TOPIC 1 DEFINITION OF the same set of rules in the language

system. While growing up, people acquire

COMMUNICATION the languages used by those in the
community. This is the process of
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
language acquisition. The languages
During the learning engagements, the acquired while growing up are known as
learners are able to: mother tongues, which may also be
referred to as first language. People
1. define what is communication; discover later on that other language are
needed various reasons. These other
2. identify and explain the various
languages may be referred to as second
communication modes and how they help
language. People learn these languages
in expressing one‘s communication intent;
by studying formally in school or informally
3. distinguish the difference between on their own. This is a process of
and among the communication modes; language learning.
and
4. use these communication modes
What is Communication?
appropriately depending on the context of
the communication situation. Communication as a term takes on
different contexts resulting in people
INTRODUCTION
having different views in communication
Communication can be defined as the types. Since communication is generally
process of transmitting information and defined as the exchange of thoughts,
common understanding from one person ideas, concepts and view between or
to another (Keyton, 2011). The word among two or more people. Context is the
communication is derived from the Latin circumstances or environment in which
word, ―communis”, which means communication takes place. Such
common. In our everyday living, for a circumstances may include the physical or
communication to be effectively actual setting, the value positions of a
transmitted, elements of communication speaker/listener, and the relevance or
must be present and these include appropriateness of a message conveyed.
a.)Speaker, b.)Message, c.) Receiver, It focuses on certain communication
d.)Channel, e.)Feedback, and f.) process and even groupings of people that
Communicative Situation. constitute a communication situation.
Different contexts can impact one‘s
What is Language? communication. Each communication type
Language is a wonderfully rich vehicle for is governed by a particular circumstance.
communication. It is a system of Hence, it is essential to pay attention and
conventional spoken, manual, or written interplay of factors surrounding the context
symbols by means of which human of communication which may be physical,
beings, as members of a social group and cultural, social, and psychological in
participants in its culture, express nature.
themselves. The functions of language
include communication, the expression of
identity, play, imaginative expression, and TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
emotional release. It has a system of rules ACCORDING TO MODE
(also known as grammar), a sound system
A message may be impart through these
(phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon).
types; verbal-non-verbal and visual. While
These are the requirements for identifying
communication is often thought of as
a means of communication as a language.
verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally
When people use language, they can
essential as it enhances one‘s message.
understand each other because they
belong to the same speech community. VERBAL-NON-VERBAL
They can understand each other becauseCOMMUNICATION
in their speech community, people share
 Effective communication calls for the size should be considered as well when
blending of these two types. One cannot preparing slide presentations or other
be separated from the other. For example, forms of visuals.
door-to-door sales persons who
demonstrate product knowledge can only
be effective if they know how to properly TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
punctuate what they say with proper ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
gestures and facial expressions. Their
communication with the customer begins In this sub-section, context in
upon greeting him/her with a welcoming communication is referred to as composite
smile then assessing customer needs and of people interacting with each other.
answering customer queries enhanced by Communication may also be classified
gestures and a friendly, happy and according to context: (1) intrapersonal; (2)
pleasant disposition. It is through this interpersonal
mode that sales pole with excellent
• INTRAPERSONAL
communication skills are able to provide
COMMUNICATION
the best information needed, by that
means convincing the client to patronize The Latin prefixes intra-means within or
their products. inside. Intrapersonal communication then
means talking to oneself. Some label it as
• VISUAL COMMUNICATION
self or inner talk, inner dialogue.
Visual communication, on the other hand, Psychologists call it with other names
is the type of communication that uses such as self-verbalization or self-
visuals to convey information and/or statement. Intrapersonal communication
messages. Some examples are signs, can be defined also as communication
symbol, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, with one‘s self, and that may include self-
diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or talk, acts of imagination and visualization,
illustrations, and even various forms of and even recall and memory (McLean,
electronic communication. 2005). You read on your phone that your
friends are going to have dinner at your
Visual communication now occupies an favorite restaurant. What comes to mind?
important place in any work environment. Sights, sounds, and scents? Something
For instance, during presentations, special that happened the last time you
instructors, managers, doctors, lawyers, were there? Do you contemplate joining
legislators and the like use visuals to them? Do you start to work out a plan of
transfer data into digestible information. getting from your present location to the
Very likely, they have greater success in restaurant? Do you send your friends a
catching the attention of the audience text asking if they want company? Until
making the latter easily recall the the moment when you hit the ―send‖
information. What makes visual button, you are communicating with
communication even more advantages is yourself. Communications expert Leonard
that it makes use of communication even Shedletsky examined intrapersonal
more advantages is that it makes use of communication through the eight basic
technology that provides apps components of the communication
(applications), videos and images that rely process (i.e., source, receiver, message,
less on the printed word making channel, feedback, environment, context,
presentations more interesting. This and interference) as transactional, but all
leaves a powerful effect on the audience the interaction occurs within the individual
and prospective clients. (Shedletsky, 1989). From planning to
Speakers/presenters should be mindful of problem solving, internal conflict
the content of their presentation since resolution, and evaluations and judgments
wrong and irrelevant information may lead of self and others, we communicate with
to miscommunication. Likewise, they ourselves through intrapersonal
should pay attention to graphic elements, communication. All this interaction takes
such as position, color, size, shape and place in the mind without externalization,
orientation as all these play an important
role in the presentation of slides. Audience
and all of it relies on previous interaction Communication; 2. Interpersonal
with the external world. Communication
• INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
TOPIC 2 THE PROCESS AND
ELEMENTS OF
Interpersonal communication can be
defined as communication between two COMMUNICATION
people, but the definition fails to capture
the essence of a relationship. This broad
definition is useful when we compare it to LEARNING OUTCOMES:
intrapersonal communication, or
communication with ourselves, as During the learning engagements, the
opposed to mass communication, or learners are able to:
communication with a large audience, but
it requires clarification. The developmental 1. identify the elements of
view of interpersonal communication communication in various texts; and
places emphasis on the relationship rather 2. illustrate the communication process.
than the size of the audience, and draws a
distinction between impersonal and
personal interactions. Family for many is
the first experience in interpersonal INTRODUCTION
relationships, but as we develop
Communication is to the organization as
professionally, our relationships at work
blood is to the body. The success of all the
may take on many of the attributes we
associate with family communication. We functions of management depends upon
look to each other with similar sibling the effective communication. In this case,
rivalries, competition for attention and the process and elements should be put in
resources, and support. The workplace consideration in order to communicate
and our peers can become as close, or effectively. The communication process is
closer, than our birth families, with similar a simple to complex process depending
challenges and rewards. To summarize, on the situation. The elements should also
interpersonal relationships are an be present in order to successfully make a
important part of the work environment. successful communication process.

SYNTHESIS Elements of Communication Process:

 Language is a system of Communication process involves
conventional spoken, manual, or written
elements like sender, receiver, encoding,
symbols by means of which human
decoding, channel/ media, voice and
beings, as members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express feedback. These elements are explained
themselves. below:

 Communication is defined as the 1. Sender - He is the person who

process of transmitting information and sends his ideas to another person. For
common understanding from one person example, if a manager wants to inform
to another. his subordinates about the introduction
of a new product, he is the sender.
 There are two types of
communication according to mode: 1. 2. Message - The idea, feeling,
Verbal and Non-verbal communication; 2. suggestion, guidelines, orders or any
Visual Communication content which is intended to be
communicated is message. For
 Two types of communication example, message is the introduction of
according to context: 1. Intrapersonal new product.
3. Encoding - It is the process of Communication process consists of
converting the idea, thinking or any following steps:
other component of message into
(i) The sender formulates the
symbols, words, actions, diagram etc.
message that he wants to convey to the
For example, message is connected in
receiver.
words and actions.
(ii) He encodes or translates his
4. Media - It is the medium, passage
message. He may take the help of
or route through which encoded
symbols, words, actions, diagrams,
message is passed by the sender to the
pictures etc.
receiver. There can be various forms of
media-face to face communication, (iii) He selects an appropriate channel
letters, radio, television, e-mail etc. For or medium through which the message is
example manager inform about the to be transmitted. It can be face to face
introduction of a new product in a communication, letters, radio, television,
meeting through presentation. e-mail etc.
5. Decoding - It means translating (iv)The message is received by the
the encoded message into language receiver.
understandable by the receiver.
(v) Received message is decoded by the
6. Receiver - He is the person to receiver so that the receiver can draw
whom the message has been sent. For the meaning of the message.
example, subordinates are receivers.
(vi)The receiver sends his response to
7. Feedback - It is the response by the sender. In case of any confusion, the
the receiver. It marks the completion of same is conveyed and necessary
the communication process. clarification sought.
8. Noise - It is the hindrance in the
process of communication. It can take
SYNTHESIS
place at any step in the entire process.
It reduces the accuracy of  Communication follows a process.
communication e.g. 1) Disturbance in
the telephone lines, 2) An inattentive  There are 8 elements of
receiver 3) Improper Decoding of communication: 1. Sender; 2. Message;
Message etc. 3. Encoding; 4. Media; 5. Decoding;
5. Receiver; 7. Feedback; 8. Noise.

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

TOPIC 3 PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the
learners are able to:
1. identify and explain each of the
different principles of communication; and
2. exhibit effective communication
through application of communication
principles.
INTRODUCTION
In communication, there are set of rules or 5. Work on the feedback given to
guidelines which are necessary to be you. Once you receive comments from the
followed in order to ensure effectiveness listeners/readers, work on them. Take
and proper communication. Any person kindly to criticisms. In the long run,
which fails to meet or consider these constructive criticisms will prove beneficial
principles will likely to fail as a speaker or to you as you learn to address them.
writer. There principles are also critical in
communicating as it completes everything PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL
about communication. COMMUNICATION
1. Be clear with your purpose. You
should know by heart your objective in
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE communicating.
COMMUNICATION
2. Be complete with the message you
Since communication is a two-way deliver. Make sure that your claims are
process, it is significant that you know the supported by facts and essential
principles to be observed to make it information.
effective. For both oral and written
communication, one should be able to 3. Be concise. You do not need to be
apply the following principles: verbose or wordy with your statements.
Brevity in a speech is a must.
1. Know your purpose in
4. Be natural with your delivery.
communicating. Are you communicating
Punctuate important words with the
basically to inform, to entertain, or to
appropriate gestures and movements.
persuade? While you may have more than
Exude a certain degree of confidence
one purpose, there is still a more
even if you do not feel confident enough.
dominant objective or reason why you
communicate. 5. Be specific and timely with your
feedback. Inputs are most helpful when
2. Know your audience. In both
provided on time.
speaking and writing, you should know
your audience as it will dictate the SYNTHESIS
speaking or writing style you are going to
employ. Consider the age, educational  Principles are consideration in the
background, profession, culture, and other communication process.
salient features of your listeners or  These principles will ensure
readers. effectiveness along the communication
3. Know your topic. You communicate process.
essentially because you want to share
something. In speaking situations,
TOPIC 4 ETHICS IN
speakers are invited because they have COMMUNICATION
something to share. This also applies to
writing. You write because you wish that Learning Outcomes:
other people learn something from you.
You may then utilize several or multiple During the learning engagements, the
communication techniques to easily catch learners are able to:
the attention of the audience.
1. identify and explain the different ethics
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the in communication; and
context of the situation. The environment
in which your speech or writing is to be 2. apply these ethics in real life situations.
delivered determines the kind of language
you will use. INTRODUCTION
Ethics is defined as a set of rules or supported by factual material such as
guidelines; these are theories as to which research data and figures. The words
is right or wrong. In communication, ethics used as well as the sentence structure
is considerable important because it can be interpreted univocally. Nothing is
would likely guide everyone to effective left to the imagination.
communication. Theses ethical principles
are universal in the sense that all people Courtesy
should consider these things because of
their vitality in the communication process In addition to considering the feelings and
and effectiveness. points of view of the target group, it is also
important to approach the audience in a
Communication ethics emphasizes that friendly and courteous manner. Use of
morals influence the behavior of an terms that show respect for the receiver
individual, group, or organization thereby contribute towards effective
affecting their communication. For communication. The same goes for the
instance, given the unethical manner in which you address someone.
communication practice of a certain Not everyone will be charmed if you use a
company of concealing the non- familiar form of address and use of a
remittance of deducted premiums from formal address could come across as too
employees‘ salaries to the SSS or the distant. By using the word ‗they‘ a larger
Social Security System (or GSIS or audience is immediately addressed.
Government Service Insurance System in
the case of government offices), the Correctness
company‘s accountability to its employees
is undoubtedly affected. Compare this A correct use of language has the
situation with that of an organization that preference. In written business
observes ethical practice and remits the communication, grammatical errors must
employees‘ monthly contributions to the be avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong
SSS or GSIS regularly. It is important to use of verbs are not sufficient either in
note that one‘s behavior should be verbal communication. A correct use of
regulated by honesty, decency, language increases trustworthiness and
truthfulness, sincerity, and moral the receiver will feel that they are taken
uprightness. seriously.

