INTRODUCTION
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
At the end of this session…
• Define science, technology, society
• Establish connectivity of science, technology,
and society
• Recognize and analyze scientific knowledge
• Differentiate good science from
pseudoscience
• Understand the scientific methods and the
reasoning involved in scientific investigations
• Appreciate the value of science
•Can you site objects or things around
you that is a product of S&T?
Connectivity of
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY
SCIENCE?
TECHNOLOGY?
SOCIETY?
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY
The The practical Group of
systematic application of people
body of knowledge living
knowledge together
-facilitate the following
accomplishment certain
of things norms to be
in order
-make life easier
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY
The The practical Group of
systematic application of people
body of knowledge living
knowledge together
-facilitate the following
accomplishment certain
of things norms to be
in order
-make life easier
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY
The The practical Group of
systematic application of people
body of knowledge living
knowledge together
-facilitate the following
accomplishment certain
of things norms to be
in order
-make life easier
Connectivity of
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY
seeks to informs
improve
demands
demands more
more
benefits makes life
from easier
Icon sources: "File:WikiJournal of Science logo (flat black).svg" by Thomas Shafee is licensed under CC BY 4.0, "File:Learn Icon-01.svg" by MCruz (WMF) is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, "File:TeamClipart.svg" by Slashme is marked with CC0 1.0
The Tardigrade
“toughest organism on earth”
• “water-bear”
• 0.184 mm long
• Extreme and harsh
environments
• Possess trehalose
sugar (more stable)
• Undergo cryptobiosis –
metabolic state in
response to adverse
environmental
conditions
• Possess damage
suppressor protein Uploaded by: Washington Post, Jul 14, 2017, Meet the tardigrade, the animal that will outlive us all
The Tardigrade
• Possible
potential
applications
Can you think of one?
Uploaded by: Washington Post, Jul 14, 2017, Meet the tardigrade, the animal that will outlive us all
Science and Knowledge
Science Knowledge
• Latin word Scientia – • A statement about what is
to know accepted as sufficiently “real”
• systematic body of • Allows one to take action upon
knowledge based on and thereby live life
facts and evidences
…what is real?
Science and
Knowledge
Examine this statement: Dragons are real.
"Fire And Blood" by ertacaltinoz is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
What does your knowledge tell you?
Science and
Knowledge
Types of Knowledge
• Belief Knowledge
• Research Knowledge
Science and
Knowledge
Types of Knowledge
Yes! I have
• Belief Knowledge seen one
inherent and unique in each No its not!
human being maybe in your
dreams
attained by individual
revelation
• Research Knowledge
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
Science and
Knowledge
Types of Knowledge
• Research Knowledge
universal not just individual
revelation
based on protocol to allow
selection between
alternative observations
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
Science and
Knowledge
repeatable
Research
Knowledge
hypotheses are falsifiable
involves natural phenomena
Science and
Knowledge
does not claim fact but rather claims logical circumstantial
explanation in the light of the requirement
e.g.
abiogenesis/spontaneous
generation
(1)Flies emerge from rotten meat
(2)Francesco Redi’s experiment (3)Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation
Image source(2,3): PHILPOT, retrieved from https://www.philpoteducation.com/mod/book/view.php?id=779&chapterid=1034#/
Science and
Knowledge
What are the goals of science?
• Understanding of phenomena
• Identify relationships and characteristics
• Predict summaries and conclusions
• Derive knowledge and facts
Science and
Knowledge
Fact
• Is a statement based on research knowledge
• In the light of current evidence, this is accepted to be
true
• e.g.
Spontaneous
Cell theory
generation
• Changes when better pieces of evidence and
explanations are presented
• Mini-hypothesis subject to testing by repeated
observation
Science and
Knowledge
Hypothesis Death of hypothesis
• tentative explanation by • Disprove by data, esp.
the pattern created by empirical data
two or more facts • Its predictions fail
• based on observation • Supplanted by new
• has predictive value hypothesis that better
• testable, open to being explains the data
proven wrong
…when does a hypothesis dies?
