Coordinated Strategy for SVC Operation:

Ecuadorian Case
Fernando Salinas-Herrera, Diego Salinas-Herrera, Geovanny Pardo-Salazar
Department of Electrical and Energy Studies
Agency of Regulation and Control of Electricity
Quito, Ecuador
[email protected]

Abstract— This paper proposes a coordinated strategy for Several control strategies for SVC devices have been
SVC operation in terms of SVC optimal reactive power proposed in the literature such as PI control, Model
reserve, dispatching of uneconomical forced thermal Predictive Control (MPC), Fuzzy Logic, Artificial Neural
generation, and transmission system voltage quality. First, an Networks (ANN), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Fryze-
operation strategy is developed at steady state operation to Buchholz-Dpenbrock (FBD), among others [3]–[11]. The
then find the dynamic response at N-1 contingencies. A integral square error criterion is used to tune PI damping
coordinated strategy is performed by evaluating the impact of controller parameters to increase dynamic stability. MPC in
the SVC operation at not only the controlled bus but the entire turn, can balance the reactive power in the system by
transmission system. This work constitutes a relevant base for
controlling the firing angle to improve transient response.
analysing operation strategies for FACTS devices with an
integral view (that is the impact on the wide area of the power
ANN and GA are proposed to improve the transient stability
system) and not just considering the local effects. The by optimizing the SVC parameters, but they can be difficult
proposed operation strategy is validated on Ecuador realistic to implement in practice.
data with the aim to get the most benefits of such devices in On the other hand, and beyond control strategies, SVC
coordination with other power system apparatus. operation strategies have been also of interest for the
research community. To get the most benefits from the SVC
Keywords— SVC, FACTS, reactive compensation, power
operation in a real-world power system, a comprehensive
flow control, voltage quality, Ecuadorian power system
analysis needs to be carried out not only in terms of control
I. INTRODUCTION strategy but in terms of active power reserve, operation
limitations, system constraints, wide area impact, etc. Zhao
Electrical networks play a fundamental role within et al. in [12] study the operation of the SVC for flicker
power systems. The operation of such complex systems is mitigation of electric arc furnaces. Ceaki et al. in [13]
restricted by physical laws as each network element has analyse the SVC operation impact on power quality for grid-
finite bounds, limiting the amount of energy that can be connected PV plants. In [14], Mansour et al. proposes a
transported and supplied to the end-user. The increasing SVC operation strategy in coordination with under-load tap
demand for electricity and the evolution of the energy changer (ULTC) to compensate the reactive power
markets have led to very saturated power systems which in requirements from the upstream network. Huang et al. in
turn, have pushed network operation closer to stability [15] design a control strategy for the 900 MVA SVC in
limits. The operation of transmission networks is frequently Holeta Substation in Ethiopia, to control the 400 kV
affected by stability problems due to the unpredictable transmission level and to provide dynamic response during
system behaviour. Ideally, the active power transmission and following system contingencies. In [16], Yang et al.
capability of lines should be until thermal limits. However, study the reactive power control on an isolated wind-diesel
voltage and stability limits denote earlier restrictions. In this hybrid power system using SVC sliding mode control. In
regard, voltage and stability limits should be displaced to [17], Palmer et al. present a wide area control of SVCs for
improve the active power transmission. Furthermore, as the first swing and damping control in longitudinal systems.
length of transmission lines increases, the active power Subhra et al. in [18], propose a control strategy for an SVC
transfer is limited even more. Historically, several cost to improve the overall power quality in a distribution
efficient solutions have been preferred over the installation network. However, the most of such analysis have focused
of new transmission lines [1]. mainly on the SVC control strategy rather than on an
In a complex interconnected AC transmission network, integral operation strategy considering the impacts on the
the power flow between generation and load is transferred wider power system.
through multiple paths. With multiples sources and loads, Nonetheless and despite the extensive literature, there is
the power flow analysis should determine the different still a need to analyse SVC operation strategies considering
active and reactive power flow levels in all lines, which in a wider area impact. Moreover, system requirements and the
turn is defined by voltages and impedances at their operation of other system assets, which to our knowledge,
terminals. In this context, there is a need to control power has not been previously considered in the literature. This is
flow through transmission lines in order to improve mainly particularly true in Ecuador since there has been installed a
the transmission capacity and to manage power flows under first SVC device in the power system. This paper aims to
dynamic conditions (load changes, line trips, generation address these gaps by providing a more integral analysis of
outages, etc.) for securing system stability and reliability the SVC operation for maintaining power quality and, in
[2]. coordination with the operation of other system assets such
The Static Var Compensator (SVC) as a member of as thermal generation units.
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices can This work is organized in 7 sections. Section 1 presents
dynamically inject inductive or capacitive power into the the introduction. Section 2 briefly reviews the power flow
system to rapidly control voltage fluctuations and to control strategies. Section 3 describes the SVC to be studied.
increase transmission capacity. Section 4 designs the optimization problem, objective
function, and constraints. Section 5 introduces the case

