BASIC CALCULUS
Lecture 07a: Applications of the Derivative
BENAZIR
[email protected]
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
©2022
1) Varberg, D. E., Purcell, E. J., & Rigdon, S. E.,
2007. Calculus with differential equations.
Pearson/Prentice Hall.
2) Wrede, R., & Spiegel, M., 2010. Schaum’s
Reference Outline of advanced calculus. New York:
McGraw-Hill Education.
3) Anton, H., I. Bivens, S. Davis, 2012. Calculus
10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Content
• Maxima and Minima
• Monotonicity and Concavity
• Graphing Functions using Calculus
• Taylor Series and Maclaurin
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Maxima and Minima
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Maxima and Minima
Often in line, we are faced with the problem of finding the best way to do something, for
example:
a former wants to choose the mix of crops that is likely to produce the largest profit
a doctor wishes to select the smallest dosage of a drug that will cure a certain disease
a manufacturer would like to minimize the cost of distributing its products.
Often such a problem can be formulated so that it involves maximizing or minimizing a
function over a specified set.
If so, the methods of calculus provide a powerful tool for solving the problem.
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…Maxima and Minima
Suppose then that we are given a function 𝑓(𝑥)
and a domain 𝑆 as in the figure. We now pose
three questions:
1. Does 𝑓(𝑥) have a maximum or minimum
value on 𝑆?
2. If it does have a maximum or a minimum,
where are they attained?
3. If they exist, what are the maximum and
minimum value?
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…Maxima and Minima
Definition
Let 𝑆, the domain of 𝑓, contain the point 𝑐.
❑ 𝑓(𝑐) is the maximum value of 𝑓 on 𝑆 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in 𝑆;
❑ 𝑓(𝑐) is the minimum value of 𝑓 on 𝑆 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in 𝑆;
❑ 𝑓(𝑐) is an extreme value of 𝑓 on 𝑆 if it is either the maximum or the minimum values;
❑ The function we want to maximize of minimize is the objective function.
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…Maxima and Minima
Theorem A: Max-Min Existence Theorem
If 𝑓 is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then 𝑓 attains
both a maximum value and a minimum value there.
Note:
𝑓 is required to be continuous and the set 𝑆 is required to be
a closed interval
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…Maxima and Minima
Extreme values
Extreme values of functions defined on closed intervals often occur at End points. Stationary point is when
𝑓’(𝑐) = 0 (if 𝑐 is a point), where the graph of 𝑓 levels off, since the tangent line is horizontal. Singular point is
where the graph of f has a sharp corner, a vertical tangent, or perhaps take a jump, or near where the graph
wiggles very badly.
These three kinds of points (end points, stationary points, and singular points) are the key
points of max-min theory. Any point of one of these types in the domain of a function 𝑓 is
called a critical point of 𝑓.
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…Maxima and Minima
Theorem B: Critical Point Theorem
Let 𝑓 be defined on an interval 𝐼 containing the point 𝑐. If 𝑓(𝑐) is an extreme value, then 𝑐
must be a critical point; that is, either 𝑐 is
❑ an end point of 𝐼;
❑ a stationary point of 𝑓; that is, a point where 𝑓’(𝑐) = 0; or
❑ a singular point of 𝑓; that is, a point where 𝑓’(𝑐) does not exist.
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…Maxima and Minima
Example 1
1
Find the critical points of 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 on − ,2
2
Solution
1
The end points are − and 2.
2
To find the stationary points, we solve 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥, obtaining 0 and 1.
There are no singular points.
1
Thus, the critical points are − , 0, 1, and 2.
2
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…Maxima and Minima
What are the extreme values?
In view of Theorem A and B, we can now state a very simple procedure for finding the
maximum value and minimum value of a continuous function 𝑓 on a closed interval 𝐼.
Step 1 : Find the critical points of 𝑓 on 𝐼
Step 2 : Evaluate 𝑓 at each of these critical points. The largest values is the maximum
value; the smallest is the minimum value.
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…Maxima and Minima
Example 2
Find the maximum and minimum values of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 on −2, 2
Solution
The derivative is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 , which is defined on (-2, 2) and is zero only when 𝑥 = 0. The
critical points are therefore 𝑥 = 0. The critical points are therefore 𝑥 = 0 and the end
points 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2.
Evaluating 𝑓 at the critical points yields 𝑓 −2 = −8, 𝑓 0 = 0, 𝑓 2 = 8.