Clarity

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF Clear or plain language is characterized

COMMUNICATION by explicitness, short sentences and
concrete words. Fuzzy language is
Completeness absolutely forbidden, as are formal
language and cliché expressions. By
The message must be complete and avoiding parentheses and keeping to the
geared to the receiver‘s perception of the point, the receiver will get a clear picture
world. The message must be based on of the content of the message. Briefly-
facts and a complex message needs worded information emphasizes the
additional information and / or essence of the message. Coherence
explanation. A good subdivision of means the connection of ideas at the idea
subjects will clarify the message as a level, and cohesion means the connection
result of which there will be a complete of ideas at the sentence level.
overview of what is said.
Consideration
Concreteness
Communicating with the target group
Concrete business communication is also (Consideration). In order to communicate
about a clear message. This is often well, it is important to relate to the target
group and be involved. By taking the or synthetic speech. Communication
audience into account, the message can generally draws on multiple modes, such
be geared towards them. Factors that play as vocalization, speech, gesture and
a role in this are for example: professional symbols, and is referred to as multimodal.
knowledge, level of education, age and Mode is a term used to describe the way
interests. something is done or experienced. When
we use the phrase mode of
Conciseness communication, we are describing the
way communication is expressed. In other
A message is clear when the storyline is
words, we are discussing the method of
consistent and when this does not contain
communication.
any inconsistencies. When facts are
mentioned, it is important that there is Module Objectives:
consistent, supporting information.
Systematically implementing a certain • Familiarize the three-common
statement or notation also contributes to model of communication.
clear business communication. When • Understand the 5 major forms of
statements are varied, they will confuse
communication.
the receiver.
• Analyze and give deeper
Observing a code of ethics is essential as knowledge about the major types of
it determines the kind of behavior that is communication and its traditional modes
proper and desirable over one that is of communication.
displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics
sets the standards to be observed by a TOPIC 1 FORMS OF
person or a company that will create a
good reputation or a positive image not COMMUNICATION
only for an individual but also for the LEARNING OUTCOMES:
organization. It will, therefore, pave the
way for the attainment of the desired During the learning engagements, the
results leading to the success of an learners are able to:
individual or the entire company. Success
in decision-making will likewise impact the 1. identify the various communication
company‘s reputation. modes and explain how they help in
expressing ones communicative intent;
SYNTHESIS and
2. use these communication modes
 Ethics is he set of rules and
appropriately depending on the context of
guidelines.
communication situation.
 Theses ethics that are to be 3 COMMON MODELS OF
followed are the 7 c‘s. COMMUNICATION

MODULE 2 MODES OF 1. Aristotle Model of Communication

COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION:

The medium or channel through which

communicative intent is expressed.
Typical communication modes include
natural speech, facial expression and
gesture. Exceptional communication
modes include the use of graphic symbols
The Aristotle model primarily focused on These are the 3 communications that are
the speaker and its speech. It can be commonly used and can be easily
divided into 5 primary elements; the illustrated with the commonalities and
Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, differences of each model and the
and Effect. This type of communication no elements involved. Furthermore, it can be
longer requires the feedback of the understood that each models varies from
each communication process. In
Audience but rather on the delivery of the
summary, Aristotle Model is a linear model
speaker. Hence, it is a speaker centered
of communication as it does not requires
model as the speaker plays an important the feedback of the audience and focuses
role in communicating on the speaker itself. Shannon Weaver on
2. Shannon-Weaver Model the other hand, caters more on the
telephonic communication process. And
lastly, the Schramm‘s model may occur in
any instances or situations, either face to
face or technology mediated.

MAJOR FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

There are 5 forms of communication:
1. Intrapersonal Communication -
As Claude Elwood Shannon was an
communication happens within the
engineer, this model was purposely done
person. Hence, there is no feedback
to improve technical communication more and/or feedbacks are not interrupted.
particularly the telephonic communication
through the use of mathematical equation Example: A person can communicate
and minimizing the noise barrier. It was himself through praying.
later on when Warren Weaver applied it 2. Interpersonal Communication-
for effective communication. Now, it communication happens between a group
popularly known as Shannon Weaver of persons.
Communication Model also called as
Information Theory also called information Example: Ana is talking to Mrs.
theory and is used in academic arena to Maricar with regards to the school
requirements.
calculate transmission through machines
and also has a formula. 3. Dyadic Communication -
communication happens between two
3. Schramm’s Model persons. Either way, the source become
the receiver and vice versa because of the
dynamic and spontaneous flow of
discourse. One of the best examples of
dyadic communication is between a
patient and a doctor.
4. Small Group Communication - this
communication usually happen in an
organizational communization and
involves more than two individuals. The
Schramm‘s model of communication information coming from the source down
posits that knowledge plays a crucial role to the receiver and vice versa. There is a
on the communication process. This could continuous sending and receiving of
simply be interpreted that communication feedbacks.
varies from knowledge, cultural, and
educational background. Hence, the 5. Public Communication - this
message can be interpreted different from communication is a one way type model of
others. communication as it no longer requires the
feedback of the receiver or the audience. body language, facial expressions, sign
The message of the speaker will be sent language and so forth.
to a huge number of audiences. For
instance, public speaking like the State of However, as the world becomes more
the Nation Address (SONA) of the advanced, our means of communications
president. changes. Whilst the traditional modes of
communication remain the same, various
6. Mass Communication - this communication modes arose and became
involves a large number of people and not just the trend but become essential in
requires a tool to help disseminating the exchanging information. Communication
information. This also no longer requires mode refers to the channel through which
feedback from the audience to the source. one express his/her communicative intent.
For instance, television news and It is the medium through which one
advertisement. But in mass conveys his/her thoughts. Views or feeling
communication, there is no direct access can be communicated through faceto-face
with the receiver. For that they need media interaction, video or audio. The mode may
like Newspaper, Radio, Television and also be text-based.
Internet. The audience feedback is very
less or delayed. The most common of all these modes is
the face-to-face interaction. It is an
When the message you convey are not informal or casual conversation between
communicated properly and felt guilty of two or more people. People engage in
not conveying the message as it wants to social conversations to establish
be conveyed feels worse. It is because the relationships or maintain them. It is one
effective communication is being hindered way of gaining new acquaintances or
by noise or in other reference, barriers. friends. How to speak, what to speak,
Some of the barriers that obstructs when to speak and to whom one is
effective communication include noise, speaking are all important considerations
inappropriate medium, assumptions, in building relationships
emotion, and use of jargons or technical
terms, and poor listening skills. These TRADITIONAL MODES OF
barriers are categorized into five. Physical, COMMUNICATION
Psychological, Cultural, Language Used, Face-to-face communication is the most
and Personal. common and widely used mode of
communicating. This includes casual
conversation between two or more people
MAJOR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION and business meetings. Face-to-face is a
very easy communication style that
Communication is a natural phenomenon everyone has experienced. It requires no
that occurs between a person and group extra materials, making this the cheapest
of person and purposely interacting and option for communication. It is also instant,
exchanging ideas. Do you know that even and you get the benefit of visual cues from
if you do not utter a word, you are still the person or people to whom you are
communicating? Generally, there are two communicating. One advantage is face-to-
types of communication mainly the face interaction is that aside from directly
VERBAL COMMUNICATION and hearing in the message being conveyed,
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION. you are able to note nonverbal cues
Simply, verbal communication is a form of through facial expressions, gestures,
communication in which it uses words to movement or even objects or realize form
interchange the information with other the person you are communicating with.
people either in the form of speech or
writing. Meanwhile, nonverbal TOPIC 2 COMMUNICATION
communication, does not use words for AND TECHNOLOGY
communicating anything, but some other
modes are used, i.e. where LEARNING OUTCOMES:
communication takes place by way of
unspoken or unwritten messages such as
During the learning engagements, the pitch of the voice which may indicate the
learners are able to: feeling or mood of the speaker or listener.
1. identify the positive and negative The last mode is text-based
dimensions of the use of technology in communication. Although it can be linked
communication; and or traced back to the traditional mode of
communication, however, because of the
2. deliver a message for a variety of evolution of our communication we
audiences using the most appropriate learned to adapt and integrate it to our
technological tool daily living to address such necessities.
Like e-mail, text messaging and instant
messaging and social networking site
such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram
likewise offer text-based interaction. Text
MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
communication includes Internet
In contrary to face-to-face communication, communication, such as email, instant
Mediated Communication refers to a messaging and forums, text messaging
communications that happens using the and printed papers. Text communication
technological tools of Information and does not have the benefits of audio and
Communication Technology as a mode of video, but it is much easier to distribute
exchanging information to one person or information to a large group of people and
another. These include the following; save records of the communication.

Video communication is achieved by using COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MDEIA

Web cameras to connect two or more
In the past there are various modes
parties. This is the nextbest
through which we communicate. These
communication option after face-to-face,
modes took the form of hand written
as you get most of the same benefits.
messages, type written messages, short
However, there is always the possibility of
telegrams, computer encoded text, as well
bad connections or other technical issues
as the audio and video conversations.
that hinder the communication. If there are
Each mode of communication is distinct
no technical glitches encountered, this
form the other, the ways in which you craft
could be very effective mode of
our messages differ.
communication especially for people
separated by distance. For example, you Now people can use email, social media,
may engage in a conversation via Skype chat messengers, video conferencing,
with you loved ones especially during video calls, images, videos, symbols,
significant, meaningful or memorable diagrams, charts, and emoticons, etc. for
occasions. This is a convenient the communication. Many things are
communication mode for people how want wasting our time and we‘re becoming
to reach-out to each other despite more busy than productive. The debates,
distance. questions, viral communications are not
achieving the desired results and
Audio Communication is a voice-only form
conclusions. There are even newer topics
of communication, such as a conversation
to communicate the next day and we start
on a telephone. This is a good instant
looking for the next conclusions.
communication tool if you catch the
person instead of getting an answering If we follow good communication skills we
machine or voice mail, but it does not can use many tools and platform for
have the benefit of allowing you to see the research and development of nature
other person. It is also more difficult to including a synergistic development of
include more than two parties. An obvious humans, our environment and natural
down side of this mode is not being able to sources. Technology has affected
see the body language or cues of the communication tremendously, but it is
person you are talking to. However, if entirely dependent on us how we use it.
good listening skills is applied, one may
detect the tone and rising of intonation or Today with the rapid rise and spread of
internet connectivity, they old forms of
communication have given way to new knows its customer and discovers
forms that make communication easier opportunities to serve them more
and faster. The emergence of social media effectively through personal interactions.
has created a new avenue for facilitating
daily information and communication When the message you convey are not
needs. As technology grows and expands communicated properly and felt guilty of
our range of communication, social media not conveying the message as it wants to
is becoming a vital tool for daily social be conveyed feels worse. It is because the
interaction. It creates opportunity for effective communication is being hindered
people to interact with each other in a way by noise or in other reference, barriers.
that is both helpful and essential to Some of the barriers that obstructs
socially motivate people. The rapid fire effective communication include noise,
quick communication style that captivates inappropriate medium, assumptions,
the millennial and other generation has emotion, and use of jargons or technical
shifted our conversations from ‗face-to- terms, and poor listening skills. These
face‘ instances to ‗through –the-screen‘ barriers are categorized into five. Physical,
ones. Psychological, Cultural, Language Used,
and Personal.
Social media and online communication is
believed to be having adverse effect on
social skills and communication among 5 CATEGORIES OF BARRIERS
adolescents. When social media did not
exist and social communication and Physical Barrier- this barrier includes the
interaction were the only way of defects in media or the medium for
communication. In the era of technology, communication, environment or
social media interactions now dominates geographical location, and physical
both online and offline conversations. In a disability like in hearing, vision, or
society where interacting and over-sharing speaking.
is the norm, you are probably more likely
Psychological Barrier- it is the
to speak to friends and family through
manifestations of human behavior and
electronic devices than face-to-face. As
attitude when communicating. These are
more generations are born into the social
emotions, past experiences or trauma,
age, social media will continue to be the
lacks retention of attention or simply
favored communication form among
inattentive, status, and temperament.
young people.
Cultural Barrier- include the age and
Being able to reach customers, co-
gender of the person, educational
workers and vendors quickly helps
background, economic status quo,
improve the efficiency of any business
popularity, religion, political views, and
operation. Mobile technology makes it
ethics.
easy to get or to keep contact information
in a mobile device. You can reach out with Language Used- as the word posits, it
questions or updates from anywhere. For refers to the contributory factor of the
example, a manager in the field trying to diverse language across the world, dialect,
determine why an order hasn't arrived can and even its accent or the way the word is
quickly contact his office, supplier and uttered. Nonetheless, colloquial term adds
delivery courier within a few minutes from the situation.
the offsite location.
Personal Barrier- refers to the poor
Furthermore, technology has reduced the listening skills, egoistic, interpersonal trust,
amount of face-to-face interaction or the and ability to communicate effectively.
number of actual telephone conversations
that people have. It is much easier to send For us to be a good communicator, one
a quick text rather than to engage in a must develop the effective
phone call. Although this efficiency is communications and be able to identify
certainly a benefit, there is value to the the barriers in communication. Thus,
chit-chat that's now becoming lost. identifying the purpose of the message
Relationships are built when a business and target audience will give a solid
framework and will determine the success Communication examines the basic
of the communication. However, this elements of interpersonal communication
cannot be done in just one try, constant and culture as the two relate to one
practice and developing good another. Emphasis is given to the
communications skills will improve the way influence of culture on the interpretation of
we convey the message to and equip us the communication act and to the
to converse with the people surrounding communication skills that enhances cross-
us without any interferences or cultural communication. Communication
misunderstanding to both parties. requires the ability to understand
language, but just think about how much
“Communication may be broadly defined of your communication with even you
as the process of meaningful interaction friends is nonverbal: our body language,
among human beings. More specifically, it our attitude, the rituals from hand-shaking
is the process by which meanings are to the stink eye. Some researchers
perceived and understandings are estimate that up to 93% of all human
reached among human beings.” (D.E. communication is nonverbal, although
McFarland, 1994) according to recent studies, it is actually
SYNTHESIS closer to 60%.