978-1-6654-4421-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE

study. The Ecuadorian power system is described. Section
6 discusses the main results. And, Section 7 draws the main
conclusions from this work.
II. POWER FLOW CONTROL REVIEW
In conventional power systems, most of the controls are
located at generation stations. For instance, the generator
spinning reserve keeps the instant balance between load and
power supply and thus, some generators should be
intentionally operated at a reduced power. Moreover, to
regulate system frequency and voltage at nominal values,
controls must be implemented in certain generators (e.g.
AGC). In addition, fixed impedances are implemented at Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of Chorrillos SVC. The voltage reference for
the controller is taken from the high-voltage side of the transformer.
certain points of the transmission network to regulate
voltages, increase transfer capacity, and to reduce losses.
More extended description of such controls can be found in The SVC total susceptance considering the leakage
[19]–[21]. reactance effect from the coupling transformer is given by:

On the other side, semiconductors achievements have 1

boosted the development of power electronic devices which
can manage large amounts of power and consequently, the (3)
use and implementation of such technology in power
systems.
1
These electronic devices are so called FACTS and offer 1
the ability to achieve very fast adjustments for controlling (4)
power flows, expanding the boundaries of power transfer
without risking stability. FACTS devices can be connected Where:
to transmission systems either in shunt or series, or in a is the susceptance of the TSC,
combination of both. The characteristics, operation, control,
and benefits of FACTS are well discussed in the literature is the susceptance of the TCR,
[2], [20], [22], [23]. is the leakage reactance of the coupling transformer.
III. CHORRILLOS STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC) Additionally, the dynamic response is described by the
The 500 kV transmission corridor project in Ecuador following equations:
comprehended the construction of four substations: El Inga,
San Rafael, Tisaleo, and Chorrillos with their respective , ∝, , (5)
∝
transmission lines, and the implementation of a SVC at 2 ∝ ! 2∝ (6)
Chorrillos Substation which has become the first apparatus ∝
of its kind in the Ecuadorian power system [24]. The "#
Chorrillos Substation constitutes the main interconnection $ %
∝ (7)
between the northern and southern power networks in Where,
Ecuador. Consequently, its operation should be studied to
get the most benefits. The Chorrillos SVC include: 1 represents the control variables.
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), 1 Thyristor Switched TABLE I
Capacitor (TSC), and 3 single tuned filters (for third, fifth, Chorrillos SVC parameters.
and seventh harmonics), which additionally work as Fixed Nominal MVAr Measured MVAr
Capacitors (FC), supplying an extra compensation, as Item
(at 32.88 kV) (at 30 kV)
shown in Fig. 1.
TCR 117.0 100.0
The steady state control of the Chorrillos SVC is stated TSC 56.6 48.0
by the following voltage-current characteristics: Third Filter 22.3 18.5
(1) Fifth Filter 34.3 28.8
Seventh Filter 22.4 18.5
(2)

