Contents

Lecture No. 6:
Inverse •Definitions
Trigonometric •Graphs
Functions •Properties
•Differentiation
•Integration
 Inverse trigonometric functions
• Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the six
basic trigonometric functions: sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, and csc.
• They allow us to determine angles from the values of
trigonometric functions.
• Inverse trigonometric functions are not one to one functions as
they are periodic
• We need to restrict trigonometric functions for inverse definitions.
inverse sine function sin 𝑥
−1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛
Domain Restrictions

Domain: [−𝝅/𝟐, 𝝅/𝟐]

Range: [−𝟏, 𝟏]

𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
Domain: [−𝟏, 𝟏]
Range: [−𝝅/𝟐, 𝝅/𝟐]
inverse Cos function cos 𝑥
−1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠
Domain Restrictions

Domain: [𝟎, 𝝅]
Range: [−𝟏, 𝟏]

𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒅𝒅

Domain: [−𝟏, 𝟏]
Range: [𝟎, 𝝅]
inverse tan function tan 𝑥
−1

Domain Restrictions

𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙

Domain: ] − 𝝅/𝟐, 𝝅/𝟐[

Range: 𝑹

Domain: 𝑹
Range:] − 𝝅/𝟐, 𝝅/𝟐[
inverse cot function cot 𝑥
−1

Domain Restrictions

co𝒕−𝟏 𝒙

Domain: ]𝟎, 𝝅[
Range: 𝑹

Domain: 𝑹
Range:]𝟎, 𝝅[
inverse sec function sec 𝑥
−1
Domain Restrictions

Domain:[0, 𝜋/2) ∪ [𝜋, 3𝜋/2)

Range:[1, ∞) ∪ (−∞, 𝟏]

Domain:[1, ∞) ∪ (−∞, 𝟏}
Range:[0, 𝜋/2) ∪ [𝜋, 3𝜋/2)
inverse csc function csc 𝑥
−1
Domain Restrictions

𝜋 3𝜋
Domain:(0, ] ∪ (𝜋, ]
2 2
Range:[1, ∞) ∪ (−∞, 𝟏]

Domain:[1, ∞) ∪ (−∞, 𝟏}
𝜋 3𝜋
Range:(0, ] ∪ (𝜋, ]
2 2
Table of Domain and Range for the Six functions
FUNCTION DOMAIN RANGE
sin−1 𝑥 [−1,1] [−𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]

cos −1 𝑥 [−1,1] [0, 𝜋]

tan−1 𝑥 (−∞, +∞) (−𝜋/2, 𝜋/2)

cot −1 𝑥 (−∞, +∞) (0, 𝜋)

sec −1 𝑥 (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) [0, 𝜋/2) ∪ [𝜋, 3𝜋/2)

csc −1 𝑥 (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞) (0, 𝜋/2] ∪ (𝜋, 3𝜋/2]

 Important Relations
𝟏. 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟐
𝟐. 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟐
𝟑. 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟐

Proof of 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟐

Let 𝜃1 = sin−1 𝑥 and 𝜃2 = cos −1 𝑥 → sin 𝜃1 = 𝑥 and cos 𝜃2 = 𝑥

𝜋
Using the identity: sin 𝜃1 = cos 2
− 𝜃1
𝜋
we have :𝑥 = cos 2
− 𝜃1

Take cos−1 for both sides

𝜋
cos−1 𝑥 = 2
− 𝜃1 , and 𝜃1 = sin −1 (𝑥)

𝜋
∴ sin−1 (𝑥) + cos−1 (𝑥) =
2
 Important Relations
−1 −1
1
1. sec 𝑥 = cos
𝑥
−1 −1
1
2. csc 𝑥 = sin
𝑥
−1 −1
1
3. cot 𝑥 = tan
𝑥
𝟏
Proof of 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
1 1 1
Let 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝜃 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑥 → = → 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑥 𝑥
−1
1
→ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥
−1
1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑥
 Angles and Quadrants for Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions allow us to find the angle when the ratio is known.
Function Range i/p (value of x) Quadrant
sin−1 (𝑥) 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥>0 Quadrant I 0∘ , 90∘
− ,
2 2 𝑥<0 Quadrant IV −90∘ , 0∘
cos −1 (𝑥) [0, 𝜋] 𝑥>0 Quadrant I 0∘ , 90∘
𝑥<0 Quadrant II 90∘ , 180∘
tan−1 (𝑥) 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥>0 Quadrant I 0∘ , 90∘
− ,
2 2 𝑥<0 Quadrant IV −90∘ , 0∘
• Examples: Evaluate without using calculator
a) tan sin−1 (1/3)
• Let sin−1 (1/3) = 𝛼 ⇒ sin 𝛼 = 1/3
1
⇒ tan sin−1 (1/3) = tan 𝛼 =
2 2

b) sec sin−1 (−2/3)

Let sin−1 (−2/3)) = 𝛼 ⇒ sin 𝛼 = −2/3

⇒ sec sin−1 (−2/3) = sec 𝛼 = 3/ 5
• Example:
Without using calculator evaluate: 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑/𝟒) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟓/𝟏𝟑)

