Digital signal Processing
by
A. Anand Kumar
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Classification of discrete time system
A system is defined as an entity that acts on an input signal and transforms it into
an output signal. A system may also be defined as a set of elements or functional
blocks which are connected together and produces an output in response to an
input signal. The response or output of the system depends on the transfer
function of the system
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Classification of discrete time system
Both continuous-time and discrete-time systems are further classified as follows:
1. Static (memory-less) and dynamic (memory) systems
2. Causal and non-causal systems
3. Linear and non-linear systems
4. Time-invariant and time varying systems
5. Stable and unstable systems.
6. Invertible and non-invertible systems
7. FIR and IIR systems
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Static and dynamic systems
A system is said to be static or memory-less if the response is due to present input
alone.
For example, the systems defined below are static or memory-less systems.
Y(n) =x(n)
Y(n) =2x2(n)
In contrast, a system is said to be dynamic or memory system if the response
depends upon past or future inputs or past outputs.
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Causal and non-causal system
A system is said to be causal (or non-anticipative) if the output of the system at
any instant n depends only on the present and past values of the input but not on
future inputs.
The examples for causal systems are:
Y(n) =nx(n)
Y(n)=x(n-2) + x(n-1) +x(n)
A system is said to be non-causal (anticipative) if the output of the system at any
instant n depends on future inputs.
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Causal and Non-causal System
For a causal system, the impulse response or output does not begin before the
input function is applied, i.e., a causal system is non anticipatory.
Causal systems are real time systems. They are physically realizable.
A non-causal system produce an output even before the input is given. They do
not exist in real time. They are not physically realizable.
A delay element is a causal system, whereas an image processing system is a
non-causal system.
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Linear and non-linear System
A system which obeys the principle of superposition and principle of
homogeneity is called a linear system and a system which does not obey the
principle of superposition and homogeneity is called a non-linear system.
Homogeneity property means a system which produces an output y(n) for an
input x(n)must produce an output ay(n) for an input ax(n).
Superposition property means a system which produces an output y1(n) for an
input x1(n) and an output y2(n) for an input x2(n) must produce an output y1(n)
+ y2(n) for an input x1(n) + x2(n).
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Shift invariant and Shift-varying systems
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Shift invariant and Shift-varying systems
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Stable and Unstable system
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Stable and Unstable system
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Stable and Unstable system
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Invertible and Non-invertible systems
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FIR and IIR systems
Example: 1.17, 1.15, 1.13, 1.12
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