here:
is the voltage at controlled bus,
is the SVC current,
is the SVC total reactance,
is the SVC total susceptance,
Fig. 2. SVC working point coordination. It coordinates the operation of
is the voltage reference. filters, TCR and TSC according to the system needs. TCR and TSC
coordinates when SVC’s output is less than 60 MVAr, TCR and FC are
on and TSC is off.
 The Chorrillos SVC was designed following the IV. OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Standards IEEE 1031, IEC 60871 and IEC 61000-3-6. It A. Forced Thermal Generation at Guayaquil Side
operates at a voltage level of 30 kV and is connected to the
230 kV network through a coupling transformer. The rated In order to maximise the utilization of renewable energy
capacity goes from -30 MVAr (inductive) to +120 MVAr at high hydrology scenarios in Ecuador, without affecting
(capacitive) [25]. power quality, forced thermal generation (FTG) is required
at Guayaquil area. Guayaquil represents a heavy load region
The nominal and in-site measured parameters of the of the power system and is relatively far from the major
Chorrillos SVC, and the working point coordination, are hydro-generation units. In this regard, due to voltage quality
shown in TABLE I and Fig. 2, respectively. By design, requirements in this area, two thermal units need to be
when the TSC and FC are enabled, and the TCR is dispatched: Trinitaria supplying 65 MW, and Gonzalo
disconnected, the voltage increases to 32.88 kV, and the Zevallos supplying 50 MW [27].
compensation reaches 135.6 MVAr. Likewise, when the
TSC is disconnected, the FC are enabled, and the TCR is As Chorrillos SVC is located at Guayaquil area, its
supplying maximum power, the voltage drops to 29.28 kV, operation may relief some forced thermal generation turning
and the total compensation is -41.2 MVAr [25]. the power dispatch more economic.

A. Control Strategy B. Objective Function

In general, the SVC processes measured system This work analyses the optimal SVC operation in terms
variables to then generates an output signal which is of SVC optimal reactive power reserve and reduction of the
proportional to the desired reactive power compensation. A forced thermal generation at Guayaquil area by keeping the
small slope is typically incorporated at steady-state transmission system voltage within the range of 0.95 to
characteristics to achieve specific advantages. The 1.05. Mathematically, the objective function is formulated
Chorrillos SVC design comprehends three control as follows:
strategies: free voltage control, slow susceptance regulation, min ;!; . * < " # = 1 (8)
and manual control mode (constant susceptance control)
[26]. The control diagram is shown in Fig. 3. Where: We apply a discrete optimization process considering
the following constraints.
is defined by user, C. Constraints
&' and &() are not used, The objective function is subjected to the following
constraints:
*+,-. 0.01
 Power flow constraints: active and reactive power
1 1 balance including the total power generation, total
& 0 power load, total power losses, total fixed reactive
power compensation, and reactive power of the SVC.
23# 1
 Voltage limits at each bus ( in per unit:
2(# 0.5
0.95 ? ( ? 1.05 (9)
&'5 0.085125
 The apparent power flow * @()
( through any branch is
0.000415
&()
limited by thermal capacity of lines *@AB( :
The SVC restricts the reactive power supply in a steady
state condition in order to ensure a sufficient reserve for * @()
( ? *@AB( (10)
voltage control during major disturbances. It should control  Power generation is limited by maximum and
the voltage at 230 kV bus and may perform no action when minimum values of each generator:
voltage is in the range of 0.95 to 1.05 per unit (known as
D
dead-band). Within the dead-band, the SVC will supply 10 C&() ? C(D ? C&'5
D (11)
D
MVAr (capacitive) [27], [28]. The SVC control $&() ? $(D ? $&'5
D (12)
requirements are set to (i) response time lower than 100 ms,
(ii) maximum overshoot less than 20%, and (iii) settling  Trinitaria and Gonzalo Zevallos units are limited by
time less than 300 ms [28]. FTG requirements, maximum 65 and 50 MW,
respectively.
 The reactive power range of the SVC is limited by
measured values of of TSC, TCR and filters in MVAr:
48 ? $ ? 100 (13)
$E G(@A 18.5 (14)
$H G(@A 28.8 (15)
$I G(@A 18.5 (16)
 The reactive power reserve of the SVC and FC is
tested in discrete steps of 10 MVAr and in the range of
- 40 to 130 MVAr (total measured values):
Fig. 3. Basic control block diagram of Chorrillos SVC [26]
 LI (17) TABLE III
$ JG K 40 10! Summary of results at steady state operation. All scenarios show the
resulting dispatch of FTG, SVC power reserve (or supply), and controlled
)MN voltage.
The optimization algorithm is presented in Fig. 4.
Trinitaria Gonzalo Zevallos SVC Chorrillos 230 kV
Scenario
V. CASE STUDY P Q P Q Q V
1 65 45 50 31 - 1.01
The Ecuadorian power system is modelled in DigSilent
2 - - - - - 0.94
Power Factory at maximum demand scenario and high
3 - - - - -130 0.99
hydrology [24]. The system parameters are presented in 4 65 52 50 34 32 1.00
TABLE II. 5 65 42 50 30 -10 1.01
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 - - - - -16 0.95
7 65 56 - - -70 1.01
A. Steady State Operation
Six scenarios are proposed to limit the optimisation Cedege_Pascuales_138
problem, and a seven scenario to present the SVC and FTG Tulcan_138 1.050 Chone_138
Trinitaria_230 Chongon_138
optimal operation: 1.000
Trinitaria_138 Chorrillos_230