Communication - simply the act of It provides several commonly accepted

transferring information from one place, academic and applied definitions to clarify
person or group to another. this concept and process. The term
―intercultural communication‖, represent
Face-to-face Communication – the broad ideas that are difficult to express in
communication of a two or a group of just one way. Thus, we present several
people in the same place and time. working definitions as starting points for
exploring this topic.
Video Communication - is a live, visual
connection between two or more people Intercultural communication refers to the
residing in separate locations for the communication between people from two
purpose of communication. different cultures. (Chen & Starosta,
1998:28). It is a symbolic, interpretive,
Audio Communication - is passing
transactional, contextual process, in which
information as in the form of sound and
people create shared meanings. (Lustig &
visual component.
Koester, 2007:46). It also refers to the
Dyadic Communication - is effects on communication behavior, when
communication between two people or different cultures interact together. Hence,
creatures. one way of viewing intercultural
communication is as communication that
Small Group Communication - small unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces.
groups consists of three or more people (Arasaratnam, 2013:48).
who share a common goal and
communicate collectively to achieve it. Intercultural communication is the verbal
and nonverbal interaction between people
Public Communication - engage in from different cultural backgrounds.
dialogue in the public sphere in order to Basically, ―inter-‖ is a prefix that means
deliver a message to a specific audience. ―between‖ and ―cultural‖ means from a
Mass Communication – is the broadcast culture, so intercultural communication is
of unanswerable voice to a large the communication between cultures.
audience. Sometimes this is used to describe a
single person trying to interact in a foreign
MODULE 3 environment but more often, it is a two-
way street, where people from both
INTERCULTURAL cultures are trying to improve their
COMMUNICATION communication. It is important to
understand intercultural communication
INTRODUCTION because it allows us for positive and
productive interaction. Intercultural
communication refers to the effective prejudice, negative
communication between people/ workers/ stereotyping, ethnocentrism;
clients of different cultural background. It • Recognize and identify co-cultures;
also includes managing thought patterns • Analyze intercultural interactions
and nonverbal communication. and evaluate situations using intercultural
communication skills;
Still, that means that more than half of • Understand cultural and global flow
communication is never spoken. So, of information.
intercultural communication is going to
take a lot more than just learning a
language. It describes the wide range of TOPIC 1 COMMUNICATION
communication processes and problems AND GLOBALIZATION
that naturally appears within an
organization or social context made up of
individuals from different religious, social,
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
ethnic, and educational backgrounds. It
this sense it seeks to understand how During the learning engagements, the
people from different countries and learners are able to:
cultures act, communicate and perceived
the world around them. 1. define and identify elements of
interpersonal communication, culture,
Intercultural communication plays a role in cultural systems and global
social sciences such as anthropology, communication;
cultural studies, linguistics, psychology 2. explain how cultural and global issues
and communication studies. It also affect communication; and
referred to as the base of international 3. Present ideas on the impact of
businesses. Several cross-cultural communication on society and the
services providers assist with the world.
development of intercultural
communication skills, in a way the As technology advances, the world is
―interaction with speakers of other getting smaller. Today we are able to
languages of equal terms and respecting communicate with people across the globe
their identities‖. at the touch of a button. While
globalization, or communication between
Identity and culture are also studies within nations beyond their borders, is an old
the discipline of communication to analyze concept, with the onset of new technology
how globalization influences ways of globalization is affecting the ways we
thinking, beliefs, values, and identity, communicate and learn in fascinating
within and between cultural environments. ways. We are expanding our
Language is an important example of a understanding of fellowship and as we
cultural component that is linked to become more connected, we are
intercultural understanding. deepening our educational experiences.
The rise in the use of the internet in
Module Objectives:
particular has been incredibly instrumental
• Define and identify elements of in improving the ways in which we connect
interpersonal communication, culture, with one another.
cultural systems and global
Because of technologies like the internet,
communication;
we have the opportunity to view diverse
• Explain how cultural and global
perspectives that overlooks outside of our
issues affect communication;
scope before. We are able to fully connect
• Present ideas on the impact of
with someone who is thousands of miles
communication on society and the world;
away in real time and the effects are
• Compare and contrast cultures‘
profound.
values, beliefs, perceptions, and
communication styles; The Effects of Globalization on Global
• Recognize negative Communication
perception: racism,
• Increased Business Opportunities
Many companies today hire employees commonplace, where employees from
that are located in other countries. Using developing countries work with companies
communication vehicles such as video in North America or Europe, providing
calling make it simple to converse with administrative support and other business
colleagues across the globe, almost services that can easily be conducted over
making it feel as if they are in the same the phone or via the internet
room. Technology also makes it easier to
connect with suppliers and customers all
over the world, and to streamline
relationship through improved ordering,
shipment tracking and so on. With this
kind of communication technology, many
businesses are able to take advantage of
opportunities in different countries or
cities, improving the economic outlook on
a global level. Why do we need to study this?
The transmission of the message from
sender to recipient can be affected by a lot
• Fewer Cultural Barriers
of factors. These include cultural situation,
Many people perceive culture to be the the medium used to communicate, and
root of communication challenges. When even our location. However, because of
people from two different cultures try to globalization, communication goes well
exchange information, the way they and easy. These topics made the students
speak, their body language or their aware of the following:
mannerisms can be interpreted differently
by the other person. The way people
approach problems and how they • Globalization and global
participate in communities is all influenced communication have made it easier to see
by culture. people on the other side of the world as a
neighbor, instead of a stranger from a
Globalization has made it possible, for
faraway land. There is so much
example, for someone in Japan to
knowledge about other countries and
understand how someone in the U.S. goes
cultures available online that it‘s no longer
about their day. With television and
a complete mystery.
movies, cultural barriers are becoming
• Some effects of globalization to
less prevalent. Being able to communicate
global communication are having or
effectively and frequently with colleagues
increased business opportunities, fewer
or friends across the planet helps people
cultural barriers as well as creating a
understand each other‘s cultures a little
global village or making the world or the
better.
community connected with the use of
Creation of a Global Village technology.
You‘ve likely heard of the phrase "global Key Terms:
village," coined by theorist Marshall • Globalization-the process of
McLuhan. Affected both by globalization interaction and integration among people,
and global communication, the global companies and governments worldwide.
village is created when distance and • Global village-refer to the world
isolation no longer matter because people emphasize that all the different parts of the
are connected by technology. Wide- world form one community linked together
spread telephone and internet access by electronic communications, especially
have been life-changing for many people the internet.
across the world, especially those in • Cultural barriers- when people of
developing countries. Many are now different cultures are unable to understand
enrolling in universities across the world
each others‘ customs, resulting in
without having to leave their desk chair.
inconveniences and difficulties.
Virtual assistant jobs are becoming
 can involve many different layers, as
translators, news, editors and
TOPIC 2 LOCAL AND commentators each interpret the
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION message differently before passing it on
to the intended audiences.
IN MULTICULTURAL
SETTING LOCAL AND GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES: It is the way on how we communicate to
During the learning engagements, the other. By using our own languages and
learners are able to: an English language, we can make a
conversation locally or globally. The main
1. demonstrate an awareness of the purpose of this is to have an idea on how
reality of cultural diversity through can we apply what we learned from them
identification of known dialects and for ourselves and for our community. It
languages; and can also be the way for our country to
2. explain how cultural diversity have sufficient knowledge to make it
affects effective communications. more outstanding.

Multiculturalism refers to the presence of Local communication means data

people with several cultures in a specific transferred directly from the gateway to
setting. It is the coexistence of diverse bluz DK, without going through the
cultures, where culture includes racial, Particle cloud. Local communication can
religious, or cultural groups and is be used for a lot of tasks that don't
manifested in customary behaviors, require the cloud.
cultural assumptions and values,
patterns of thinking, and communicative Multicultural education refers to any form
styles. of education or teaching that
incorporates the histories, texts, values,
The world today is characterized by ever beliefs, and perspectives of people from
growing compacts resulting in different cultural backgrounds
communication between people with The study of global communication is an
different linguistic and cultural interdisciplinary field focusing on global
background. communication, or the ways that people
One of the most common forms of global connect, share, relate and mobilize
communication is an email. A person in across geographic, political, economic,
one country types a message and clicks social and cultural divides.
the send button. The message is then
encoded into packets which are sent COMMUNICATING ACROSS
across the internet to the recipient. In CULTURES
another country, the receiver logs in and Communicating across cultures is
decodes the message by opening the challenging. Each culture has set rules
email, and retrieves the message. that its members take for granted. Few of
Global communication becomes more us are aware of our own cultural biases
complicated when there are multiple because cultural imprinting is begun at a
recipients from different cultures with very early age. And while some of
different languages all receiving the culture‘s knowledge, rules, beliefs,
same message, as well as when there values, phobias, and anxieties are taught
are more layers added to the channel. explicitly, most of the information is
For example, if a world leader makes a absorbed subconsciously.
speech broadcast across the globe, The challenge for multinational
people from one region may rejoice at communication has never been greater.
the news, while others may find it Worldwide business organizations have
offensive. In this case, the channel itself discovered that intercultural
communication is a subject importance when interacting with people from other
not just because of increased cultures.
globalization, but also because their Multicultural refers to a society that
domestic workforce is growing more and contains several cultural or ethnic
more diverse. Intercultural groups. People live alongside one
communication another, but each cultural group does not
- is a discipline that studies necessarily have engaging interactions
communication across different cultures with each other. For example, in a
and social groups, or how culture affects multicultural neighborhood people may
communication. It describes the wide frequent ethnic grocery stores and
range of communication processes and restaurants without really interacting with
problems that naturally appear within an their neighbors from other countries.
organization or social context made up of Cross-cultural (Intercultural) refers to the
individuals from different religious, social, comparison of different cultures. In
ethnic, and educational backgrounds. In cross-cultural communication,
this sense it seeks to understand how differences are understood and
people from different countries and acknowledged, and can bring about
cultures act, communicate and perceive individual change, but not collective
the world around them. transformations. In cross-cultural
societies, one culture is often considered
CULTURES ―the norm‖ and all other cultures are
-A culture is the system of knowledge, compared or contrasted.
beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and
artifacts that are acquired shared, and
used by its members during daily living.  Global communication becomes
more complicated when there are multiple
Table 2. Cultures and Co-Cultures
recipients from different cultures with
CO- CULTURES
different languages all receiving the same
- Within a culture as a whole are co- message, as well as when there are more
cultures, these are composed of layers added to the channel.
members of the same general culture
who differ in some ethnic or sociological  Local communication means data
way from the parent culture. transferred directly from the gateway to
bluz DK, without going through the Particle
cloud. Local communication can be used
BARRIERS TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL for a lot of tasks that don't require the
COMMUNICATION cloud.
IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS  Local and global communication in
multicultural settings help me realize that
Some of the barriers to effective miscommunication is essential to enhance
communication are language, medium of our ability to communicate and effectively
communication, personality and culture. accept and embrace across country
Culture became barrier to an effective cultures. And it made me realize also the
communication when a person has importance of cross-culture in
different language bearing, and they globalization business opportunities, job
have different interpretation to such opportunities, sharing of views and ideas,
words. talent improvisation and understanding of
diverse market.
What is the difference between
 To enhance our ability to
multicultural and cross-cultural or communicate and effectively accept and
Intercultural? embrace across country cultures;
While they all might be under the same
roof, they describe entirely different  To make realize the importance of
rooms. The differences in the meanings cross-culture in globalization business
have to do with the perspectives we take opportunities, job opportunities, sharing of
views and ideas, talent improvisation and CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN
understanding of communication. LANGUAGE
Permanence - means when students write
something they already set in their mind to
TOPIC 3 VARIETIES AND be done in one session. They don‘t think
REGISTERS OF SPOKEN that they can edit or revised their written to
be better because students think their
AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE written is subject to permanence. In this
LEARNING OUTCOMES: case teacher perhaps notice all of
students that they just write everything
During the learning engagements, the that comes in their written.
learners are able to:
Production time - this part plays a crucial
1. explain the importance of using issue for the agents. In this part, students
appropriate varieties and registers of will think about the deadline. The possible
language in certain communication case in here is the students will just only
context; focus on the deadline and would resort to
not give importance on the content itself.
2. explain the Variety and Register of As the result, their written work will not be
Oral and Written Language; and maximized and or to be improved.
3. explain the differences between Moreover this is a job for the teachers to
Spoken and Written Language. push students to think about the process
of learning rather than the result itself.

According to an article written by Gleaner, Distance - having a relationship with the

we have six language registers: formal, audience anticipation. Before students
casual, intimate, private, frozen and start to write, they have to know who will
consultative. These registers can be use be the audience to read their output.
depending on the situation and people we Orthography - this part is talk about the
encounter. It is essential to use technical of appearance. After writer
appropriate varieties and registers of consider about the word, phrase and
language in certain communication sentence that they will use students also
context because in different situations and consider about the front, size and also the
people call for different registers. It shows picture. All appearance has to connect
the level of formality and informality of the with the topic and target of the reader.
language used. When we use appropriate
varieties and register of language we‘re Complexity - this is talk about the
showing respect, interest, sentence whether students use simple
comfortableness and professionalism. sentence combine or complex sentence.
We as a teacher will know the students‘
However, we have different approach in progress of learning. And for the academic
language register when it comes to face- writing, students should provide reference.
to-face conversation and in written mode.
We characterized face-to-face Vocabulary - talk about word richness we
conversation as multi-modality because (teacher) can see what a new vocabulary
we can use different registers and we that they already acquired.
considered the status, position or the way
of living of the person we‘re Formality - this is complex convention for
communicating with in order to know when academic writing (describe, explain,
and where to use or drop the formality. compare, criticize, argue, etc). If the writer
While in writing a paper we commonly use creates academic writing it means the
the formal register since the construction product have to formal. Because of that
of sentences, correction of grammar and the language that they use has to formal
appropriate using of words really matter. and polite. The front or size has to
consistent with the guideline that they use
(APA style, MLA etc).
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOKEN  Usually transient unless recorded
LANGUAGE and speakers can correct themselves and
change their utterances as they go along.
1. VARIATION IN SPEED
 Speech is usually used for
2. LOUDNESS OR QUIETNESS immediate interactions.
3. GESTURES  Speech can us timing, tone,
4. INTONATION volume and tremble to add emotional
context.
5. STRESS
 Some types of vocabulary are
6. RHYTHM used only or mainly speech. These include
slang expressions, and tags like y’know,
7. PITCH RANGE
like, etc.
8. PAUSING AND PHRASING

THE FIVE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE

REGISTER IN WRITING
FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN Is appropriate for professional writing and

AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE letters to a boss or stranger.

