (who or what the
sentence is about) and the predicate(what is being said about the subject).
Example: "The dog (subject) barks loudly (predicate)."
3. Tenses
Tenses tell us when an action happens (past, present, or future). There are three main tenses:
a. Present Tense
Definition: Describes actions happening now or regularly.
Examples: I play, She runs, They eat.
Example Sentence: "I read books every day."
b. Past Tense
Definition: Describes actions that have already happened.
Examples: I played, She ran, They ate.
Example Sentence: "He watched TV yesterday."
c. Future Tense
Definition: Describes actions that will happen.
Examples: I will play, She will run, They will eat.
Example Sentence: "They will go to the park tomorrow."
4. Articles
Articles are used before nouns to indicate whether we are referring to something specific or
something general.
a. Definite Article: "The"
Definition: Refers to a specific noun.
Example Sentence: "The cat is sleeping." (Referring to a specific cat.)
b. Indefinite Articles: "A" and "An"
Definition: Used to refer to any single thing, not something specific.
o "A" is used before words starting with a consonant sound.
Example: "A book."
o "An" is used before words starting with a vowel sound.
Example: "An apple."
5. Plurals
Plurals are used to show that there is more than one person, thing, or idea.
a. Regular Plurals
Definition: Usually formed by adding -s or -es to the singular form.
Examples:
o book → books
o car → cars
o box → boxes
Example Sentence: "There are many books on the table."
b. Irregular Plurals
Definition: Some nouns change completely in the plural form.
Examples:
o child → children
o man → men
o woman → women
Example Sentence: "The children are playing in the park."
6. Possessive Form
The possessive form shows ownership or possession.
Definition: To show possession, add 's to the noun.
o For singular nouns: The girl's book.
o For plural nouns ending in -s: The girls' books.
Example Sentences:
o "This is Tom's pencil." (Singular possessive)
o "These are the students' desks." (Plural possessive)
