NERVOUS

SYSTEM 1
“The
“The more
more youyou
use
use your
your
brain,
brain, the
the
more
more brain
brain
you
you will
will have
have
to
to use.”
use.”

Dr. Khizer
Hussain Afroze
1
 INTRODUCTION
➢ Coordination & control of-
voluntary & involuntary
-
activities of the body.
➢ Integrates the activities of the different parts of the body.
➢ -
Receive sensory input from internal and external
environments – SENSORY OR AFFERENT
-

➢ Integrate the input

➢ &
Respond to stimuli – MOTOR OR EFFERENT
-

➢ Acts in concert with endocrine system to maintain the

body homeostasis

2
 DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nervous
system

Central Nervous Loading… Peripheral

System Nervous System

Somatic Autonomic
Brain Spinal cord
nervous system nervous system

3
 Brain
SPINAL CORD
Spinal
Cord
➢ connects the peripheral with central

-
Nerves
nervous system

➢ Extension from 1st cervical to lower

-
border of 1st lumbar vertebra.

➢ Spinal nerves:
➢ 31 pairs of spinal nerves

m
• Cervical -8
• Thoracic-12
• Lumbar-5
• Sacral-5
• Coccygeal-1 4
➢ Each spinal nerve is connected to
--

#
spinal cord by two roots.

-
➢ A ventral root (motor) & a dorsal root

B
(sensory)

Loading…
➢ Dorsal root is characterized by the
presence of a spinal ganglion at its
distal end, which lies in the
intervertebral foramen.

➢ Both roots unite at the intervertebral &

foramen to form the Typical spinal
5
 TYPICAL SPINAL NERVE

B Isensory

z ↓
Ventral (effector)
6
 Course

➢ After Emerges, gives off recurrent meningeal branches,

=>
and then divides Dorsal and Ventral ramus.

➢ Dorsal Ramus: passes backwards and >

-
supplies the
-
muscles of back and skin covering them.

➢ >
Ventral Ramus: connected with sympathetic ganglion, &
-

is distributed to the·
-
limb or the anterolateral body wall.
7
8
 Course

➢ Thoracic Spinal Nerve: Does

-
not mix with neighboring

rami and gives off

-

m
* Several Muscular branches
-

* A lateral
-
cutaneous branch

* An -
anterior cutaneous branch

9
 Parts of Brain

➢ Hind brain – Medulla and pons &

cerebellum

➢ Mid brain –Midbrain

➢ Forebrain –Diencephalon
Cerebrum

10
➢ Nervous tissue composed of

1. Neurons

2. supporting tissue

Neurons
➢ Specialized cells Loading…
➢ Neuron has a bodyO
(SOMA) and many

-
processes (single axon and many dendrites)

➢ Each Neuron is a separate unit

-
-
➢ More than 10 million neurons in cerebral
-

cortex.
-

11
➢ The cell body of the neuron forms the grey
➢ Cell body present outside the CNS is
>
called as ganglia

➢ The cell body of neuron has nucleus,

cytoplasm and organelles.

➢--
Nissl bodies are deep staining
substances in cytoplasm.
-

➢ Contain ribosomal granules for

-

-
protein synthesis

➢ Disappear during injury by a process

-
called chromatolysis

12
 DENDRITES

➢ --
Cytoplasmic extensions of cell body

➢ May be one or more.

➢ In dendrites the impulses flow towards the soma or

-

cell body.

➢ Branch and end in terminal arborizations.

-

➢ Dendritic spines project from the terminal branches.

13
 AXON
Efferent processes – carry
-
impulses away from cell body.
Axoplasm – -neurofibrils, microtubules
- and vesicles rich in
-

acetylcholine
-

Axolemma –-
semipermeable membrane covering the
axoplasm.

Arises at axon hillock-

devoid of nissl granules.

May be myelinated
-
or unmyelinated

14
 In CNS – White matter, Tracts

In PNS- Nerve fibres

Post ganglionic fibers of ANS and somatic fibers less

---
than 1µm diameter are unmyelinated

Dendrites – Impulses towards cell body

Axons – impulses away from cell body

15
 AXON TERMINAL
➢ Axons extends as a cylindrical
-
process
-
of uniform
diameter
-

➢ It terminates
--
by small branches ②
– telodendria

➢ Telodendria ends on other neurons or effector organs

as small swellings called terminal boutons or presynaptic
terminals –SYNAPSE

➢ Terminal ends are devoid of Myelin sheath.

