Here’s a more comprehensive guide on Java, covering key concepts, syntax, and examples to
provide a thorough understanding of the language.
1. Introduction to Java
Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language.
Platform-independent: Java code runs on any device with a Java Virtual Machine
(JVM).
Strongly typed and garbage-collected, with a focus on reliability and security.
2. Java Basics
Basic Structure of a Java Program
java
Copy code
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
public class Main: Defines a class named Main.
public static void main(String[] args): Main method, the entry point for the
program.
System.out.println(): Prints to the console.
3. Data Types
Java supports primitive and non-primitive (reference) data types.
Type Description Size Example
byte 8-bit integer 1 byte byte b = 10;
short 16-bit integer 2 bytes short s = 20;
int 32-bit integer 4 bytes int i = 30;
long 64-bit integer 8 bytes long l = 40L;
float Single-precision 4 bytes float f = 5.5f;
double Double-precision 8 bytes double d = 10.5;
char Single character 2 bytes char c = 'A';
boolean True or false 1 bit boolean b = true;
Non-Primitive Types: Arrays, Strings, Classes, Interfaces.
4. Variables and Operators
Variable Declaration
Declaring variables with data types:
java
Copy code
int age = 25;
String name = "Alice";
Operators
Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
Logical Operators: && (and), || (or), ! (not)
Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Increment/Decrement: ++, --
5. Control Flow Statements
If-else Statements
java
Copy code
int num = 10;
if (num > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive");
} else {
System.out.println("Non-positive");
}
Switch Case
java
Copy code
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Other day");
break;
}
Loops
For Loop:
java
Copy code
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Count: " + i);
}
While Loop:
java
Copy code
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println("Count: " + i);
i++;
}
Do-While Loop:
java
Copy code
int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println("Count: " + i);
i++;
} while (i < 5);
6. Methods and Functions
Defining a Method
java
Copy code
public static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
Method Call:
java
Copy code
int sum = add(5, 10);
System.out.println(sum);
Method Overloading
Multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.
java
Copy code
public int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
public double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts
Classes and Objects
Class: A blueprint for creating objects.
Object: An instance of a class.
java
Copy code
public class Car {
String model;
int year;
public Car(String model, int year) {
this.model = model;
this.year = year;
}
public void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("Model: " + model + ", Year: " + year);
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car("Tesla", 2022);
car.displayInfo();
}
}
Inheritance
Enables a new class (subclass) to inherit properties from an existing class (superclass).
java
Copy code
public class Animal {
public void eat() {
System.out.println("Eating...");
}
}
public class Dog extends Animal {
public void bark() {
System.out.println("Barking...");
}
}
Polymorphism
Method Overriding: Subclass provides a specific implementation of a method in the
superclass.
java
Copy code
public class Dog extends Animal {
@Override
public void eat() {
System.out.println("Dog eating...");
}
}
Encapsulation
Wrapping data and methods within classes, using private access modifier and getters and
setters methods.
java
Copy code
public class BankAccount {
private double balance;
public double getBalance() {
return balance;
}
public void setBalance(double balance) {
this.balance = balance;
}
}
Abstraction
Hiding implementation details using abstract classes or interfaces.
java
Copy code
public abstract class Shape {
public abstract void draw();
}
public class Circle extends Shape {
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a circle");
}
}
8. Exception Handling
Used to handle runtime errors to prevent crashing the program.
java
Copy code
try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("This block always executes");
}
9. Java Collections Framework
Provides data structures like List, Set, and Map.
List (ordered): ArrayList, LinkedList
Set (unique): HashSet, TreeSet
Map (key-value pairs): HashMap, TreeMap
java
Copy code
List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
names.add("Alice");
names.add("Bob");
10. File Handling
Java offers File and Scanner classes for file manipulation.
java
Copy code
try {
File file = new File("example.txt");
Scanner reader = new Scanner(file);
while (reader.hasNextLine()) {
String data = reader.nextLine();
System.out.println(data);
}
reader.close();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred.");
}
11. Multithreading
Running multiple threads (concurrent execution) using the Thread class or Runnable
interface.
java
Copy code
public class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running");
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();
}
}
This overview covers the core concepts and syntax in Java, from basics to advanced topics
like OOP, exception handling, collections, file handling, and multithreading. Practicing with
these examples and building simple projects will further solidify these concepts.