WRITTEN:  Cannot instead of can‘t

 Tends to be more complex and  Have not instead of haven‘t

intricate than speech with longer
 Will not instead of won‘t
sentences and many subordinate clauses.
The punctuation and layout of written text EXAMPLE: business letters,
also have no spoken equivalent. announcement, professional emails, some
essay, letters complaint.
 Usually permanent and written
texts cannot usually be changed once they
have been printed/written out
INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER
 Written text can communicate
across time and space for as long as the Is conversational and appropriate when
particular language and writing system is writing to friends and people you very well.
still understood.  They‘ve been fighting all day
 Writers can make use of  He‘s very busy
punctuation, headings, layouts, colors and
other graphical effects in their written  We feel that the target in
texts. unrealistic
 Some grammatical constructions  I planned many different
are only used in writing as are some kinds
of vocabulary such as some complex EXAMPLE: short notes diaries and
chemical and legal terms. journals

SPOKEN:
 Tends to be full or repetitions, NEUTRAL LANGUAGE REGISTER
incomplete sentences, corrections and Is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is
interruptions with the exception of formal most appropriate for technical writing
speeches and other scripted fors of
speech such as news reports and scripts ―Definition of register and varieties of
for plays and films. spoken and the written language‖
Register TOPIC 4 EXPLORING TEXTS
Is a subset of language as defined by REFLECTING DIFFERENT
purpose and setting.
CULTURES
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Varieties
During the learning engagements, the
A variety also called ―lect‖ is a specific learners are able to:
form of language cluster. This may include
1. recognize the different types of
Languages, Dialects, registers, style or
texts being shown in and by different
other forms of language, as well as
cultures; and
―Standard Variety‖ Varieties of the
Philippines 2. evaluate texts reflecting or
depicting cultural differences.
a. Cebuano
A “text” isn‘t limited to something written
b. Waray-waray
down. A text can be a film, an artifact,
c. Ilocano anything in a language and culture that
conveys meaning. Think about the text
d. Kapampangan that you use in your language classroom:
e. Hiligaynon what‘s in the textbook? What do you read
in class or even at home? How do you
describe the classroom, its design? Why
do you think the chairs are placed facing
the tables? Those questions, with its finite
answer would tell you that there are texts
that are reflection of one‘s own culture.
Types of Register
Text can be categorized into the following
A. Frozen - is a language that never groups:
changes. (Ex. Panatang Makabayan).
• Created texts: Texts authored by
B. Formal - Standard English.(Ex. non-native speakers for non-native
Speeches or School Lessons) speakers to achieve predetermined
curricular goals.
C. Consultative - Less formal
standard English.(Ex. Newscasting) • Semi-authentic texts: Texts created
by native and/or non-native speaker,
D. Casual - Language between
based on original language materials, but
Friends (Ex. Vernacular speech)
adapted to fit curricular needs.
• Authentic texts: Texts created by
native speakers for native speakers for
consumption in a native environment.
Intimate - language between lovers or
other close family or friends. Cultural texts are those objects, actions,
and behaviors that reveal cultural
Spoken Language meanings. A photo is an image, but is also
a cultural text, a picture with cultural
Is a language produced by articulate
information beyond just the picture itself.
sounds, an oral language is a produced
Food and clothing also suggest cultural
with vocal tract. It tends to convey
information, and it doesn‘t stop there. The
subjective information.
entire place and space, all of the people
Written Language and interaction, all of the rituals and rules
and the various forms in which they
 Is a representation of Spoken or manifest themselves, are ―readable‖
gestural by means of a writing system. texts, suitable for observation and analysis
 It must be taught to children.
by the ethnographer and writer—namely But cultural texts are not one-dimensional.
by you. A text is not simply representative of one
culture; it does not belong to one culture,
The initial description of a cultural text may even if it purposely excludes others
make it seem as though everything is a semiotically. Cultural texts are multi-
cultural text. While in some sense true, dimensional, they are dynamic.
this doesn‘t mean that every text has
particular cultural relevance. Sometimes a
book is just a book; a picture is just a
picture. The difference between relevant A cultural text is perhaps better
cultural texts, (one that has one understood as having cultural layers of
connection with your project) and an understanding where groups different in
irrelevant cultural text, (one that may have age, race, nationality, sexual orientation
nothing to do with your project), has to do may read and understand a collection of
with the meaning transferred to that text signs in different ways. Depending on the
by the people who create and/or use the producer or the audience, the X`text itself
text. has a kind of flexibility in meaning to
different people when it starts to operate
Identification of a cultural text is relatively culturally.
easy. Take a look around the room or
place you are in right now and briefly
catalog the people and/or thing you see. Formal and Informal Language
These objects and actions are cultural
texts. Formal and Informal language serve
different purposes. The tone, the choice of
HOW TO EVALUATE MESSAGES AND words and the way the words are put
IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF together vary between the two styles.
TEXT REFLECTING DIFFERENT Formal language is less personal than
CULTURE? informal language. It is used when writing
The following should do: for professional or academic purpose like
university assignments. Formal language
 Understand how the specified does not use colloquialisms, contractions
cultures live. or first person pronouns such as ‗I‘ or
‗We‘.
 How the people in the specified
group communicate each other. Informal language is more casual and
spontaneous. It is used when
 Learn the symbolism of their communicating with friends or family either
culture. in writing or in conversation. It is used in
 Be aware in every detail such as writing personal emails, text messages
artifact, language, and symbolism. and in some business correspondents.
The tone of informal language is more
personal than formal language.
Text is not literal text, but in semiotics
refers to a combination of signs, signifies
and mechanism like metonymy. A text Contractions
could be a sentence, paragraph an image, Informal: The improvements can‘t be
a story, or a collection of stories. introduced due to funding restrictions.
Collection of signs in a single photograph Formal: Improvements cannot be
or painting, a video clip, a television show, introduced due to funding restrictions.
a feature film and whenever these signs Informal: I don‘t believe that the results are
come together in the land of semiotics, accurate.
they become texts. These texts can be
understood, rearranged and put together Formal: The results are not believed to be
in different combinations, with different accurate.
meanings to different groups of people.
Informal: The research project won‘t Formal: It is believed the practice is
continue next year. unsustainable.
Formal: The research project will not
continue next year.
Informal: During the interview I asked
students about their experiences.
Phrasal Verbs Formal: During the interview students
were asked about their experiences.
Informal: The balloon was blown up for the
experiment.
Formal: The balloon was inflated for the SYNTHESIS
experiment.
 Metonymy is an extension of the
Informal: The patient got over his illness. idea of a metaphor in semiotics, where
metonymy covers a diverse set of
Formal: The patient recovered from his strategies of association and meaning
illness. transfer between different designs. With a
Informal: The results of the study were metaphor, one word stands in for another
mixed up. word- ‗love is battlefield‘ or ‗apple of my
eye‘.
Formal: The results of the study were
confused.  Semiotics is the study of making
meaning, the connection between a sign
or symbol. What it comes to represent and
how it is understood by different people.
Slang/Colloquialisms
How we dress, the music we listen to, the
Informal: The mob was very rowdy during individual words we use in conversation all
the protest against cuts to university convey specific meaning.
funding.
Formal: The crowd was very rowdy during
the protest against the cuts to university TOPIC 5 COPING WITH THE
funding. CHALLENGES OF
Informal: Lecturers still count on students INTERCULTURAL
to used correct grammars and COMMUNICATION
punctuations in essays. Formal: Lecturers
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
expect students to use correct grammars
and punctuations in essays. During the learning engagements, the
students are able to:
Informal: It was raining cats and dogs.
Formal: It was raining very heavily.  explain how cultural differences
affect communication;
 identify the barriers of Intercultural
First Person Pronouns Communication; and
 formulate ways or approaches to
Informal: I considered various research overcome the challenges of Intercultural
methods for the study. Communication
Formal: Various research methods were
. Communicating to the people around us
considered for the study.
is crucial in our everyday life. We convey
and gather information, thoughts,
opinions, as well as ideas through
Informal: We believe the practice is communication. Communication in other
unsustainable. words is the act of conveying meanings
from one entity or group to another
through the use of mutually understood languages and customs of people from
signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. other countries.
Our culture affects the way of our Intercultural communication plays a role in
communication, which means that social sciences such as anthropology,
different culture is equivalent to different cultural studies, linguistics, psychology
communication style. And one‘s way of and communication studies. Intercultural
communicating may have the same or communication is also referred to as the
different interpretation to the other. This base for international businesses. Several
may lead to miscommunication between cross-cultural service providers assist with
the participants involved. the development of intercultural
communication skills. Research is a major
What is Intercultural communication? part of the development of intercultural
What are the barriers and challenges of communication skills. Intercultural
intercultural communication? How to cope communication is in a way the 'interaction
with these challenges? with speakers of other languages on equal
Communication is no denying an terms and respecting their identities'.
important part of a persons‘ life. People Identity and culture are also studied within
communicate with one another to reach the discipline of communication to analyze
their own goals, whether it is to gather or how globalization influences ways of
relay information and ideas, and they tend thinking, beliefs, values, and identity,
to communicate with the various people within and between cultural environments.
from different races and culture to reach Intercultural communication scholars
their aims. approach theory with a dynamic outlook
What is Intercultural Communication? and do not believe culture can be
measured nor that cultures share
Intercultural communication (or cross- universal attributes. Scholars
cultural communication) is a discipline that acknowledge that culture and
studies communication across different communication shift along with societal
cultures and social groups, or how culture changes and theories should consider the
affects communication. It describes the constant shifting and nuances of the
wide range of communication processes society.
and problems that naturally appear within
an organization or social context made up The study of intercultural communication
of individuals from different religious, requires intercultural understanding, which
social, ethnic, and educational is an ability to understand and value
backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to cultural differences. Language is an
understand how people from different example of an important cultural
countries and cultures act, communicate component that is linked to intercultural
and perceive the world around them. understanding.