➢ Motor end-plate is a special type of axon termination in

a skeletal muscle.
16
17
 TYPES OF SYNAPSE

➢ Axodendritic Synapse

➢ Axosomatic Synapse

➢ Axoaxonic Synapse

18
 MYELIN SHEATH

➢ The sheath is interrupted by gaps –

nodes of Ranvier.
In CNS- Formed from
oligodendrocytes (neuroglia)
➢ In PNS – Schwann cells

19
 Neuron classification

Neurons are classified according to their

➢ Number of processes
➢ Function
➢ Length of axon

20
 Based on number of processes
• Unipolar-

way
Mesencephalic
nucleus
• Pseudounipolar –

&
dorsal root
ganglia.
• Bipolar –-
Retina,
-
Olfactory cells, 21
22
 Based on Length of Axon

➢ Golgi Type I neurons – axons with 2 feet in

-
length
-
➢ Golgi Type II neurons – short axons
-

23
 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
➢ Sensory neurons long dendrite & short axon, Carry
--

②
messages from sensory receptors to CNS.
-

➢ Motor neurons long axon & short dendrites,

-o
Transmit messages from CNS to muscles (or to

O
glands).

➢ Interneurons present only in CNS, where they

-

-
connect neuron to neuron.
24
INTERNERURON

25
 Supporting cells : Neuroglia
Two types are seen
. Microglia developed from
-
-mesoderm
. Macroglia developed from
E neuroectoderm.
➢ Astrocytes – forms Blood
brain barier
-
shaped)
➢ Oligodendrocytes- forms
>
-

-
Myelin sheath in CNS
=
➢ Ependymal cells- forms
-

- ①
the CSF
26
 Microglia
• Small cells with few tortuous
processes bearing tiny
spines.

&
• Present in CNS along
perivascular coat of blood
vessels.
•-
Phagocytic in function.
• Act as macrophage cells –
-

-Scavenger cells

27
 Astrocytes
•6
Stellate in appearance having
many cytoplasmic processes.

• 2 types

• Fibrous: cells with fibrils,

-

situated in white matter

=

• Protoplasmic: without fibrils,

-

confined mainly to grey matter.

-

28
 Functions of Astrocytes
1.Processes are attached to
outer surface of capillaries of
brain-– BLOOD BRAIN
BARRIER

• - Loading…
It permits a selective passage
of blood contents to the
-
nervous tissue, thus toxic
-

substances are prevented

-

from entering the brain.

-

29
 FORMATION OF BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

It is formed by
• --
capillary endothelium without fenestration
• basement membrane of endothelium
-

• --
end feet of astrocytes covering the capillary walls.
 OLIGODENDROCYTE
• Smaller than astrocytes
-

• Found in-
grey & white matter.

• Less branched processes.

-
• Help in formation
>
&
maintenance of-
-
myelin sheath
by wrapping
-
themselves
around numerous axons at
- -

once.

31
 Ependymal Cells
• Line the ventricles of the brain & central canal of spinal
cord

---
• Help in exchange of substances between brain and
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid.
-

• Sometimes the processes of ependymal cells extends

towards neurons these are called as②
tanycytes

• Helps in BLOOD – CSF BARRIER

32
 -
• Nerve fibre may be myelinated or unmyelinated.

Myelinated nerve fibre

➢ Found in PERIPHERAL NERVES
➢ In CNS Myelinated fibres are found in white matter
forming TRACTS.

33
 Non – Myelinated nerve fibre

➢ CNS - Present in Grey matter

➢ PNS –Present in somatic fibres of less than

1 micron in diameter.

➢ ANS – present in Postganglionic fibres

34
 STRUCTURE OF MYELINATED NERVE FIBRE

In Peripheral Nerve:
➢ Formed by set of Schwann
cells
➢ They undergo spiraling
around axon & deposit
concentric layer of lipids &
proteins

35
➢ The sheath interrupted by – nodes of Ranvier. Here
adjacent schwann cells meet.
➢ The segment between 2 nodes is – internodal segment.
➢ Longer the segment faster is the rate of conduction of
nerve impulse.

36
• Nerve fibres are grouped
into fasciculi (bundles)
enclosed by perinuerium.

• Numerous fasiculi are held

together by outer
connective tissue-
epinuerium.

• connective tissue sheath

envelops the axon called
endoneurium

37
 REFLEX ARC

➢ Is the basic functional unit of the nervous system, which

can perform an integrated neural activity.
➢ A simplest monosynaptic reflex arc is made up of :
i) a receptor, eg: skin
ii) a sensory or afferent neuron
iii) a motor or efferent neuron
iv) an effector, eg: muscle

An involuntary motor response of the body is called a reflex

action.

38
39
 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

➢ Two divisions:
1. sympathetic
2. Parasympatheitic
➢ Control involuntary functions
● heartbeat
● blood pressure
● respiration
● perspiration
● digestion
➢ Can be influenced by thought and emotion
40
41
 SYMPATHETIC

● “ Fight or flight” response

● Release adrenaline and noradrenaline

● Increases heart rate and blood pressure

● Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles

● Inhibits digestive functions

42
43
 PARASYMPATHETIC

● Calms body to conserve and maintain energy

● Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure

44
Summary of autonomic differences
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological
arousal Sympathetic Parasympathetic
division (arousing) division (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stress ADRENAL Decrease secretion

hormones GLANDS of stress hormones

45
 HAVE HEALTHY FOOD

THANK YOU 46