Science 9 Reviewer
Chapter 1-Respiratory System
Airways- pipes that carry oxygen-rich air to your lungs
Carbon dioxide- a waste gas that is carried by airways out of the lungs
Airways include:
*Nose-where air first enters the body
Nostrils-it is also called external nares, two openings
Hair in nostrils-filter and trap the big dust and dirt
Cilia-traps smaller units
*Pharynx (throat)- passages from the nose and mouth
*Larynx (Voice Box)- between pharynx and trachea
Functions: passageway for air to enter the lungs and source of
vocalization
*Trachea (windpipe)-main passageway from larynx to lungs
-filters the air we breathe
*Bronchial Tubes (Bronchi)-two air tubes that branch off the trachea and
carry air directly into the lungs.
*lungs-main organs of the respiratory system
-lied on either side of our breastbone and fill the inside of our chest
cavity
*Blood vessels
-Bronchioles-thin tubes
-Alveoli-tiny air sac
-capillaries- mesh of tiny blood vessels, connect to a network of arteries
and veins
Pulmonary artery- deliver blood rich in carbon dioxide tp the capillaries
Pulmonary vein-oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart
Heart-pumps the oxygen-rich blood out to the body
*Diaphragm-muscular structure located between thoracic and
abdominal cavity
Breathing-involves inhaling and exhaling
-12-15 breaths per minute- breathing of normal people
Intercostal muscles-muscles between the ribs that do the breathing
Breathing In (inhalation)- diaphragm contracts and moves downward
-increases the space of chest cavity
Hemoglobin- red blood cell protein
Breathing out (exhalation)- diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into
the chest cavity
-requires no effort from your body unless you have a lung disease or
doing physical activity
Heart-main pumping organ
-pumps blood and keep the blood moving
-located in the center of chest, front of lungs and slightly left
-pear-shaped, size of man’s close fist
Pericardium-protected membrane
Heart beats 3 billion times during average lifetime
Four chambers of the heart:
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle
Atria-receiving chambers
Ventricles-discharging chambers
Two Blood Circuits:
1. Pulmonary circuit-short loop of circulatory system, carries blood from
the heart to lungs where it is oxygenated and returns to the heart
2. Systematic circuit-carries the oxygenated blood from the heart to the
rest of the body then back to the heart
Circulatory System
-serves to move blood to a site where it can be oxygenated
1. Open Circulatory Systems-there is neither a true heart or capillaries
found in humans (arthropods and mollusks)
2. Closed Circulatory Systems- blood is pumped through closed system
of arteries, veins and capillaries (annelids such as earthworms)
Aorta-largest artery
Superior vena cava-largest vein, found above the heart carries
deoxyginated blood from arms and legs
Transporting system- circulatory and respiratory systems work together
Circulatory system or cardiovascular-made up of the heart, veins,
arteries and capillaries
-responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to all parts
Diseases of Circulatory System
Aortic Aneurysm-weakening of the blood vessel wall causes a bulge
Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)- develops when plaque builds
up in the arteries
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)-occurs when blood clots form in one of the
deep veins
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)- serious inflammatory disease of the small to
medium sized arteries
Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)- abnormal tangles of blood vessels
within circulatory system
Diseases of Respiratory System
Asthma- condition of bronchioles with widespread narrowing of the
bronchial airways
Bronchitis-
Chronic bronchitis-not primarily an inflammatory condition, causes by
virus and bacteria, acute infections
Emphysema- wherein air sacs or alveoli are enlarged and damaged
Pneumonia- inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria
Hay fever- form of allergy due to the pollen of grasses, trees, other
plants
Pleurisy-inflammation of pleura, due to pneumonia
Chapter 2
Multiple alleles-non-Mendelian inheritance pattern
-involves more than just the typical two alleles
-can have more than two allelic forms segregating within a population
ABO blood type-good example of multiple alleles
Multiple genes
Polygene-multiple factor, quantitative gene which a group of non-allelic
genes that together influence a phenotypic traits
Polygenic inheritance-when one characteristic is controlled by two or
more genes
Oligogenes-genes having a major effects
Chapter 3
Genetic drift- when small group of individuals leaves a population and
establishes a new one
Genetic pollution- endemic species can be threatened with extinction
through the process of genetic pollution
Green revolution-popularizes the use of conventional hybridization to
increase yiled
Chapter 4
Dark Reaction (Light-Independent reaction)
-takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast
-converts CO2 to sugar
-involves a cycle called Calvin Cycle in which CO2 and energy from ATP
are used to form sugar