Many people in intercultural business

communication argue that culture Functions of Intercultural
determines how individuals encode Communication:
messages, what medium they choose for
transmitting them, and the way messages Private Function - are functions that
are interpreted. With regard to intercultural indicated communication through the
communication proper, it studies situations communication behavior originating from
where people from different cultural an individual.
backgrounds interact. Aside from
language, intercultural communication
focuses on social attributes, thought 1. Express Social Identity - in the
patterns, and the cultures of different process of intercultural communication are
groups of people. It also involves some of the communication behavior of
understanding the different cultures,
individuals who used to express the cultures so that people learn the language
behavior of social identity is expressed and follow their style.
through the act of speaking both verbal
and non-verbal of language behavior that
is knowable and social identity. Barriers to Intercultural
2. Declares The Social Integration - Communication
core concept of social integration is to 1. Anxiety - when you are anxious
accept the unity between individuals, because of not knowing what you are
between groups but still recognizes the expected to do, it is only natural to focus
differences of every element. It should be on that feeling and not be totally present in
understood that one of the goals of the communication transaction. For
communication is to give the same example, you may have experienced
meaning for the message shared between anxiety on your very first day on a new
the communicator and the communicant. college campus or in a new job. You may
3. To the Knowledge - often be so conscious of being new— and out of
interpersonal and intercultural place—and focus so much of your
communication increase knowledge attention on that feeling that you make
together, to learn the culture of each. common mistakes and appear awkward to
others.
Social Function- means the relation
between social action and the systems of 2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of
which the action is a part, alternatively, as Dissimilarity - when people are acting in a
the result of social action. home manner in the different culture it
might cause a lot of problems. In order to
1. Supervision - practice intercultural prepare yourself for various circumstances
communication between different it is very important to assume laws, habits,
communicators and communicant culture and attitudes of another society.
of mutual monitoring functions. In any
process of intercultural communication 3. Ethnocentrism – ethnocentrism or
function is useful to inform the negatively judging aspects of another
"development" of the environment. culture by the standards of one‘s own
culture. To be ethnocentric is to believe in
the superiority of one‘s own culture.
Everything in a culture is consistent to that
Connection Between Culture - in the culture and makes sense if you
process of intercultural communication, understood that culture. For example,
the communication function is carried out assume that global warming is a fact and,
between two people of different cultures as a result, assume that summers in the
was a bridge over the differences between United States average 43° C (109° F). It
them. The bridging functions can be would be logical to make adjustments:
controlled via messages they exchanged, Rather than air condition buildings all day,
the two are explaining the differences of you might close schools and businesses in
interpretation on a message that produces the afternoons to conserve energy. Such
the same meaning. adjustments would make sense. Why then
do some people attribute sensible midday
3. Value Socialization - socialization
siestas in hot climates to laziness?
function is a function to teach and
introduce the cultural values of a society to 4. Language Problems - according to
another society. Jandt (2000) the definition of language is
the set of symbols shared by a community
4. Entertainment - entertaining
to communicate meanings and
functions are often performed in the
experiences. There are five actual factors
process of intercultural communication.
that generally produce the difficulties in
For example, the arrival of outside artists
the translation. They are lack of
shows the differences between their
equivalences in vocabulary, idioms,
grammar and syntax, experiences, and Any moment that we‘re dealing with
concepts. Indonesian students are having people different from ourselves, the
a lot of inconveniences with studying likelihood is that they carry a similar list of
foreign languages for the reason that in hopes and fears in their back pocket.
Indonesian language there is no gender Culture" is often at the root of
rules. That is very complicated for them to communication challenges. Our culture
understand why for example the French influences how we approach problems,
word ―une table‖ is feminine. and how we participate in groups and in
communities. When we participate in
5. Nonverbal Misinterpretations - as groups we are often surprised at how
another barrier to communication, it can differently people approach their work
be stated that in a conversation this is together. Our culture influences how we
more problematical to understand the approach problems, and how we
nonverbal symbols without sharing the participate in groups and in communities.
same nonverbal codes. There are more
than a few types of nonverbal interaction: Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural
proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, Differences
paralanguage, olfactics, clothing
appearance, haptics, oculesics, etc. All of • Different Decision Making Styles.
them are very different in every culture. As The roles individuals play in decision-
an example, in a society where people making vary widely from culture to
don‘t kiss when they great each other, a culture. For example, in the U.S.,
kissing person might be judged as a decisions are frequently delegated. In
vulgar and without manners. many Southern European and Latin
American countries, there is a strong
6. Stereotypes and Prejudices – both value placed on holding decision-making
of them are to make a judgment about responsibilities oneself. Be aware that
individuals according to group individuals' expectations about their own
membership. Stereotypes are the roles in shaping a decision may be
perceptions about that certain people have influenced by their cultural frame.
particular qualities or abilities because
they belong to a particular race, sex, or • Different Attitudes towards
social class. They can be positive and Disclosure. In some cultures it is not
negative. Usually they are based on half- appropriate to be frank about emotions,
truths. Positive examples of stereotyping about the reasons behind a conflict or a
are: Japanese people are good in misunderstanding, or about personal
mathematical sciences; French are the information. Variation among cultures in
gods in the kitchen. Negative: Russians– attitudes toward disclosure is also
Mafia–Vodka–Prostitution –Cold winter; something to consider before you
the Arabs are terrorists. Prejudice can be conclude that you have an accurate
defined as an unreasonable dislike and reading of the views, experiences, and
distrust of people who are different from goals of the people with whom you are
you in some way, especially because of working.
their race, sex, religion, etc. For instance, • Different Approaches to Knowing.
talking about Indian people in Arabic
Notable differences occur among cultural
countries, it can be affirmed that Indians
groups when it comes to the ways
do get less salary than other nationalities.
people come to know things. European
The reason for this is that Middle Eastern
cultures tend to consider information
people are sure that the Indian race does
acquired through cognitive means, such
not deserve something more, because it is
as counting and measuring, more valid
Indian.
than other ways of coming to know
Challenges of Intercultural things. Compare that to African cultures
Communication preference for affective ways of knowing,
including symbolic imagery and rhythm.
These different approaches to knowing
 could affect ways of analyzing a An appreciation of patterns of cultural
community problem or finding ways to difference can assist us in processing
resolve it. Some members of your group what it means to be different in ways that
may want to do library research to are respectful of others, not faultfinding or
understand a shared problem better and damaging. We can learn to collaborate
identify possible solutions. Others may across cultural lines as individuals and as
prefer to visit places and people who a society. Being aware of cultural
have experienced challenges like the differences doesn‘t have to divide us but
ones you are facing, and get a feeling for should instead help us communicate with
what has worked elsewhere. These are each other more effectively.
ways in which cultures, as a whole, tend Communicating with people who are
to vary from one another. different from us, gives us hope and
energizes us to take on the challenge of
• Different Communication Styles. improving our communities and world as a
The way people communicate varies whole.
widely between, and even within,
cultures. Across cultures, some words
and phrases are used in different ways.
For example, even in countries that Guidelines for Multi-Cultural Collaboration
share the English language, the meaning As we set to work on multicultural
of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider collaboration in our communities, we
it" to "definitely so," with many shades in should keep the following guidelines in
between. mind:
• Different Attitudes toward Conflict. • Learn from generalizations about
Some cultures view conflict as a positive other cultures, but don't use those
thing, while others view it as something generalizations to stereotype, or
to be avoided in many Eastern countries, oversimplify your ideas about another
open conflict is experienced as person.
embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule,
differences are best worked out quietly. • Don‘t assume that there‘s only one
write way (yours) to communicate.
•Different Approaches toward Completing
Tasks. From culture to culture, there are • Listen actively and empathetically.
different ways that people move toward
completing tasks. Asian and Hispanic • Respect other‘s choices about
cultures tend to attach more value to whether they would like to engage in
developing relationships at the beginning communication with you.
of a shared project and more emphasis
• Suspend judgment and try and
on task completion toward the end as
look at the situation as an outsider.
compared with European-Americans.
European-Americans tend to focus • Develop an understanding from the
immediately on the task at hand, and let other person‘s point of view.
relationships develop as they work on
the task. This does not mean that people • Be aware of current power
from any one of these cultural imbalances.
backgrounds are more or less committed
SUMMARY:
to accomplishing the task, or value
relationships more or less; it means they Intercultural communication (or cross-
may pursue them differently. cultural communication) - is a discipline
that studies communication across
different cultures and social groups, or
Respecting Our Differences and Working how culture affects communication. It
Together describes the wide range of
communication processes and problems
that naturally appear within an qualities or abilities because they belong
organization or social context made up of to a particular race, sex, or social class.
individuals from different religious, social,
• Prejudice can be defined as an
ethnic, and educational backgrounds. In
unreasonable dislike and distrust of
this sense it seeks to understand how
people who are different from you in some
people from different countries and
way, especially because of their race, sex,
cultures act, communicate and perceive
religion, etc.
the world around them.
Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural
There are two functions of intercultural
Differences:
communication; private functions (express
social identity, the social integration, and • Different Decision Making Styles.
to the knowledge) and social functions The roles individuals play in decision-
(Supervision, Connection Between making vary widely from culture to culture.
Culture, Value Socialization, and
Entertainment). • Different Attitudes towards
Disclosure. In some cultures it is not
Barriers to Intercultural Communication appropriate to be frank about emotions,
about the reasons behind a conflict or a
1. Anxiety - when you are anxious
misunderstanding, or about personal
because of not knowing what you are
information.
expected to do, it is only natural to focus
on that feeling and not be totally present in • Different Approaches to Knowing.
the communication transaction. Notable differences occur among cultural
groups when it comes to the ways people
2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of
come to know things.
Dissimilarity - when people are acting in a
home manner in the different culture it • Different Communication Styles.
might cause a lot of problems The way people communicate varies
widely between, and even within, cultures.
3. Ethnocentrism – ethnocentrism or
Across cultures, some words and phrases
negatively judging aspects of another
are used in different ways. For example,
culture by the standards of one‘s own
even in countries that share the English
culture.
language, the meaning of "yes" varies
4. Language Problems - according to from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely
Jandt (2000) the definition of language is so," with many shades in between.
the set of symbols shared by a community
• Different Attitudes toward Conflict.
to communicate meanings and
Some cultures view conflict as a positive
experiences.
thing, while others view it as something to
5. Nonverbal Misinterpretations - as be avoided.
another barrier to communication, it can
• Different Approaches toward
be stated that in a conversation this is
Completing Tasks. From culture to culture,
more problematical to understand the
there are different ways that people move
nonverbal symbols without sharing the
toward completing tasks.
same nonverbal codes.
6. Stereotypes and Prejudices – both
of them are to make a judgment about
individuals according to group
membership.
• Stereotypes are the perceptions
about that certain people have particular
MODULE 4 THE -based
ation Argumen
DOCUMENTED ESSAY ON Essay tative
A CONCEPT Essay
INTRODUCTION A
perso An essay
In your secondary year level, you An nal that
already have an experience in writing essay journa presents
essay, blog, etc. In this module, you will that l or a writer‘s
be taught the importance of writing a What is answer diary position
research based argumentative essay, in it? s the entry with
which you will be able to argue with questio that is support
logic or critical thinking and also n poste from
observing the phenomena in the society ―why‖. d on research
based on the traditional culture. online studies.
.
TOPIC 1 ACADEMIC Any
RESEARCH AND THE of the
DOCUMENTED ESSAY IN followi
ng:
THE 21ST CENTURY
To To
LEARNING OUTCOMES: inform To
What is entert
During the learning engagements, the readers ain persuade
the
students are able to: about readers to
purpose
why To accept
of the
1. differentiate research-based somethi instru the
writing
argumentative essay from the ng ct writer‘s
project?
explanation essay and blog; happen position.
2. exhibit appreciation and s To
understanding of the inform
benefits in doing a To
research; and 3. persu
demonstrate the ability ade
to transfer research into
Rese
sound arguments. Research
Resear arch
must be
Some of the advancements in science and Does it ch may may
used to
technology are not be possible without be used be
support
research. Research is substantial to learn acquire but is used
the
and discover things that can help in our researc not but is
writer‘s
society. h? required not
claim or
. requir
Michael Faraday was an English scientist position.
ed.
who contributed to the study of Table 2. As shown in the table above,
electromagnetism and electrochemistry. research based argumentative essay is
His main discoveries include the principles different from other writings.
underlying electromagnetic induction,
diamagnetism, and electrolysis. Without CREATING THE RESEARCH QUESTION
his research, that study of power
This writing is argumentative. It is also
generation and power transmission would
called academic research and the
be impossible and the world we live in
documented essay. You must present a
vastly different. However, research is not
clear stand on a particular issue that has
just for scientists. We as students also
at least two different or opposing sides. An
have the ability to conduct research.
example of an issue is legalizing same
Explan Blog Research
sex marriage in the Philippines. In this present a strong position with convincing
issue, one position is in favor passing of a evidence and suggest a good structure of
law allowing same sex marriage; another ideas for organizing an essay. Consider
position rejects the passing of such law. the thesis statement below:
Despite the growing number of LGBT
If you have an issue, read it. If these issue community in the country, same sex
interests you, pick this as your topic for marriage should not be legalized in the
the essay then create a research question Philippines.
similar to the example that follow. The characteristic of the thesis statement
Why should same sex marriage be above clearly argues that a same sex
legalized in the Philippines? marriage law in the Philippines is not
desirable. Next, the word despite can be
FINDING THE ANSWERS TO THE predicted that the writer will present
RESEARCH QUESTION contrasting scenarios for a country with
You have to submit first the research same sex marriage law and a country
question to your teacher. If it was without it.
approved, begin the steps for finding
answers to your question. You have to THE OUTLINE
write the bibliography of all your sources After having done research about your
with the brief description of the content of main point, choose one side that you
each research. Your source must be agree with. This side is your position or
legally published and recognized. The argument. Do the same for the other side,
following are not usually considered: which is the opposing position. List all the
• Any holy book (i.e., Bible) factual support you have gathered for the
• Any work of literature (e.g., novels, both sides. When these are complete, you
shorts stories, plays, poems) are ready to write an outline of your essay.
• The dictionary It is a particular kind of written plan for
• Personal blogs or journal, diary your essay. If you have the outline, then
entries half the work of writing is done.
• Wikipedia
Your outline must contain all the main
DOING RESEARCH points that follow:
If your research question was approved • Your thesis statement
and provided with bibliography, you may • Your argument and specific
start to conduct or research must read support for this argument
each of the sources, you identified and • The opposing argument and
take notes. If you can‘t find the relevant specific support for this argument
answer from the sources you gathered, • A list of sources for all the support
you have to find another sources. The ================================
three types of notes are paraphrases, PROCESSING QUESTIONS
summaries, and direct quotations. 1. How is the argumentative or
Paraphrasing is done when you use your documented essay the same or different
own word in taking down notes. from the explanation essay and the blog?
Summarizing is used to shorten the 2. What is the role of search in
information provided too. Direct quotations producing the argumentative essay?
are used when you want to copy the exact 3. What pre-writing tasks must be
information presented but make sure to undertaken before you write the
cite the source. argumentative essay?
4. How can you practice intellectual
PREPARING TO WRITE THE PAPER honesty when you write your essay?
In pre-writing stage, you should create a
thesis statement for your essay. The SYNTHESIS
thesis statement is the main point of your
research. Your thesis statement must
1. Research is an important asking yourself why you believe in
component in the production of an something. By answering this question,
argumentative or documented essay. you are able to observe how to respond to
2. Writing the argumentative essay a situation in your mind. Second is, you
requires pre-writing activities that help need to be able to listen or recognize
sharpen the focus of your writing. other people‘s ideas. You must hear
3. Intellectual honesty should be someone else‘s story, struggles, success,
observed in writing. and passion. Third is, when you hear it
you can take that information and analyze
it. Fourth is, communicate with courtesy
TOPIC 2 CRITICAL and in a productive way. Fifth is, you must
THINKING, develop a foresight. Predict the future
COLLABORATION, AND THE impact of your own decisions.

WRITING PROCESS APPLYING CRITCIAL THINKING IN A

DOCUMENTED ESSAY
LEARNING OUTCOMES: When you make a research question, you
During the learning engagements, the must criticize why you formed that
learners are able to: question. When you do a research,
1. explain and exhibit the analyze the ideas and information of your
characteristics of a critical thinker; sources.
2. demonstrate actions and gestures ================================
which exhibit developing critical thinking PROCESSING QUESTIONS
skills; and 1. How does critical thinking skills be
3. apply critical thinking concept in developed?
writing a documented essay. 2. What is the role of critical thinking
in producing the argumentative or
INTRODUCTION documented essay?
The ability of every decision maker to SYNTHESIS
make good decisions relies upon their 1. Critical thinking is an important
ability to think critically. Critical thinking component in the production of an
enables you to make the argument more argumentative or documented essay.
interesting. Critical thinkers are more 2. The ability of every decision maker
effective when they have the following: to make good decisions relies upon their
• Creating important questions ability to think critically.
precisely 3. Self-critic is you criticize your own
• Gathers relevant information thoughts by asking yourself why you
• Open-minded within alternative believe in something
systems of thought
• Communicates effecting with
others TOPIC 3 CONCEPTS OF
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
Critical thinking is the ability to analyze,
criticize, and advocate ideas. To reach SIGNIFICANCE
factual reasons based on sound of
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
knowledge or belief.
HOW TO DEVELOP CRITICAL During the learning engagements, the
THINKING SKILLS learners are able to:

Now that you have understood what • explain the significance of cultural
critical thinking is, let us now try to and social concepts; and
develop it. First, you must become a self-
• apply social and cultural
critic of your own thoughts and actions.
significance concept in writing a
You can criticize your own thoughts by
documented essay
At the 20th century, a clear distinction was the production of an argumentative or
maintained in most social and cultural documented essay.
literature between attitudes, behavior, and
2. When you make a research it is
between ways and intensity. The concept
better to consider the issues involved
of social and cultural significance is when
about the benefits in a particular society.
people spend time conveying information
to each other about their beliefs and the MODULE 5
way they think and behave. In other
words, it is the interaction of two people COMMUNICATION FOR
coming from different cultures which deals VARIOUS PURPOSES
with the exchange of information. INTRODUCTION
Communication serves five major
APPLYING THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL purposes: to inform, to express feelings, to
AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE IN imagine, to influence, and to meet social
WRITING A expectations. Each of these purposes is
reflected in a form of communication.
DOCUMENTED ESSAY
In this module you will be expected to
In making a research, it is best to consider learn the communication for various
issues that are relevant in the society. It purposes such as:
becomes more interesting when your
1. Preparing a speech or Oral Report
argumentative or documented essay is
related to the latest phenomena because it 2. Informative communication
catch more attention if it is timely and
relevant. Information is critical if we pertain 3. Persuasive communication
to a documented essay wherein data is 4. Special occasion speeches
strictly necessary to be able to satisfy or
complete the whole thought of the 5. Types of Speeches Based on
narrative. As a writer, you should be Delivery
mindful with your audience/readers in a
Module Objectives:
sense that you take into consideration the
concept of social and cultural significance. 1. Enumerate and explain the various
purposes of communication
2. Distinguish informative and
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
persuasive speeches from special-
1. How the concept of social and occasion speeches
cultural significance does relates in writing
3. Deliver effectively the introduction
argumentative or documented essay? and conclusion of your oral presentation to
2. What is the role of the concept of create lasting impression
social and cultural significance in 4. Employ vocal and physical factors,
producing the argumentative or eye contact, and presentation aids for
documented essay? effective delivery

TOPIC 1 PREPARING A
SYNTHESIS
SPEECH OR ORAL REPORT
1. The concept of social and cultural
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
significance is an important component in
During the learning engagements, the requisite skills to enhance their learning
learners are able to: and employability prospects in the future.
An individual learns the basics of oral
• enumerate and explain the various communication right at home. The school
purposes of communication; environment takes this learning a notch
• explain the significance and value higher by teaching the student how to
of preparation before doing a speech or interact with peers and teachers alike. The
oral report; quality of communication in student life will
• prepare and deliver written define professional communication later in
speeches or oral reports; life. Good communication enables
• search for different types of formal, students to assimilate more from the
informal, and occasional speeches; and learning process by empowering them to
• deliver effectively the introduction ask relevant questions and discuss
and conclusion of your oral presentation to doubts. From the book of Madrunio and
create lasting impression; Martin entitled ―Purposive
Communication‖ the following is to be
When we hear the word speaking what considered to have an effective speech
comes in our mind might be the president and be a good public speaker:
of the nation giving a speech, politicians,
and guest speakers in an event. We 1. Audience - Know the profile of your
speak to express our feelings and listeners. It is important that you know who
thoughts; one can share his/her will listen to you-their age, gender,
experience. He/she can appreciate and be educational background, religion,
grateful through his/her speech, might as economic status, and interests. Also, know
well you can roast someone and entertain how much the audience knows about the
everyone, speaking is so applicable in all topic. That way you can avoid discussing
we do . It is also used in school when a points that would run contrary to their
student delivers an oral report; it develops beliefs and practices and thus prevent
the confidence, vocabulary, pronunciation, miscommunication and misunderstanding.
and even the speaking skills. In fact Further, you can introduce new things for
speaking is a norm that we all share. We them to learn and not simply repeat things
hear a lot of great and influential speakers that they may have already learned from
from different countries. Through speaking previous speakers. Know how to read the
we achieve world peace and through posture and the gesture of your audience
speaking it creates partnership with other members as these will signal to you what
nations. Having the confidence to speak in kind of an audience they are. Be ready to
front of numbers of people can be both face different kinds of audiences as there
courageous yet critical. Amazing how may be some who are questioners,
powerful your message yet critical that hecklers, disrupters, hostile, or
leads to conflict. That is why you need to unresponsive/bored audiences. Know how
be direct and clear with your ideas on how to deal with any unpleasant incident or
you will deliver it. That also applies with conflict with your audience and always
the students. stay in control of the situation.