 Scenario 1: FTG without SVC 0.950

 Scenario 2: No FTG nor SVC Termoguayas_230 Dos_Cerritos_230

0.900
 Scenario 3: SVC (free voltage control) without FTG Severino_138 EAR1_Esclusas_230
 Scenario 4: FTG and SVC (free voltage control) 0.850

 Scenario 5: FTG and SVC (slow susceptance regulation, Santa_Elena_138 0.800 Electroquil_138

10 MW at dead-band)
 Scenario 6: SVC (slow susceptance regulation, 10 MW San_Gregorio_230 Esclusas_230

at dead-band) without FTG Scenario 1

 Scenario 7: Optimal operation Salitral_138 Jaramijo_138 Scenario 2

Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Posorja_138 Manta_138
Scenario 5
Policentro_138 Montecristi_138 Scenario 6
Pascuales_230 Nueva_Prosperina_230 Scenario 7
Pascuales_138

Fig. 5. Voltage profiles from different operation scenarios

After each iteration, voltages are analysed at 500, 230,

and 138 kV buses. The simulation results are presented in
TABLE III and Fig. 5.
By checking voltage profiles at each scenario, we
identify the following violations:
 Scenario 1 results in one bus under voltage limits:
Severino_138.
 In Scenario 2, 24 buses present low voltages.
 Scenario 3 reduces low voltages to 3 buses:
Chone_138, Posorja_138, and Severino_138.
 Scenario 4 results in 2 buses with low voltages:
Chone_138 and Severino_138.
Fig. 4. Optimization algorithm  In Scenario 5, all voltages are within limits.