Science and
Knowledge
Approaches to research knowledge
1. Formal science
• Logic and mathematics – the language of science
• Universal
2. Empirical science
• deals with objects and observations
• NO truth, no right or wrong
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
Science vs. Pseudoscience
Science vs.
Pseudoscience
Good Science
eliminates as many
variables while entertaining
as many alternate Development of the models for the Atom
interpretations of the
observations as possible
Hallmark of good science:
DOUBT
Image etrieved from: https://sites.google.com/site/atomictheorytimeline707/
Science vs.
Pseudoscience
How to spot pseudoscience
• repeated reference to authority rather than primary
observation
• unwillingness to admit ignorance or exceptions
• unwillingness to disprove own hypothesis
• consistent presentation of hypothesis in a
simplistic manner (disregard to confounding
effects)
• Failure to add new arguments and data with time
Science vs.
Pseudoscience
Good Science
studies the material universe
Science vs.
Pseudoscience
Good Science
is dynamic
• changes over time
• when new facts are discovered, then the
former facts are discarded
Presupposes that:
• There is order in nature therefore material universe in knowable
• The human mind is capable of knowing this order
• Knowable within the limits of:
1. Human mind
2. Culture
3. Technology
Science vs.
Pseudoscience
Good Science
has paradigms and open to paradigm
shifts
• interpretation of the physical world to
which scientist subscribe changes as
anomalies arise and gets replaced as
knowledge develops
How do we generate knowledge?
What is the process in scientific
research?
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
set of techniques generally
followed to acquire new knowledge,
correcting ang integrating previous
knowledge
The Scientific
Method
Accept or
Identify the Form a
Observe Experiment reject Conclude Publish
problem hypothesis
hypothesis
The Scientific
Observe Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
• Use you senses
• Necessary equipment
• Pay attention to details
Source: "plant leaf" by rockindave1 is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
Identify
The Scientific
Observe the Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
problem
You inquire what is it that
you want to know?
Source: "plant leaf" by rockindave1 is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
The Scientific
Observe
Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
Formulate or make
temporary explanation
the plant will not
wilt if it has
enough water
Source: "plant leaf" by rockindave1 is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
The Scientific
Observe
Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experi
-ment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
Test your hypothesis…
with without
Source: "plant leaf" by rockindave1 is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
The Scientific
Observe
Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
hypothesis no. 1
hypothesis no. 2
with without
Source: "plant leaf" by rockindave1 is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
The Scientific
Observe
Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
Come into a
conclusion based
on the experiments
you conducted
with without
Source: "plant leaf" by rockindave1 is licensed
“Eureka!”
under CC BY 2.0
The Scientific
Observe
Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
Put your results in
writing and publish
• Others to know
• Validate your
results
with without
• Reference
• Improvement of
knowledge
• Generate
Source: "plant leaf" by rockindave1 is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
technologies
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
The Scientific
Method
Types of Reasoning
• Inductive
• Deductive
Science follows basic method of:
• Thinking
• Observing
• experimenting with without
No strict recipe
• Serendipity – offshoots of something related to the major task (e.g. discovery of
penicillin)
• Imagination
• Dream and luck
The Scientific
Observe
Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
Categories of scientific investigation
• Observational
• Controlled what-if
• Explanation-seeking
• Modeling what-if with without
• Problem-solving what-if
The Scientific
Observe
Identify the
problem
Form a
hypothesis
Experiment
Accept or
reject
hypothesis
Conclude Publish Method
How to spot a scientist
• Curious how nature works
• Stay well-informed
• Benefit and makes use of advances in other fields
• Integrate work done by others to see bigger picture
• Benefit from serendipity with without
• Compete for grant money
• Police themselves
• Can be intensively competitive
• Very much like any other person
icons and symbols source: Microsoft power point built-in features
Value of Science
Predictive power
Honesty and courage
More informed decisions
Assignment
