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AMDG STATES OF MATTER AND SEPARATING MIXTURES

FORM ONE B and R 2024

Definition of an atom- An atom is the smallest/simplest unit of a

particle/matter. You cannot separate an atom by physical or chemical
means.

The particle model

In the environment there are things made of wood, plastic, rubber,

steel, iron, copper or clay. All these different types of substances are
called materials. Materials are made up of tiny particles. Many
materials are mixtures. Wood is a mixture. A substance is made up of
just one type of material. Substances include gold, water and oxygen.

The properties of a substance describe what it looks like and how it

behaves. The properties of a substance depend on its particles.

Definition of matter – Matter is anything which has mass and volume

(and occupies space). The three states of matter are solids, liquids
and gases.

solids Liquids gases

Copper milk Oxygen O2
ice water Nitrogen N2
gold petrol carbon dioxide gas CO2
wood diesel hydrogen gas H2
glass paraffin carbon monoxide CO
silicon dioxide=sand mercury methane CH4
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clay methylated spirits propane C3H8

This particles model has five main points

1All matter is made up of particles.

2-The particles can be of different sizes.

3-The particles move around themselves.

4-The particles attract each other.

faster 5- The hotter the substance, the the particles move.

Kinetic theory of matter- states that matter is made up of tiny

particles which are always moving, because they have kinetic energy.

THE SOLID STATE

= PARTICLE

1-Solid particles are arranged in a regular manner.

2-Solids have a definite shape and volume.

3-Solids are very difficult to squash (compress).

4- In solids the particles vibrate about fixed positions (do not flow).
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5- Solids have very little or no space between the particles. The

particles touch each other.

6 Solids can be broken or cleaved, using a sharp tool or hammer. The

solid breaks along its cleaving planes.

7 Solids expand when heated and contract when cooled.

THE LIQUID STATE

= PARTICLE

1- Liquid particles are spaced out but some are still close. Some
particles can swap places. Other particles still vibrate.

2-Particles in a liquid are always moving about.

3- Liquid particles take up the shape of the container. They keep the
same volume.

4-Liquid particles can flow. They move through the gaps.

5 Liquid particles are not heavy for their size.

6 Liquid particles have more kinetic energy than solid particles.

7-Liquids are difficult to squash or compress.

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THE GAS STATE

=PARTICLE

1- Particles in a gas are very far apart.

2- They move rapidly and randomly in all directions.

3- There is very little or no attraction between gas particles.

4-Gases have no definite shape. They fill up any container.

5 Gases flow like liquids. They move by diffusion

6- Gas particles are very easy to squash or compress since particles

are far apart.

7- Most gases are light for their size.

8- Gas particles collide with each other and the walls of the container,
to exert pressure.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrTxRn9MNWM

http://ritu75indus.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/3/7/5137247/5-week-
hw.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TVOlTolKFA
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OTHER PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

1-COMPRESSION- to compress means to squash particles together.

Solids are very difficult to compress. Liquids are difficult to compress.
Gases are easily compressed. The idea is used to inflate air bags in the
event of a vehicle colliding.

2- Melting – When solids are heated; their particles acquire kinetic

energy and vibrate breaking away from their fixed positions, to form
liquids. This process is called melting. The melting point is the
temperature at which a solid is changed to the liquid state at 1
atmosphere pressure (1atm).

3 Boiling -When a liquid is heated it acquires energy and particles

vibrate and move far away from each other to form a gas. This is
called boiling. Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid
state is changed to the gas state at atmospheric pressure (1atm).

4 Freezing- When the particles in a liquid are cooled, they move closer
together and a solid is formed. Freezing is the change from liquid to
solid e.g. when water turns to ice.

5- Condensation – When the particles in a gas (vapour) are cooled,

they come close together and form a liquid. Condensation is the
change of state from a gas to a liquid.

6- Sublimation is the change of state from solid to gas directly( when

solids are heated) or the change of state from gas to solid( when gases
are cooled), without going through the liquid state. Examples of
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substances which sublime include iodine crystals, solid carbon

dioxide, and naphthalene.

7 Expansion- Gases, liquids and solids expand when heated.

Expansion is the slight increase in size that occurs when the three
states of matter are heated.

8-Contraction- When solids, liquids and gases are cooled they

contract. Contraction is the decrease in size that occurs when gases,
liquids and solids are cooled.

Interconversion of the states of matter

Sublimation

MELTING boiling/EVAPORATION

Solid FREEZE liquid CONDENSE gas

Sublimation

Diffusion – is the mixing of particles until they are evenly spread.

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or Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher

concentration to a region of lower concentration, along a concentration
gradient. Diffusion occurs in gases and liquids

Experiment aim: To show diffusion in liquids

Apparatus: beaker, water, crystal of potassium permanganate

Diagram:
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Method: 1 Fill a beaker with water.