Madrunio and Martin (2018) said that 2. Logistics - It is something basic or

―some students and professionals do not essential for every speaker to know who is
like the idea of speaking in public, whether organizing the event. Know who will be
in front of small or large groups. Just the introducing you and who will be speaking
thought that they will be facing people before and after you. That way, you will be
already makes them jittery.‖(p.223) able to tie up the earlier presentation with
Communication skills are vital for a your own resulting in a more coherent
student‘s academic success and future presentation. You may even give the
career prospects. In today‘s challenging audience an idea as to what the next talk
environment, students must not only is going to be.
possess academic expertise, but also the
2.1 Venue - The venue is equally audience. Oral presentations require a
important. Locate the lights and if you good deal of planning. Scholars estimate
have movable visual aids, know where to that approximately 50% of all mistakes in
position them. As a speaker, you should an oral presentation actually occur in the
also know how to position yourself and planning stage (or rather, lack of a
how you should move in front to get the planning stage). Use these tips to create a
attention of the listeners. Remember to presentation that is both informative and
work on your posture and avoid bad habits interesting:
when speaking. Do not block the view of
your visual aids as you present them. 1. Organize your thoughts. Start with
Employ a balanced posture by not an outline and develop good transitions
standing on one leg only. Do not lean on between sections. Emphasize the real-
any object that will give support to your world significance of your research.
weight. These postures give the 2. Have a strong opening. Why
impression that you lack confidence and should the audience listen to you? One
authority. good way to get their attention is to start
with a question, whether or not you expect
an answer.
2.2 Facilities - Ask beforehand about
the pieces of equipment available for you. 3. Define terms early. If you are using
These facilities should match the terms that may be new to the audience,
presentation aids that you will use. If there introduce them early in your presentation.
is no available projector, find a way to Once an audience gets lost in unfamiliar
have one especially if your visual aids are terminology, it is extremely difficult to get
highly complex. If there are any electrical them back on track.
problems or technical glitches you 4. Finish with a bang. Find one or two
encounter, know how to trouble-shoot sentences that sum up the importance of
them. your research. How is the world better off
3. Content of report/speech/lecture - as a result of what you have done?
Since you have been invited as a speaker, 5. Design PowerPoint slides to
the organizers might have sought you introduce important information. Consider
because of your reputation as an effective doing a presentation without PowerPoint.
speaker. If the purpose of the event is to Then consider which points you cannot
inform just like in a convention, make without slides. Create only those
conference, or a training seminar, it is slides that are necessary to improve your
expected that you are able to contribute communication with the audience.
new information. If the purpose is to
entertain, your speech should be light- 6. Time yourself. Do not wait until the
hearted, amusing, and lively. If the last minute to time your presentation. You
purpose is to persuade, your presentation only have 15 minutes to speak, so you
should sound convincing enough. Note, want to know, as soon as possible, if you
however that any communicative event are close to that limit.
may have more than one purpose but
there is always a more dominant one. 7. Create effective notes for yourself.
Have notes that you can read. Do not
write out your entire talk; use an outline or
other brief reminders of what you want to
say. Make sure the text is large enough
Preparing an Effective Presentation that you can read it from a distance.

An effective presentation is more than just 8. Practice, practice, practice. The

standing up and giving information. A more you practice your presentation, the
presenter must consider how best to more comfortable you will be in front of an
communicate the information to the audience. Practice in front of a friend or
two and ask for their feedback. Record 7. Explain your equations and
yourself and listen to it critically. Make it graphs. When you display equations,
better and do it again. explain them fully. Point out all constants
and dependent and independent
variables. With graphs, tell how they
Presenting Effectively support your point. Explain the x- and y-
axes and show how the graph progresses
When you start your presentation, the from left to right.
audience will be interested in what you
say. Use these tips to help keep them 8. Pause. Pauses bring audible
interested throughout your presentation: structure to your presentation. They
emphasize important information, make
1. Be excited. You are talking about transitions obvious, and give the audience
something exciting. If you remember to be time to catch up between points and to
excited, your audience will feel it and read new slides. Pauses always feel much
automatically become more interested. longer to speakers than to listeners.
Practice counting silently to three (slowly)
2. Speak with confidence. When you between points.
are speaking, you are the authority on
your topic, but do not pretend that you 9. Avoid filler words. Um, like, you
know everything. If you do not know the know, and many others. To an audience,
answer to a question, admit it. Consider these are indications that you do not know
deferring the question to your mentor or what to say; you sound uncomfortable, so
offer to look into the matter further. they start to feel uncomfortable as well.
Speak slowly enough that you can collect
3. Make eye contact with the your thoughts before moving ahead. If you
audience. Your purpose is to communicate really do not know what to say, pause
with your audience, and people listen silently until you do.
more if they feel you are talking directly to
them. As you speak, let your eyes settle 10. Relax. It is hard to relax when you
on one person for several seconds before are nervous, but your audience will be
moving on to somebody else. You do not much more comfortable if you are too.
have to make eye contact with everybody,
but make sure you connect with all areas 11. Breathe. It is fine to be nervous. In
of the audience equally. fact, you should be all good presenters are
nervous every time they are in front of an
4. Avoid reading from the screen. audience. The most effective way to keep
First, if you are reading from the screen, your nerves in check aside from a lot of
you are not making eye contact with your practice before hand is to remember to
audience. Second, if you put it on your breathe deeply throughout your
slide, it is because you wanted them to presentation.
read it, not you.
12. Acknowledge the people who
5. Blank the screen when a slide is supported your research. Be sure to thank
unnecessary. A slide that is not related to the people who made your research
what you are speaking about can distract possible, including your mentor, research
the audience. Pressing the letter B or the team, collaborators, and other sources of
period key displays a black screen, which funding and support.
lets the audience concentrate solely on
your words. Press the same key to restore
the display. Synthesis
6. Use a pointer only when 1. Preparing a speech or oral report
necessary. If you are using a laser pointer, you must follow the principle of public
remember to keep it off unless you need speaking from audience to logistics,
to highlight something on the screen. venue, facilities and content of your report.
2. Preparing a speech and oral report It is a speech that aims to provide
require a good deal of planning by information to the listeners about some
following the guidelines in preparing an topic. The goal of information is not to
effective and informative presentation. persuade listeners to change their beliefs
or to actions, but rather the goal is to
3. To overcome anxiety or stage fright increase their knowledge and awareness
you must strictly abide with the steps of the topic. Informative messages attempt
given in effective presentation. to present an objective-that is, truthful and
unbiased-view of the topics being
considered. For example, ―Kim just
TOPIC 2 INFORMATIVE started her first day at a new high school.
After retrieving her schedule and having a
COMMUNICATION brief meeting with the schools guidance
counselor, Kim makes her way to her first
LEARNING OUTCOMES: class. Kim‘s teacher asks her to introduce
During the learning engagements, the herself to her classmates. Kim walks to
learners are able to: the front of the class, introduces herself,
and tells her fellow students several facts
• define and describe what is about her life. By doing this, Kim has just
informative speech; and given an informative speech.
• enumerate and explain the four
classification of an informative speech.
FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INTRODUCTION INFORMATIVE SPEECH

Communication is a process of SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS

exchange facts, ideas, and opinions and
Speeches about objects focus on
as a means that individual or organization
things existing in the world. Objects
share meaning and understanding with
include, among other things, people
one another. The ability of fostering speed
places, animals or products. Because you
and effective communication around the
are speaking under time constraints, you
world has shrunk the world and made
cannot discuss any topic in its entirely.
―globalization‖ a reality. Speech is a
Instead, limit your speech to a focused
study of how people generate shared
discussion of some aspects of your topic.
meaning through the use of verbal and
Some example topics for speeches about
nonverbal symbols. Speech
objects include: the Central Intelligence
Communication majors work to develop
Agency, Tombstones, Surgical lasers,
confidence and effectiveness in their
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the pituitary
public speaking, interpersonal, and small
gland and lemmings. To focus these
group communication skills.
topics, you could give a speech about
When people share knowledge Franklin Delano Roosevelt and efforts to
about the world they live, they are conceal how he suffered from polio while
participating in the process of informative he was in office.
communication. The main goal for an
SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES
informative speech is to help explain a
specific subject and to help the audience Speeches about processes focus
remember the knowledge later. To achieve on patterns of action. One type of speech
these goals, a speaker should consider about processes, the demonstration
how best to package the complex speeches, teaches people ―how to‖
understanding that they have cultivated of perform a process. More frequently,
the topic, from personal experience and however, you will use process speeches to
research, into an easily communicable explain a process in broader terms. This
form for the audience. way, the audience is more likely to
understand the importance or the context
of the process. Examples of speech about the perceptions of the audience. There are
processes include: how the internet works, many different subjects that can be used
how to construct a good informative in informative speeches. College lectures
speech, as with any speech, be sure to about an event in history or a historical
limit your discussion to information you figure would be considered informative
can explain clearly and completely within speeches. More Technical subjects, such
time constraints. as the field of advertising, require more
technical information and specific data
SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS relevant to the industry. Technical subjects
Speeches about events focus on especially, but really all informative
the things that happened, are happening, speeches, benefit from the use of
or will happen. When speaking about an visualizations, such as bar graphs or
event, remember to relate the topic to your images. For example, an information
audience. A speech chronicling history is speech about a particular actor or actress
informative, but you should adapt the would likely to focus on providing a
information to your audience and provide description of who the person is and what
them with some way to use the movies or plays they have been in.
information. As always, limit your focus to Incorporating famous pictures or clips from
those aspects of an event that can be works is a way of increasing the
adequately discussed within the time audience‘s retention of the information
limitations of your assignment. Examples about the particular person.
of speeches about events include: the
1963 Civil Rights March on Washington,
Groundhog‘s Day, and The Battle of the TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
Bulge, The World Series, and the 2000
Presidential elections. Definitional speeches

SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS In definitional speeches the

