FOSSILIZATION
Fossilization in grammar refers to a phenomenon in second language acquisition
(SLA) where certain linguistic errors or non-native features persist in a learner's
language use, even after an extended period of exposure to the target language.
Essentially, these errors become "fossilized" and resist correction or improvement
over time.
1. Persistent Errors: Fossilization involves the retention of errors or non-native
linguistic features by language learners, even when they have received explicit
instruction or exposure to the correct forms.
2. Long-Term Nature: Fossilization is a long-term phenomenon. It is not a
temporary stage in the language learning process but rather a state where certain
errors become ingrained and resistant to change.
3. Incomplete Language Development: Learners who experience fossilization
may not fully acquire certain grammatical structures or features of the target
language, despite exposure and practice.
4. Multiple Causes: Fossilization can result from various factors, including
individual learner differences, lack of exposure to native speakers, insufficient
practice, or the influence of first language interference.
5. Affective Factors: Learners' attitudes, motivation, and confidence levels can
play a role in fossilization. If a learner feels discouraged or lacks motivation, they
may be more prone to fossilized errors.
6. Age and Critical Period Hypothesis: Some theories suggest that the age at
which language learning begins may influence the likelihood of fossilization. The
critical period hypothesis posits that there is a biologically determined window
during which language acquisition is most effective, and learning beyond this period
may be less successful.
7. Interlanguage Development: Fossilization is often associated with
interlanguage development, where learners go through intermediate stages
between their first language and the target language. Fossilized errors can become
entrenched during these intermediate stages.
Addressing fossilization in grammar is a challenge for language educators.
Strategies may include targeted corrective feedback, increased exposure to native-
like language use, and fostering a positive and motivating learning environment. It's
important to recognize that while fossilization can limit certain aspects of language
proficiency, learners may still achieve overall communicative competence in the
target language.