Thus, the maximum value of 𝑓 is 8 (attained at 𝑥 = 2) and minimum is -8 (𝑥 = −2).
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…Maxima and Minima
Example 3
1
Find the maximum and minimum values of 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 on − ,2
2
Solution
Check for 𝑓(−1/2, 0, 1, 2)
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…Maxima and Minima
Example 4
Find all critical points and find the minimum and maximum of the function. Each function
has domain [-2, 4].
End points: -2, 4 End points: -2, 4
Singular points: none Singular points: 2
Stationary points: 0, 2 Stationary points: 0
Critical points: -2, 0, 2, 4 Critical points: -2, 0, 2, 4
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…Maxima and Minima
Example 5
Identify the critical points and find the maximum value and minimum value on the given
interval.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4; 𝐼 = −4, 0 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥; 𝐼 = −2, 2
1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4; 2𝑥 + 4 = 0 when 𝑥 = −2 ℎ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1; 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 when 𝑥 =
2
Critical points: -4, -2, 0 1
Critical points: -2, − , 2
2
𝑓 −4 = 4; 𝑓 −2 = 0; 𝑓 0 = 4 ℎ −2 = 2; ℎ −1/2 = −1/4; ℎ 2 = 6
Maximum value = 4, minimum value = 0 1
Maximum value = 6, minimum value = −
4
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Monotonicity and
Concavity
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Monotonicity and Concavity
Definition
Let 𝑓 be defined on an interval 𝐼 (open, closed, or neither).
❑ 𝑓 is increasing on 𝐼 if, for every pair of numbers 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 in 𝐼.
𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑓 𝑥2
❑ 𝑓 is decreasing on 𝐼 if, for every pair of number 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 in 𝐼.
𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥1 > 𝑓 𝑥2
❑ 𝑓 is strictly monotonic on 𝐼 if it is either increasing on 𝐼 or decreasing on 𝐼.
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…Monotonicity and Concavity
How shall we decide where a function is increasing or
decreasing?
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…Monotonicity and Concavity
The First Derivative and Monotonicity
Theorem A Monotonicity Theorem
Let 𝑓 be continuous on an interval 𝐼 and differentiable at every interior point of the 𝐼.
❑ if 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 interior to 𝐼, then 𝑓 is increasing on 𝐼.
❑ if 𝑓’ 𝑥 < 0 for all 𝑥 interior to 𝐼, then 𝑓 is decreasing on 𝐼.
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…Monotonicity and Concavity
Example 1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 7, find where 𝑓 is
increasing and where it is decreasing
Solution
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12 = 6 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2
𝑥+1 𝑥−2 >0
𝑥+1 𝑥−2 <0
Has three interval −∞, −1 , −1,2 , 2, ∞
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…Monotonicity and Concavity
The Second Derivative and Concavity
Definition
Let 𝑓 be differentiable on an open interval 𝐼 that 𝑓 (as well
as its graph) is concave up on 𝐼 if 𝑓’ is increasing on 𝐼, and
we say that 𝑓 is concave down on 𝐼 if 𝑓’ is decreasing on 𝐼.
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…Monotonicity and Concavity
The Second Derivative and Concavity
Theorem B Concavity Theorem
Let 𝑓 be twice differentiable on the open interval 𝐼.
❑ if 𝑓"(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 in 𝐼, then 𝑓 is concave up on 𝐼.
❑ if 𝑓" 𝑥 < 0 for all 𝑥 in 𝐼, then 𝑓 is concave down on 𝐼.
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…Monotonicity and Concavity
Example 2
1
Where is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 increasing, decreasing,
3
concave up, and concave down?
Solution
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 2 = 2(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥+1 𝑥−3 >0
𝑥+1 𝑥−3 <0
Increasing on (−∞, −1], and [3, ∞) and decreasing on [−1,3]
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Thank you
benazir_basic calculus 2022
Coursework (1)
Find all critical points and find the minimum and maximum of the function. Each function
has domain [-2, 4].
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Coursework (2)
Identify the critical points and find the maximum value and minimum value on the given
interval.
1
1. 𝑔 𝑥 = (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥); 𝐼 = −3, 3
5
𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝐼 = −1, 4
1+𝑥 2
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Coursework (3)
Determine where the graph of the given function is increasing, decreasing, concave up,
concave down. Then sketch the graph.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 + 1
2. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 4
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