SCIENCE REVIEWER Determining Blood Type

1. Antigens (accept, found on surface of RBC)

Circulatory System 2. Antibodies (reject, found in plasma)
Functions
1. Pumps blood Antigen Antibody Type
2. Distributes necessary substances (nutrients, A B A
B A B
oxygen, hormones, antibodies, wastes,
AB - AB
enzymes)
- AB O
3. Maintaining body temperature
-Homeostasis=ideal body temperature
Note:
TYPE O=universal donor
Open Circulatory
TYPE AB=universal receiver
-Hemolymph=blood’s equivalent
-Interstitial fluid=plasma
RH FACTOR:
-no blood vessels
+ or – of the blood
ex. Insects
Closed Circulatory
3 Types of Blood Vessels
-Blood vessels
1. Artery (away from heart)
ex. Mammals (us humans)
-has thick muscles and stretchy, elastic fibers to
push the blood
Components of blood
a. Aorta
1. RBC
-Largest blood vessel in the heart
-distributes oxygen
b. Pulmonary Artery
-no nucleus to make space for hemoglobin
-Carries CO2 blood from heart
-hemoglobin=binds oxygen
to lungs
-can change shape
2.Veins (vrings blood towards heart)
Disease: Anemia
-thin muscle and elastic fibres
2. WBC
-has valves to prevent opposite blood flow
-immunity
a. Inferior Vena Cava (upper part)
-Big nucleus for identifying foreign bodies
b. Superior Vena Cava (lower part)
2 types:
-Entrance of blood to the heart, coming
1. Macrophage (big, eats and digests)
from the body
2. Lymphocytes (prevents diseases,
c. Pulmonary Vein
dissolves)
-Oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart
3. Plasma
3. Capillaries (links artery and veins, low-oxygen
-Allows blood to flow
blood to veins)
-55% water
-one cell thick to make diffusion or exchange of
4. Platelets
materials easier
-Clots blood to stop further excessive bleeding
-exchanges materials of blood and body
-bits of cell broken off
-produce fibrogen fibers that make a “net” that
Four Valves of the Heart
traps RBC to provide oxygen to wound
-Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Pulmonary, Aortic
PULMONARY CIRCULATION: enough sleep (HAAHAHAHHA lmao)
Right= Deoxygenated
Left=Oxygenated 3. Hemophilia
-blood not clotting properly
FLOW: -increased bleeding after injury
Vena Cava ➵ Atrium ➵ Tricuspid Valve ➵ Causes:
Right Ventricle ➵ Pulmonary Semi-lunar -Hereditary
valve➵ Pulmonary Arteries ➵ Lungs ➵ Treatment:
-Receiving clotting factors
Pulmonary Veins ➵Bicuspid Valve ➵ Left
-Medication
Ventricle ➵ Aortic Semi-lunar Valve ➵ Aorta ➵
-treatment for joint bleeding & other problems
Body Cells
associated with hemophilia
DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
Prevention:
-blood sample screening test
1. Artherosclerosis:
-monitor physical activities
-hardening of the arteries
-plaque builds up in the arteries.
4. Varicose veins
Causes:
-Enlarged veins caused by broken valves
-Smoking, high cholesterol, stress and high
Causes:
blood pressure or hypertension
-Prolonged standing
Treatment:
-Obesity & pregnancy
Bypass surgery:  
-Hereditary
-Surgeons "harvest" a healthy blood
Treatment:
vessel (often from the leg or chest). They use
-Sclerotheraphy: collapses vein through
the healthy vessel to bypass a segment blocked
injections
by atherosclerosis
-Radiofrequency: destroys and closes vein
Angioplasty
-Anti-inflammatory drug
-(catheters with balloon tips) and
-Surgery, stripping (no not THAT type ;) )
stenting can often open up a blocked artery.
-Support stockings
Prevention:
Prevention:
Healthy diet, exercise, no smoking
-Avoid standing for too long
-Don’t wear heels
2. Anemia
-RBC cell count or Hemoglobin is less than
5.Congenital Heart Disease
normal
-Most common birth defect
Causes:
-Any heart disease present from birth
-Hereditary
Causes:
-Not enough vitamins & iron
-Intaking drugs, alcohol (ehem) while pregnant
Treatment:
Treatment:
-diet changes, iron supplements
-Depends on condition
Prevention:
-Medication, surgery
Intaking vitamins, eating iron rich foods, getting
Prevention:
-Not smoking/using drugs during pregnancy
-Newborn screening