2- Drop a crystal of potassium permanganate into the beaker.

3-Leave the experiment for 20 minutes and observe the results.

Results: A purple colour rises and spreads out in the water, until the
whole body of water is evenly coloured with a purple colour.

Conclusion Therefore the liquid molecules move by diffusion.

Experiment Aim: To demonstrate diffusion in liquids

Apparatus: glass beaker, blue or green ink dye, dropper and water

Diagram: Draw

Method 1- Fill a beaker with water.

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2- Using a dropper put a drop of ink dye in the water.

3- Leave the experiment for 20 minutes and observe.

Results: After 20 minutes the whole beaker is evenly coloured with a

green (or blue) colour.

Conclusion: Therefore, liquid particles move and spread by the process

of diffusion.

Experiment aim: To demonstrate or show diffusion in gases.

Apparatus: two gas jars, brown gas, colourless gas, glass covers

Diagram:

Method:1- Fill gas jar A with a colourless gas.

2-Fill gas jar B with a brown gas.

3- Invert gas jar A over B.

4-Remove the glass slide and allow the two gases to mix

Results: The gases spread and mix evenly until there is a yellow colour

N.B. You can do the same experiment using (iodine purple and brown
NO2)

Conclusion: Therefore, gases move by diffusion.

Experiment aim: To show that different gases diffuse at
different speeds
Apparatus glass tube, concentrated hydrochloric acid,
concentrated ammonia, cotton wool
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Diagram:

Method: 1 set up the glass tube as shown in the diagram.

2 Soak a cotton wool with hydrochloric acid and put it in
end of the tube.
3 Soak on other cotton wool with concentrated ammonia
and put it at the other end at the same time.
4 Observe what happens after ten minutes
Results A thick white cloud of ammonium chloride is
formed close to the hydrochloric acid end.
hydrochloric acid + ammonia ammonium chloride
Conclusion Therefore, different gases move at different
speeds. Ammonia gas moves faster than hydrochloric
acid.
Brownian motion- This is the bombardment of large air
particles by smaller air particles e.g. large smoke particles
being bombarded by small air particles. This was first
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observed by Robert Brown in 1827, when he noticed

pollen grains being knocked about by water molecules.

Experiment aim: Crushing can experiment

Diagrams:

Method 1- Pour water into disused oil can.

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2- Heat the water until it boils.

3- Remove the can from the source of heat and screw on the
lid.
4- Allow the tin to cool in a safe place.
Results The can collapses into a shapeless object as shown
below, because the pressure inside the can is greater than the
pressure outside.
Mixing, separating and preparing substances
New terms
1 Solute- a solute is a substance (solid) which dissolves in a
liquid called a solvent e.g. copper sulphate crystals, sodium
chloride (common salt), potassium permanganate, lead nitrate
solid, sugar crystals.
2 Solvent-A liquid which dissolves a (solute)solid e.g. water,
petrol, paraffin, thinners, diesel, ethanol, saliva, rubber, blood
3 Solution- a mixture of a solute and solvent
solute + solvent solution
salt + water
sugar + water
copper (II) sulphate + water
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iron nitrate + water

4 Insoluble – An insoluble substance does not dissolve in a
solvent e.g. sand is insoluble in water.

5 Soluble – Substances which dissolve in a solvent are

said to be soluble e.g. sugar, salt, copper sulphate
crystals and iron nitrate crystals dissolve in water.
Experiment aim: To find out what substances dissolves in
water and which does not dissolve
Apparatus: spatula, test tube, salt, sugar, copper
sulphate, sulphur, sand, chalk powder, glucose
Diagram: Draw

Method 1-add different substances into a test tube

using a spatula.
2-Add about 10cm3 of water and stir the mixture.
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RESULTS
Substance in water Observation Dissolved or not
sugar Dissolves to form a
clear colourless solution
salt soluble to form a clear
colourless solution
Copper(II)sulphate Dissolves to form a
blue solution
Potassium Soluble forms a purple
permanganate solution
sulphur Yellow powder insoluble Does not dissolve
glucose Dissolves to form a clear
colourless solution
chalk powder Partly dissolves to form a
suspension
Lead carbonate Insoluble forms a
white paste
Iron sulphate Soluble forms a green
solution
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Conclusion: Some substances dissolve and are soluble. Substances

which do not dissolve are insoluble.

Methods of separating mixtures

1- Solution, filtration and evaporation.

2- Sedimentation and decantation. 3- Simple distillation.