TABLE II
 In Scenario 6, 16 buses present low voltages.
Characteristics of the Ecuadorian power system for this analysis. At this point, we draw some conclusions:
Voltage (kV) 500 230 138 69 46 23 13.8 Other
Bus number 12 77 149 137 35 30 186 70 From Scenario 3, it is clear that the SVC itself, operating
Substations number 5 31 54 49 2 2 at maximum capacity, cannot solve all voltage problems at
number 4 16 5
Fixed capacitors
MVAr 177 198 39
Guayaquil area.
number 7
Fixed reactors Additionally, from Scenario 6, it is seen that although
MVAr 360
Lines number 279 the SVC (operating at slow susceptance regulation) can
Km 8795 maintain the voltage at Chorrillos_230 bus within the limits,
Trafo (2-windings) number 198 this is not enough for the rest of buses.
Trafo (3-windings) number 96
number 185 Finally, from Scenario 4, it is observed that operating at
Loads MW 3785
free voltage control, the SVC contributes to lower voltages
MVAr 820
Synchronous at buses Chone_138 and Severino_138, due to its injection
number 104
machines of inductive reactive power to maintain voltage at 1 per unit
Installed capacity MW 5568 at Chorrillos_230 bus.
Spinning reserve MW 1661
Taking these results into account, FTG is reduced to the
operation of Trinitaria central due to its lower operation
costs [27] (compared to Gonzalo Zevallos), supplying 65 operation, the proposed SVC and FTG operation strategy is
MW. At this stage, we apply the proposed optimization not determinant for stabilizing the power system. Further
algorithm (Fig. 4). It provides the SVC and FTG optimal work is needed to improve system stability when N-1
operation condition which consists of the SVC operating at contingency scenarios.
slow susceptance regulation, supplying 70 MVAr
(capacitive) within dead-band and Trinitaria central
supplying maximum capacity. The results are presented in
Scenario 7 in TABLE III and Fig. 5.
B. Contingency Operation
Once the optimal operation at steady state is obtained,
we perform a N-1 contingency analysis to find the system
dynamic response and to exploit the SVC fast response
when disturbances. The N-1 cases are adopted from the
analysis done in [27] as follows: Fig. 6. Impacts of C-1 in SVC and controlled bus. SVC reactive power
injection swings from about 69.60 MVAr to 79.40 MVAr until Chorrillos
 C-1: Transmission line Chorrillos – Pascuales 230 kV (2 voltage totally stabilizes after 9 seconds.
of 4 circuits are tripped),
 C-2: Transmission line El Inga – Tisaleo 500 kV (1 of 1
circuit is tripped),
 C-3: Transmission line Tisaleo – Chorrillos 500 kV (1
of 1 circuit is tripped),
 C-4: Transmission line El Inga – San Rafael 500 kV (1
of 2 circuits is tripped).
Trip time is set at 5 seconds. The SVC response time is
set at 100 milliseconds. Contingencies are first simulated for
Scenario 7 (optimal operation) and voltage profiles are
verified. If voltages are out of limits, full FTG is Fig. 7. Impacts of C-1 in voltages profiles. All voltages are within 0.95
implemented at Scenario 7. and 1.017 per unit. No overshoots greater than 20%. There are no voltage
limit violations.
In C-1, no major impacts are evidenced. Bus voltages
are within limits without dispatching full FTG. Fig. 6 shows
the impact of C-1 in the SVC reactive power injection and
controlled bus voltage, and Fig. 7 shows the voltage
profiles. In addition, the results show that the SVC response
time is less than 40 ms and the maximum overshoot is less
than 1% which meet the SVC control requirements.
In C-2, C-3, and C-4, despite Scenario 7 can maintain
the voltage at Chorrillos_230 bus within the limits, not all
the buses satisfy this condition, even after dispatching full
FTG. For instance, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show the impact of Fig. 8. Impacts of C-4 in SVC and controlled bus with full FTG. Overshoot
C-4 when full FTG is dispatched. is less than 2% and response time less than 40 ms.

In this regard, the adoption of Scenario 7 (optimal

operation) is not completely determinant when contingency
operation. The transmission network results in several under
voltage violations even after dispatching full FTG.
Additional solutions should be studied and implemented to
secure the system operation after such contingencies but are
beyond the scope of this study.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
This work proposes a coordinated strategy for SVC
operation. The optimization problem considered the Fig. 9. Impacts of C-4 in SVC and controlled bus with full FTG. Overshoot
transmission system voltages to be maintained within is less than 2% and response time less than 40 ms.
acceptable limits by coordinating the SVC reactive power
injection and the dispatch of thermal units. The simulations
showed that the adoption of an operation strategy is a
specific optimization problem which should consider the
impact on the entire transmission system and in
coordination with the operation of other system assets.
For the Ecuadorian case, it was determined that the most
benefits are obtained when the voltage at controlled bus is
maintained at 1.01 per unit, the Chorrillos SVC injects 70
MVAr within dead band at slow susceptance regulation, and
Trinitaria generation is dispatched. At contingency Fig. 10. Impacts of C-4 in voltages profiles with full FTG. There are
several voltage limit violations.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Technol., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 640–649, 2019.

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