speaker attempts to set forth the meaning
Speeches about the concepts focus on of concepts, theories, philosophies, or
beliefs, ideas, and theories. While issues that may be unfamiliar to the
speeches about objects, processes, and audience. In thise type of speeches,
events are fairly concrete. Take care to be speakers may begin by giving the
clear and understandable when creating historical derivation, classification, or
and creating a speech about concept. synonyms of terms of the background of
When selecting a concept, remember you the subject. Describing the essential
are crafting in informative speech. Often, attributes of one concept compared to
speeches about concepts take on a another.
persuasive tone. Focus your efforts toward
providing unbiased information and refrain Descriptive speeches
from making arguments. Because The purpose of descriptive speech
concepts can be vague and involved, limit is to provide a detailed, vivid, word of
your speech to aspects that can be readily picture of a person, animal, place or
explained and understood within the limits. object. Audiences should carry away in
Some examples of topics for concept their minds a clear vision of the subject. It
speeches include: Democracy, Taoism, determines the characteristics, features,
Principles of Feminism, The Philosophy of functions, or fine points of the topic.
Non-violent protest, and the Big Bang
Theory.
SUBJECTS OF INFORMATIVE
SPEECHES
Explanatory speeches
Informative speeches can cover
many subjects as long as they can be Similar to the descriptive speech,
discussed without persuading or altering they both share the function of clarifying
the topic. But explanatory speeches focus • SPEECH COMMUNICATION
on reports of current and historical events,
customs, transformations, inventions, Work to develop confidence and
policies, outcomes, and options. effectiveness in their public speaking,
interpersonal, and small group
Demonstration speeches communication skills.
The most practical of all • COMMUNICATION
informative speeches, a demonstration
speech shows listeners how some A process of exchange facts, ideas, and
process is accomplished or how to opinions and as a means that individual or
perform it themselves. The focus is on a organization share meaning and
chronological explanation of some understanding with one another.
process, application, or course of action. • DEFINITIONAL SPEECHES
PROCESSING AND REFLECTION Describing the essential attributes of one
Informative speech is an integral part in concept compared to another.
communication it helps the receiver aware • DESCRIPTIVE SPEECHES
and to be cognizant in different aspects in
life. So if we differentiate an informative The purpose of descriptive speech is to
speech from other types of speeches, it is provide a detailed, vivid, word of picture of
important to stick to the basic facts of the a person, animal, place or object.
subject. No personal biases,
unsubstantiated information, or popular • EXPLANATORY SPEECHES
opinion should be included when stating Focus on reports of current and historical
the main ideas of the topic. The goal is to events, customs, transformations,
educate the audience on the facts, not to inventions, policies, outcomes, and
provide the speaker‘s opinion. When options
crafting an informative speech look at the
subject carefully and eliminate any • DEMONSTRATION SPEECH
potential statements that have prejudice or
might persuade the audience. Shows listeners how some process is
accomplished or how to perform it
SYNTHESIS themselves.
• INFORMATIVE SPEECH TOPIC 3 PERSUASIVE
It is a speech that aims to provide COMMUNICATION
information to the listeners about some
topic. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS During the learning engagements, the
learners are able to:
Focus on things existing in the world.
• SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES • define and describe what is
persuasive communication and its
Focus on patterns of action. functions and principles; and
• prepare persuasive
• SPEECHES ABOUT EVENT
speeches write-ups.
Focus on the things that happened, are
happening, or will happen.
• SPEECHES ABOUT THE
CONCEPTS
INTRODUCTION
Focus on beliefs, ideas, and theories.
Persuasive communication is any understand his intention and his strong
message that is intended to shape, understanding of the subject.
reinforce, or change the responses of 2. Logos
another or others such responses are Logos comes of logic; therefore writers
modified by symbolic transactions use logic, reasoning, and rationality to
(messages) which are sometimes, but not convince audiences of their perspectives.
always, linked with coercive force 3. Pathos
(indirectly coercive) and which appeal to The third method is pathos, which invokes
the reason and emotions of the target. and appeals to the emotions of the
Generally, persuasion refers to such audience. This is contrary to logos, as it
communicative activities that are presents arguments without using logic or
mediated. Those that are faceto-face are reasoning. Many writers consider love,
called compliance-gaining. Persuasive fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors
communication can be targeted at to influence the emotions of their
audiences.
• Cognition. Persuasion can be
used to change individuals‘ beliefs about Function of Persuasion
an object or an issue, which includes
attributes, interpretation, definition, Persuasion is the most common literary
outcome, etc. technique. We not only find it in literature,
• Attitude. Persuasion can be used but also in political speeches,
to change individuals‘ attitude toward an conferences, courtrooms, and
object or an issue, which refers to the advertisements. Through persuasive
categorization of an object or an issue writing, writers express their own feelings
along an evaluative dimension (from and opinions by appealing to the audience
negative to positive). emotionally and rationally. Hence, it is a
• Behavior. Persuasion can be used very effective technique to win over the
to change individuals‘ behavior, which is readers or audience. In addition, it helps
the overt actions regarding an object or an students to unearth certain reasons in
issue. favor of their points of view, and gives
them a chance to research facts linked to
Persuasion is a literary technique that their views. While developing an
writers use to present their ideas through understanding of how writing can change
reason and logic, in order to influence the and influence their thoughts and actions,
audience. Persuasion may simply use an students can understand the nature of
argument to persuade the readers, or persuasive work.
sometimes may persuade readers to
perform a certain action. Simply, it is an
art of effective speaking and writing in 6 Principles of Persuasion
which writers make their opinions
believable to the audience through logic, 1. Principle of Reciprocity
by invoking emotions, and by proving their Reciprocity is the mutual expectation for
own credibility. exchange of value or service. In all
cultures, when one person gives
Types of Persuasion something, the receiver is expected to
Persuasion has three basic types: reciprocate, even if only by saying ―thank
you.‖ There is a moment when the giver
1. Ethos has power and influence over the receiver,
It is linked with morality and ethics. In this and if the exchange is dismissed as
method of persuasion, writers or speakers irrelevant by the giver the moment is lost.
convince their audience of their goodwill In business this principle has several
and present themselves as trustworthy. In applications. If you are in customer
order to determine whether a writer is service and go out of your way to meet
credible or not, the audience needs to the customer‘s need, you are appealing to
the principle of reciprocity with the
knowledge that all humans perceive the principal of authority involves referencing
need to reciprocate—in this case, by experts and expertise.
increasing the likelihood of making a
purchase from you because you were 4. Principle of Commitment and
especially helpful. Reciprocity builds trust Consistency
and the relationship develops, reinforcing Oral communication can be slippery in
everything from personal to brand loyalty. memory. What we said at one moment or
By taking the lead and giving, you build in another, unless recorded, can be hard to
a moment where people will feel recall. Even a handshake, once the
compelled from social norms and customs symbol of agreement across almost every
to give back. culture, has lost some of its symbolic
meaning and social regard. In many
2. Principle of Scarcity cultures, the written word holds special
You want what you can‘t have, and it‘s meaning. If we write it down, or if we sign
universal. People are naturally attracted to something, we are more likely to follow
the exclusive, the rare, the unusual, and through. By extension, even if the
the unique. If they are convinced that they customer won‘t be writing anything down,
need to act now or it will disappear, they if you do so in front of them, it can appeal
are motivated to action. Scarcity is the to the principle of commitment and
perception of inadequate supply or a consistency and bring the social norm of
limited resource. For a sales honoring one‘s word to bear at the
representative, scarcity may be a key moment of purchase.
selling point—the particular car, or theater
tickets, or pair of shoes you are 5. Principle of Consensus
considering may be sold to someone else Testimonials, or first person reports on
if you delay making a decision. By experience with a product or service, can
reminding customers not only of what they be highly persuasive. People often look to
stand to gain but also of what they stand each other when making a purchase
to lose, the representative increases the decision and the herd mentality is a
chances that the customer will make the powerful force across humanity: if
shift from contemplation to action and ―everybody else‖ thinks this product is
decide to close the sale. great, it must be great. We often choose
the path of the herd, particularly when we
3. Principle of Authority lack adequate information. Leverage
Trust is central to the purchase decision. testimonials from clients to attract more
Whom does a customer turn to? A clients by making them part of your team.
salesperson may be part of the process, The principle of consensus involves the
but an endorsement by an authority holds tendency of the individual to follow the
credibility that no one with a vested lead of the group or peers.
interest can ever attain. Knowledge of a
product, field, trends in the field, and even 6. Principle of Liking
research can make a salesperson more Safety is the twin of trust as a foundation
effective by the appeal to the principle of element for effective communication. If we
authority. It may seem like extra work to feel safe, we are more likely to interact
educate your customers, but you need to and communicate. We tend to be attracted
reveal your expertise to gain credibility. to people who communicate to us that
We can borrow a measure of credibility by they like us, and who make us feel good
relating what experts have indicated about about ourselves. Given a choice, these
a product, service, market, or trend, and are the people with whom we are likely to
our awareness of competing viewpoints associate. Physical attractiveness has
allows us insight that is valuable to the long been known to be persuasive, but
customer. Reading the manual of a similarity is also quite effective. We are
product is not sufficient to gain expertise— drawn to people who are like us, or who
you have to do extra homework. The we perceive ourselves to be, and often
make those judgments based on external
characteristics like dress, age, sex, race, mark the significance of particular events.
ethnicity, and perceptions of Common events include weddings, awards
socioeconomic status. The principle of ceremonies, funerals, and political events.
liking involves the perception of safety and In each of these different occasions,
belonging in communication. speakers are asked to deliver speeches
relating to the event. For purposes of
SYNTHESIS simplicity, we‘ve broken special-occasion
Communication - Communication is speeches into two groups: ceremonial
simply the act of transferring information speaking and inspirational speaking.
from one place, person or group to As the name implies, special occasion
another. Every communication involves (at speeches are delivered during special
least) one sender, a message and a occasions. They are sometimes given to
recipient commemorate a legacy or to celebrate an
Persuasion - Persuasion is a literary achievement. A special occasion speech is
technique that writers use to present their short and straight to the point, possibly
ideas through reason and logic, in order to lasting for ten minutes or less. A mood is
influence the audience. Persuasion may often set through these speeches, enough
simply use an argument to persuade the to change everyone‘s spirit.
readers, or sometimes may persuade
readers to perform a certain action. To give a good special occasion speech,
Speech - Definition of speech. 1a : the you need to know your topic well. Do your
communication or expression of thoughts research agenda, especially when you‘re
in spoken words. b : exchange of spoken dealing with names and titles of
words : conversation. 2a : something that significant people. There‘s nothing more
is spoken : utterance. b: a usually public insulting than delivering a speech that has
discourse: address. the wrong information and no factual
Principles of Persuasion – Reciprocity, basis whatsoever. From there, you‘ll be
scarcity, authority, consistency, liking, able to add your own words and ideas to
consensus. Understanding these the speech Use an optimistic tone. Even
shortcuts and employing them in an when you are presenting a eulogy, you
ethical manner can significantly increase need to be able to set a positive vibe that
the chances that someone will be celebrates a person‘s time here on earth.
persuaded by your request. For introducing significant individuals, a
good presentation speech that depicts
honor and gratitude would definitely do
TOPIC 4 GENERAL TYPES the job. Keep in mind that a special
OF SPECIAL-OCCASION occasion speech is meant to relay a
positive message to an audience.
SPEECHES
LEARNING OUTCOMES: For special occasion speeches, it usually
relates to the personal aspect. A special
During the learning engagements, the occasion speech can often give pride to
learners are able to: the individual being honored. It is a good
way to recognize one‘s effort. For
 distinguish informative and instance, a welcome speech gives thanks
persuasive speeches from special- to the audience for being present despite
occasion speeches; and  various circumstances. The speech is a
Identify and explain the different means of showing one‘s appreciation
types of special-occasion speeches. through words of praise and gratitude.

INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL-OCCASION

SPEECH
Many entertaining speeches fall under the
category of special-occasion speeches. All
the speeches in this category are given to
• Entertain and Celebrate - speeches etiquette. These ceremonies tend to be
intended to entertain an audience may be very special for people, so it shouldn‘t be
either informative or persuasive, the surprising that they are opportunities for
rhetorical situation often provides a clear speech making.
indication of when a speech falls into the
special occasion category. An awards
banquet and weddings are examples of Speeches of Introduction:
special occasions that call for a speaker
to present an upbeat, light speech Which is a mini-speech given by the host
designed to amuse the audience while of a ceremony that introduces another
celebrating a person, event, or situation. speaker and his or her speech.
Effective Speech of Introduction: - Balance
• Commemorate - When we think of a
the length of the intro duction paragraph
speech crafted to commemorate
with the total speech length.
something or someone, perhaps a eulogy
is the first type to come to mind. - Avoid broad, sweeping, and too general
Speeches of commemoration can also statements. - Be clear, direct and
include building or monument dedications straightforward in your speech.
that are designed to honor the memory of
the person or situation that inspired the Speeches of Presentation:
site.
A speech of presentation is a brief speech
given to accompany a prize or honor.
• Inspire - Often the rhetorical situation Publicly speaking to an audience with
calls for a speaker to present words of intent to inform, demonstrate, explain or
wisdom and guidance based upon their persuade. The presentation is normally
own personal experiences or what they‘ve written, then performed and includes an
learned through shared experiences of introduction, a body consisting of main
the audience they are addressing. focal points and a conclusion.

• Advocate - This textbook is dedicated

to encouraging students to stand up and
speak out and this type of special
occasion speech encompasses the
speeches in which individuals do just that.
Speeches of advocacy focus on goals
and values, and are often cause-oriented
or crafted to impact policy-setting or
change in some way.

CEREMONIAL SPEAKING Good Presentation Speech:

Refer to the occasion by telling why you
are there and why it is a special day.
Explain briefly what the award represents,
and describe the following: symbol, goal,
categories, history and previous winners.
Describe the organization you are
representing and explain why you are
privileged to present the award. Offer
personal thoughts, experiences, and
feelings about the award. Praise the
Ceremonial Speeches: recipient by citing relevant outstanding
contributions, achievements, or records
Speeches given during a ceremony or a and adapt them to the goals and meaning
ritual marked by observance of formality or of the special occasion. Ask the recipient
to come forward and read the text or A speech of farewell allows someone to
inscription of the award. Congratulate the say good-bye to one part of his or her life
awardee. as he or she is moving on to the next part
of life. Maybe you‘ve accepted a new job
Speeches of Acceptance and are leaving your current job, or you‘re
The complement to a speech of graduating from college and entering the
presentation is the speech of acceptance. work force
The speech of acceptance is a speech INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
given by the recipient of a prize or honor.
There are three typical components of a
speech of acceptance:
• Thank the givers of the award or
honor,
• Thank those who helped you
achieve your goal, and • Put the
award or honor into perspective.

Inspirational Speeches:
Speeches of Dedication The goal of an inspirational speech is to
elicit or arouse an emotional state within
A speech of dedication is delivered when a
an audience. In Section 18.2.1
new store opens, a building is named after
"Ceremonial Speaking", we looked at
someone, a plaque is placed on a wall, a
ceremonial speeches. Although some
new library is completed, and so on.
inspirational speeches are sometimes tied
These speeches are designed to highlight
to ceremonial occasions, there are also
the importance of the project and possibly
other speaking contexts that call for
those to whom the project has been
inspirational speeches. For our purposes,
dedicated.
we are going to look at two types of
inspirational speeches: goodwill and
speeches of commencement.
Roasts
Speeches to Ensure Goodwill
The roast speech is a very interesting and
peculiar speech because it is designed to Goodwill is an intangible asset that is
both praise and goodnaturedly insult a made up of the favor or reputation of an
person being honored. Generally, roasts individual or organization. Speeches of
are given at the conclusion of a banquet in goodwill are often given in an attempt to
honor of someone‘s life achievements. get audience members to view the person
The television station Comedy Central has or organization more favorably. Although
been conducting roasts of various speeches of goodwill are clearly
celebrities for a few years. persuasive, they try not to be obvious
about the persuasive intent and are often
Eulogies delivered as information-giving speeches
that focus on an individual or
A eulogy is a speech given in honor of organization‘s positives attributes.
someone who has died. A eulogy is a
speech or writing in praise of a person or There are three basic types of speeches
thing, especially one who recently died or of goodwill:
retired or as a term of endearment.
• Public relations, • Justification, and •
Apology.
Speeches of Farewell
Speeches for Public Relations As teachers, we take the floor daily. While
other professions may not address
In a public relations speech, the speaker is audiences as frequently - board meetings,
speaking to enhance one‘s own image or presentations, interviews, small-group
the image of his or her organization. You collaboration, and one-on-one
can almost think of these speeches as informational sharing occurs. These are all
cheerleading speeches because the forms of public speaking, which require
ultimate goal is to get people to like the people to be able to encode a valuable
speaker and what he or she represents. message to at least one other person.
Speeches of Justification Communicating clearly can allow
individuals to advance in his or her career,
The second common speech of goodwill is obtain a dream job, find success, and
the speech of justification, which is given improve the quality of his or her craft no
when someone attempts to defend why matter what that craft may be. This idea is
certain actions were taken or will be taken. powerful and one that has fueled my
In these speeches, speakers have already passion for teaching young people to love
enacted (or decided to enact) some kind public speaking or mildly tolerate it.
of behavior, and are now attempting to
justify why the behavior is or was In addition to communicating as part of
appropriate. their careers, students will also be asked
to speak public in some of life's most
Speeches of Apology important events. Weddings, funerals,
significant. birthdays, anniversaries, and
The final speech of goodwill is the speech other functions that occur among family
of apology which is to ask and friends. To help students begin to
forgiveness .Frankly, these speeches have realize that they will need to speak at
become more and more commonplace. these functions throughout their lives and
Every time we turn around, a politician, give them a little practice with real-world
professional athlete, musician, or speaking, I've developed a few activities
actor/actress is doing something during my final unit (Special Occasion
reprehensible and getting caught. In fact, Unit) in my speech class to help make
the speech of apology has quickly become public speaking more realistic.
a fodder for humor as well. In your
apology, you need to be specific and SYNTHE
detailed and say exactly what you did SIS
wrong
• Ceremonial Speeches- ritual
Speeches for Commencements marked by observance of formality or
etiquette
The second type of inspirational speech is
the speech of commencement, which is • Speeches of Introduction- a mini-
designed to recognize and celebrate the speech given by the host of the ceremony
achievements of a graduating class or
other group of people. The most typical • Speeches of Presentation- speech
form of commencement speech happens given to accompany a prize or honor
when someone graduates from school. • Speeches of Acceptance- speech
PROCESSING AND REFLECTION given by the recipient of a prize or honor