4- Chromatography. 5-Centrifuging 6- Winnowing 7- Sieving

8- Using a magnet. 9 Fractional distillation 10 Handpicking

Experiment Aim: To separate a mixture of salt and sand

Apparatus: beaker, filter stand, funnel, filter paper, evaporating dish

Diagram: residue filter funnel

glass rod of sand filter paper

b) filtrate of salt solution

a) sand+ salt + water mixture
evaporating dish
salt forming
water bath

heat
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METHOD 1-Pour water to the mixture of salt and sand.

2 –Stir the mixture thoroughly.
3- Filter the mixture over filter paper and funnel.
4- Collect the filtrate of salt solution.
5- Evaporate the filtrate to near saturation point/crystallisation
point
6 –Allow the saturated solution to cool and crystallise.
Results White crystals of common salt(sodium chloride) are
obtained after evaporating. A residue of sand is left on the filter
paper.
2 Sedimentation and decantation -This method is used to
separate a dense solid from a liquid e.g. an aqueous precipitate,
muddy water. The mixture is allowed to settle. The dense solid
settles down. A clear liquid collects on top and is gently
decanted out. To decant is to pour out.
3- Chromatography. This is a method that is used to separate
substances based on their different solubilities and size e.g.
chlorophyll pigments, ink dyes, amino acids, blood proteins and
alcohols.
Uses of Chromatography 1-To study dyes used in foods.
2-Finding out which pigments are contained in leaves.
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3-Comparing the blood of a suspect with blood found at the

scene of crime.

4-Testing urine to check a patient’s health.

5 To carry out doping tests on sportsman, athletes and
race horses.
Experiment Aim: To separate ink pigments by paper
chromatography
Apparatus: chromatography /filter paper, water, beaker,
straw, ink, paper clip
Diagram:

Method: 1- Using a pencil draw a base line 2cm from the

bottom of the paper.
2 Put an unknown ink spot on the base line
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3- Using a paper clip to attach the chromatography paper

on a straw.
4 Suspend the paper into a beaker with a solvent of
water.
5 Allow the solvent to rise up the paper by capillary
action.
6 Dry the paper and observe the different colours formed
on the paper.
Results The unknown ink spot separates into different
coloured bands. The bands have the following colours
red, blue, purple, yellow and green.
Conclusion: Therefore, ink pigments can be separated by paper
chromatography.
4 SIMPLE DISTILLATION -This is a method that is used to
separate i) a solvent from a solution ii) solute from a solution
iii) liquid mixture which differ in boiling points by more than
20°C.These liquids dissolve in each other completely. Examples
of mixtures that can be separated by simple distillation include
muddy water, aqueous copper (II) sulphate, saturated salt
solution, sea water.
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Experiment Aim To separate aqueous copper (II) sulphate

solution by simple distillation
Apparatus: distillation flask, condenser, beaker, water tubes,
burner
Diagram: OF SIMPLE DISTILLATION

Method 1 set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram

2 Pour the aqueous copper sulphate into the distillation flask.
3 Apply heat and observe.
Results -A distillate of pure water is collected. A blue salt of
copper sulphate is remains in the distillation flask.
5 Using magnetism to separate mixtures
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Experiment aim: To separate a mixture of sulphur and iron

filings using magnetism

Diagram:

Method 1 Mix equal amounts of iron fillings and sulphur

powder in a Petri dish. 2 Dip a bar magnet into the mixture
and move it around.
Results Iron filings are picked by the magnet. A yellow powder
of sulphur remains in the dish.
Conclusion Therefore a mixture of iron fillings and sulphur can
be separated by magnetism.
6 Using a separating funnel- A separating funnel is used to
separate two immiscible liquids. These are liquid mixtures
which do not mix. The two liquids separate into two layers. The
lower liquid layer is drained out first. A separating funnel can
be used to separate a mixture of oil and water, paraffin and
water.
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TAP
a separating funnel jet

7 Handpicking – This method involves physicallly picking the different

components in the mixture e.g. separating a mixture of stones, pieces of
glass, wood and steel beads.

8 Winnowing – Uses a winnower to separate a mixture of solids which has

different densities. e.g rice from husks.

9 Seiveing -A seive is used to separate and purify solids e.g. mealie meal
or flour.

10 Fractional distillation- This is a method that is used to separate miscible

liquid mixtures whose boiling points differ by less than 20◦C e.g. ethanol
and water. There is a special appparatus called a fractionating column.
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HOMEWORK 3
1 Define i) matter ii) mass iii) volume iv) gas b[4]
2-Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of particles in
a) solids b) liquids c) gases [6]
3 What is the kinetic theory of matter? [2]
4 Calculate the weights of i) a ruler of mass 30g
ii) a boy of mass 40 kg iii) a truck of mass 7,5 tonnes
iv) a log of mass 375 kg v) a tin of mass 75 kg [5]
5 What is meant by i) melting point ii) freezing
iii) condensation iv) simple distillation [4]
6 Define the terms i)element ii)compound [2]