6. Arrythmia A. Trachea
-Problem with rhythm of heartbeat -Windpipe, connects larynx and bronchi
Causes: -Allows esophagus to extend when we swallow
-Heart attack -permitting food passage to esophagus
-Smoking A.1 Ciliated mucosa: transports mucus
-Congenital Heart Disease contaminated foreign particles away from lungs
-Stress (lagot kayo) and toward the throat to swallow/spit
-Medicines & drugs (tsk) B. Main Bronchi
Treatments: -Left and right are divided by trachea
-Medication -Air is already moist
-implantable pacemaker B.1 Left Bronchi: Narrower, longer and
-surgery less straight, higher tendency for foreign object
Prevention: C. Lungs
-Not smoking -has 5 lobes= 3 for right, 2 for left
-Newborn Screening -almost entirely filled with air spaces

Respiratory System Additional notes:

Cilia: filters of nose
-passageway for gas entrance
Sinuses: moistens and heats air
(nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea & lungs)
Epiglottis: flap-like cartilage that covers
-Filtration, humidification & warming of air
windpipe while swallowing
before gas exchange in body
Alveoli: Tiny sacs that allow carbon dioxide,
oxygen to move faster; surface for gas exchange
2 DIVISIONS:
Oxygen is easily diffused and permeable: it can
1. Upper
pass through water
A. Nose
Inspiration (hindi yung crush mo ah): lungs
-Main entry for airflow
expand, diaphragm contracts
-Exit of Carbon dioxide
B. Pharynx (throat)
AIR FLOW:
-pathway for air and food
-nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
(divides Esophagus and larynx)
C. Larynx (voice box)
-Leads air in appropriate function
-used for speech

2. Lower
 -Awareness
3. Sinustis
-viral infection
-causes pain in forehead, between and under
eyes, even in the teeth
Causes:
Total Lung Capacity: -common cold, allergic rhinitis
-maximum amount of gas INHALED Treatment:
-avg for males: 6000 avg for females: 4200ml -nasal and oral decongestants
Vital Capacity: Prevention:
-Maximum amount of gas EXHALED -Keep sinuses moist (saline sprays, nasal
-80% of TLC lubricant sprays)
Residual Volume -Avoid very dry indoor environments
-Amount of gas left in lungs -Avoid exposure to irritants (e.g cigarrete
Tidal Volume smoke)
-Normal inhale of gas 4. Asthma (sino may asthma dito? HAHAHAHA)
V=( 16 π ) c 3 -spasms, inflammation and swelling of muscles
and airway lining
-narrowing of airway, difficult breathing,
RESPIRATORY DISEASES: wheezing, chest tightness, coughing
Causes:
1. Common Cold -Allergens
-Infectious disease of upper respiratory tract -Respiratory infections
-caused by >100 kinds of viruses Treatments:
Causes: -Oral or injected corticosteroids
-Bacteria Prevention:
-Allergic conditons (hay fever, asthma) -Avoid smoke, colds
Treatment: -allergy-proof your environment
-Bed rest 5. Emphysema
-Antibiotics -long term, progressive disease of the lungs
Prevention: -shortness of breaths due to over-inflation of
-Vitamin C alveoli (air sacs), excessive coughing
-Avoid crowded aread Causes:
-Strengthen immune system -Smoking, second-hand smoke
2. Cystic Fibrosis Treatment:
-thickened mucus -Bronchodilating medications
-genetic disease -Antibiotics, steroids
Causes: Prevention:
-Intaking drugs, alcohol while pregnant -Avoid smoke
Treatment: 6. Tuberculosis
-incurable, medication to relieve -Bacterial infection that can spread through the
discomfort/pain lymph nodes and bloodstream
Prevention: Causes:
-Pre-natal test -Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Treatments: -Avoid crowded areas
-Take medicine exactly as prescribed -Intake vitamins
Prevention:
-Strengthen immune system

7. Pneumonia
-inflammation of lungs cause by infection
-can be caused by chemical fumes
Causes:
-infection from bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, mycoplasma, fungi, protozoa
Treatments:
-Antibiotics, antiviral drugs
-Supportive treatment (buti pa yan supportive  ) to ease chest pain and coughing
Prevention:
-Healthy lifestyle, good hygiene
-not smoking
8. Allergic Rhinitis (allergies/hayfever)
-overreacts (like me lmao) to the particles in the air
Causes
-Allergens like pollen, dust and molds
Treatments:
-no cure, avoid allergens
-Take antihistamine and decongestant
Prevention:
-Clean house often
-Don’t smell flowers