The speech is written and spoken to • Speeches of Dedication- to whom

appeal to the senses. Some speeches are the project has been dedicated
written to inform people of a current or • Roasts- designed to both praise
past happening. This is a speech about an and good-naturedly insult a person being
event, and it is meant to bring people up to honored
speed on things that have, are or will be
going on in the world. In every walk of life, • Eulogies- a speech given in honor
we are called upon to be public speakers. of someone who has died
• Speeches of Farewell- speech is to These are the four primary types of
elicit or arouse an emotional state within speech delivery: Manuscript,
an audience Memorized, Impromptu and
Extemporaneous.
• Inspirational Speeches- made up
of the favor or reputation of an individual Manuscript speaking, like it sounds,
or organization involves reading your speech word-for-
word from its written form. The advantage
• Speeches to Ensure Goodwill- to delivering a speech this way is that you
intangible asset that is made up of the can perfectly plan and control the wording
favor or reputation of an individual or of your speech. This sounds like it is
organization ideal, but really it is not. In most speeches
• Speeches for Public Relations- you should be striving for an informal,
cheerleading speeches because the conversational delivery style. Reading
ultimate goal is to get people to like the prevents that, as well as eye contact.
speaker and what he or she represents. Also, with set wording, you can‘t adapt
the speech if the audience isn‘t following
• Speeches of Justification- to or interested in your speech.
defend why certain actions were taken or
Memorized, like it sounds, involves
will be taken
committing your entire speech to memory.
• Speeches of Apology- to ask Once again, this sounds great. But,
forgiveness practically speaking, who has time
memorize even a short speech? And like
• Speeches for Commencements- to a manuscript speech, you can‘t adapt the
recognize and celebrate the achievements feedback from the audience.
of a graduating class or other group of
people. An Impromptu speech is the one that you
are asked to deliver with little or no
TOPIC 5 TYPES OF preparation.
SPEECHES BASED ON Finally, the Extemporaneous speech is a
DELIVERY speech delivered with some prepared
structure, such as notes or an outline, but
LEARNING OUTCOMES: is otherwise delivered off-the-cuff. In most
cases, this is going to be your best
During the learning engagements, the
choice. The note allows you to structure
learners are able to:
your speech, without handcuffing you in
the event that your audience needs you
• explain and apply each of to adapt. Also, you will sound more
the four methods of speech natural and conversational, and this will
delivery; and help hold audience attention.
• employ vocal and physical
factors, eye contact, and
presentation aids for effective ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL DELIVERY
delivery.
There are six aspects of physical delivery
that will be covered in this section:
INTRODUCTION Voice Use, Facial Expressions, Eye
Contact, Gesturing and Movement.
There are four ways in which a speaker
can deliver his or her information. Once Effective Voice Use involves several
can speak from his head, commit every elements. Naturally, one of the most
word to memory, read from a script or use important aspects is volume. As a
a blended approach. speaker you must be loud enough to be
heard by everyone in the room, but not so
loud that you sound unnatural and bossy. • Vary the rhythm, inflections, and
It is also necessary to vary the pitch, rate, pace of your delivery
tone of your voice to avoid sounding
monotonous. • Use gestures and movement to
add nonverbal interest
Your audience gathers a lot of information
from your facial expression. If your facial
expressions and your spoken words 2. Memorized Speaking Guidelines
conflict, the audience is likely to believe
your face. So make sure that your facial • Do not deliver your memorized
expressions mesh with the feelings and speech too rapidly
ideas being expressed.
• Avoid patterns of vocal inflection
The simple rule on eye contact is this: that make the presentation sound recited
The more, the better. A good strategy for
eye contact is to make brief (a beat or • Use gestures and movement to
two) eye contact with the members of the add interest and emphasis to your
audience in one section of the audience message
and then move to another section. Ideally,
you should be making eye contact with
someone whenever words are being 3. Impromptu Speaking
spoken in your speech.
• ―off the cuff‖
One of the most common questions that
people have about public speaking is: Guidelines
What do I do with my hands? The quick • Consider your audience
and easy answer is: Whatever comes
naturally (unless clutching the podium is • Be brief
what comes naturally). The key to good
• Organize
gesturing is variety, which most of us
have in our everyday gestures. • Draw upon your personal
experience and knowledge
The final aspect of physical delivery is
movement. If you are positioned behind a • Use gestures and movement that
podium, your movements are obviously arise naturally from what you are saying •
going to be restricted. But if you are not Be aware of the potential impact of
using a podium, feel free to walk to your communication
different parts of the stage as you deliver
your speech. This keeps different parts of
the audience involved and adds variety.
4. Extemporaneous Speaking
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
• Method of delivery preferred by
1. Manuscript Speaking most audiences

• Rarely done well enough to be Guidelines

interesting
• Use a full-content preparation
• Guidelines outline when you begin to rehearse your
presentation
• Type your manuscript in short,
easy-to-scan phrases • Prepare an abbreviated delivery
outline and speaking notes
• Use appropriate nonverbal
messages • Do not try to memorize your
message word for word
• Do not read the speech too quickly
• As you deliver your presentation,
adapt it to your audience
 In line with this, a good speaker will also
think about the delivery method, or the
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY way in which the speech will be conveyed
• Vocal Delivery to the audience.

• Volume SYNTHESIS

• Pitch • Manuscript speaking is the word-

for-word iteration of a written message. In
• Rate a manuscript speech, the speaker
maintains his or her attention on the
• Articulation printed page except when using visual
• Appearance aids.
• Memorized speaking is the rote
recitation of a written message that the
RECAP speaker has committed to memory
Characteristics of Nonverbal Delivery
• Extemporaneous speaking is the
Gestures should be relaxed, definite, presentation of a carefully planned and
varied, and appropriate. rehearsed speech, spoken in a
conversational manner using brief notes.
Movement should be purposeful
• Impromptu speaking is the
Posture should feel natural and be presentation of a short message without
appropriate to your topic, audience, and advance preparation.
occasion
• Voice Use, Facial Expressions,
Eye Contact should be established before Eye Contact, Gesturing and Movement
you say anything and sustained are parts of delivering speech to make it
throughout your presentation more effective.
Facial Expression should be alert, friendly,
and appropriate
MODULE 6
COMMUNICATION FOR
Volume should be loud enough to be
heard and varied WORK PURPOSES
Pitch should be varied to sustain audience
INTRODUCTION
interest It is the transmitting of information
between one people or group and
Rate be neither too fast or too slow
another person or group in an
Articulation should be clear and distinct organization. It can include emails, text
messages, voice mails, notes and etc.
Appearance should conform to what the Work communication is vital to an
audience expects organization‘s ability to be productive and
operate smoothly. It is very important to
companies because it allows companies
PROCESSING & REFLECTION to be productive and operate effectively.
Through communicating, it improves the
In order to have a speech that has the employee‘s morale, productivity and
proper content and can really catch the increases commitment to their work.
attention of the audience make sure that
every single detail of your speech is Consider good communication to be the
relevant to them, or it has something that secret ingredient in a successful,
would help them realize the importance of performing team. It plays a crucial role in
communication through speeches. building authentic relationships,
generating ideas, and helping a team
overcome challenges and face difficult
conversations.

KEY POINTS IN WRITING AN

TOPIC 1 BASICS OF EXPOSITORY ESSAY OR ARTICLE:
WRITING • Usually explains something in a
process.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• It is often equipped with facts and
During the learning engagements, the figures.
learners are able to: • It is usually in a logical order and
sequence.
1. Identify the four main categories Example:
of writing.
Air pollution is one of the most
2. Recognize the difference dangerous forms of pollution. A biological,
between these four main categories of chemical, and physical alteration of the air
writing. occurs when smoke, dust, and any
harmful gases enter into the atmosphere
and make it difficult for all living beings to
The term writing is defined as the activity survive as the air becomes contaminated.
or skill of marking coherent words on Burning of fossil fuels, agriculture related
paper and composing text. Unfortunately, activities, mining operations, exhaust from
this area is being neglected to its due industries and factories, and household
importance. However, writing is a way to cleaning products entail air pollution.
inform, educate, express human People release a huge amount of
emotions, knowledge and etc. chemical substances in the air every day.
Each writer is entitled to his/her own style The effects of air pollution are alarming. It
of writing, which reflects his/her, causes global warming, acid rains,
personality. While some people are born respiratory and heart problems, and
with the quality to write well, others can eutrophication. A lot of wildlife species are
learn it with some effort. Nevertheless, forced to change their habitat in order to
each piece of writing requires distinct survive.
style and tone which can decide on the
2. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
basis of the content. No matter what you
write is still and should be relevant to Descriptive writing‘s main purpose is to
what you decide to compose, basing to describe. It is a style of writing that
what your intentions might be. focuses on describing a character, an
event, or a place in great detail. It can be
poetic when the author takes the time to
FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF be very specific in his or her descriptions.
WRITING:
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A
1. EXPOSITORY WRITING: DECRIPTIVE ESSAY OR ARTICLE:
Expository writing‘s main purpose is to • It is often poetic in nature.
explain. It is a subject-oriented writing
style, in which authors focus on telling • It describes places, people,
you about a given topic or subject without events, situations, or locations in a highly
voicing their personal opinions. These detailed manner.
types of essays or articles furnish you
with relevant facts and figures but do not • The author visualizes what he or
include their opinions. she sees, hears, tastes, smells, and feels.
Example:
You dream of fried bananas, sizzling hot
in bubbling coconut oil, golden brown, its
sweet aroma bringing back childhood
memories of your mother in the kitchen — 4. NARRATIVE WRITING
happy times. With a metal spatula, you lift
the banana-halves from the wok and roll Narrative writing‘s main purpose is to tell
them in a mound of precious sugar. The a story. The author will create different
irresistible sight of the white grains of characters and tell you what happens to
sugar clinging to the red-brown surface them (sometimes the author writes from
make your mouth water, pushes your the point of view of one of the characters-
sister's words out of your mind: "No this is known as first person narration).
matter what happens, don't leave the Novels, short stories, novellas, poetry,
house." and biographies can all fall in the
narrative writing style. Simply, narrative
writing answers the question: What
happened then?‖
3. PERSUASIVE WRITING
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A NARRATIVE
Persuasive writing‘s main purpose is to
ESSAY OR ARTICLE:
convince. Unlike expository writing,
persuasive writing contains the opinions • A person tells a story or event.
and biases of the author. To convince
others to agree with the author‘s point of • Has characters and dialogue.
view, persuasive writing contains • Have definite and logical
justifications and reasons. It is often used beginnings, intervals, and endings.
in letters of complaint, advertisements, or
commercials, affiliate marketing pitches, Example:
cover letters, and newspaper opinion and
"The barber was cutting our hair, and our
editorial pieces.
eyes were closed—as they are so likely to
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A be... Deep in a world of our own, we
PERSUASIVE ESSAY OR ARTICLE: heard, from far away, a voice saying
goodbye. It was a customer of the shop,
• Persuasive writing is equipped leaving. 'Goodbye,' he said to the
with reasons, arguments, and barbers. 'Goodbye,' echoed the barbers.
justifications. And without ever returning to
• In persuasive writing, the author consciousness, or opening our eyes, or
takes a stand and asks you to agree with thinking, we joined in. 'Goodbye,' we said,
his or her point of view. before we could catch ourselves."—E.B.
White "Sadness of Parting."
• It is often asks for readers to do
something about a situation (this is called TOPIC 2 SHORT REPORTS
a call to action).
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Example:
During the learning engagements, the
Are you tired of seeing your paychecks learners are able to:
slashed by unjust tax deductions? We
work hard to provide for our families and • identify and explain the uses of
then wind up only being able to live short reports; and
paycheck to paycheck. If you vote for me, • explain the significance and
I'll make sure your taxes are lowered and usability of preparing and delivering a
you get the government services that you
short report; and
depend on. Imagine everything you'll be
able to do with more wiggle room in your
monthly income. Cast your vote today.
 2 Background (shows the
significance of the study and provides
readers with more details).
Introduction: 3 Procedure (presents methods that
have been used to conduct research).
A short report is a formal document
4 Discussion (reviews and analyzes
written to inform a specific audience
findings, shows limitations of an
about a certain subject that has an impact
investigation).
on their lives. Such type of work is used
more in business, journalism, and science 5 Conclusions (summarizes key
rather than as the university assignment. points and the main idea of the study).
They differ from ordinary ones not only in 6 Recommendations (provide
size but also in the purpose of writing and guidance for the further research and
structure. Short report writing is more present writer's interpretation of a problem
focused and, therefore, broken into fewer and its solution).
sections. It is very difficult to find an
example of the outline for the given task
as the structure depends on the purpose
and topic. Hence, it is better to organize
each report individually making it as brief
and coherent as possible. You may still
use the following short report example
and alter it accordingly for every
occasion.
A short report consists of significant
information of a particular topic that is
meant to inform a reader. A report may
either be oral or written in the report form
of a memo or a letter.

HOW TO WRITE A SHORT REPORT:

1 To do this, you first need to identify

your topic. With a topic in mind, it will be
easier for you to specify the key points
that need to be emphasized in the report.
2 Next, you have to arrange these
points in a logical order.
3 Once this is done, identify sub-
points that provide supporting details to
the main point of your free outline.
4 Finally, review the outline you
have made. This will allow you to make
the necessary changes for parts that do
not make much sense.

KEY POINTS IN WRITING A SHORT

REPORT:

1 Summary (briefly overviews the

research and includes basic information
about it).