• Solution:
3 5 −5
Let tan−1 (3/4) = 𝛼 ⇒ tan 𝛼 = & sin−1 (− ) = 𝛽 ⇒ sin 𝛽 =
4 13 13

cos tan−1 (3/4) + sin−1 (−5/13) = cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼sin 𝛽
• 4 12 3 −5 48+15 63
= − = =
5 13 5 13 65 65
• Example:
Without using calculator show that: 2𝐭 𝐚 𝐧−1 (𝟏/𝟑) − 𝐭 𝐚 𝐧−1 (−𝟏/𝟕) = 𝝅/𝟒

• Solution:
1 1 −1
Let tan−1 (1/3) = 𝛼 ⇒ tan 𝛼 = & tan−1 (− ) = 𝛽 ⇒ tan 𝛽 =
3 7 7
tan 2𝛼 − tan 𝛽
tan2tan−1 (1/3) − tan−1 (−1/7)= tan(2𝛼 − 𝛽) =
1 + tan 2𝛼tan 𝛽
1 2
2tan 𝛼 2 3
tan 2𝛼 = = 3 3
= =
2
1 − tan 𝛼 2 8 4
1
1− 9
3
3 −1 21 4 25
− +
−1 −1
tan 2tan (1/3) − tan (−1/7) = 4 7 = 28 28 = 28 = 1
3 −1 3 25
1+ 1−
4 7 28 28
∵ tan 2tan−1 (1/3) − tan−1 (−1/7) = 1 ⇒ 2tan−1 (1/3) − tan−1 (−1/7) = 𝜋/4
• Example:
1
Express sin 2tan 𝑥 in terms of 𝑥. Hence, evaluate ∫0 sin 2tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1

Solution:
Let tan−1 𝑥 = 𝛼 ⇒ tan 𝛼 = 𝑥
sin 2tan−1 𝑥 = sin 2𝛼 = 2sin 𝛼cos 𝛼
𝑥 1 2𝑥
=2 =
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
1 1
−1
2𝑥 2 1 = ln 2 − ln 1 = ln 2
න sin 2tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 2
𝑑𝑥 = ln 1 + 𝑥 0
0 0 1 + 𝑥
Important Properties of sin 𝑥
−1 function
• sin sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

This property shows that applying the sine function to its inverse gives the original
value, x, within the domain of [-1, 1].

𝜋 𝜋
• sin−1 sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; − ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2 2

This shows that applying the inverse sine function to sin(𝑥) gives back the original
𝜋 𝜋
angle x, but only when x lies within the principal range − ,
2 2
Example: sin sin−1 2 = 2 is False
Example:sin−1 (sin 2𝜋/3) = 2𝜋/3 is False (= 𝜋/3)
Generalized Properties for Other Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
• cos cos −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
• cos−1 (cos 𝑥) = 𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋

• tan tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
• tan−1 (tan 𝑥) = 𝑥 ; −𝜋/2 < 𝑥 < 𝜋/2

Similarly, we can define the rest of functions

Differentiation Rules
 Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)

1 u′
sin−1 𝑥 −1
sin 𝐮
1− 𝑥2 1 − u2
−1 −u′
cos−1 𝑥 cos−1 𝐮
1 − 𝑥2 1 − u2
𝟏 u′
tan−1 𝑥 tan−1 𝐮
1 + 𝑥2 1 + u2
−1 −u′
cot −1 𝑥 cot −1 𝐮
1 + 𝑥2 1 + u2
1 u′
sec −1 𝑥 sec −1 𝐮
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 u u2 − 1
−1 −u′
csc −1 𝑥 csc −1 𝐮
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 u u2 − 1
Example
d 1
• Show that −1
sin 𝑥 =
dx 1−𝑥 2

−1 ′
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 ⇒ 1 = cos 𝑦𝑦
1 1 1
′
⇒𝑦 = = =
cos 𝑦 1 − sin2 𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
Examples: Find y’
• 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 2
1 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦′ = (2𝑥) =
1 − 𝑥2 2 1 − 𝑥4
tan −1 5𝑥
• 𝑦= 3
−1 5𝑥 5
⇒ 𝑦′ = 3 tan
2
(ln 3)
1 + 25𝑥
• 𝑦 = log 2 cos −1 𝑒 𝑥
′
1 −1 1 −𝑒 𝑥
⇒𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 =
cos −1 𝑒 𝑥 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 ln 2 cos −1 𝑒 𝑥 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 ln 2
 sec−1 𝑥
Given 𝒚 = 𝒙 , Find y’

𝑦 ′ sec −1 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦=𝑥 sec−1 𝑥 −1
⇒ ln 𝑦 = sec 𝑥ln 𝑥 ⇒ = +
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
sec −1 𝑥 ln 𝑥
′ sec−1 𝑥
⇒𝑦 =𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
Integration Rules
 Integrals give Inverse Trigonometric Functions
More General
𝐹(𝑥) 𝐹(𝑥)
න 𝑓(𝑥) න 𝑓(𝑥)

1 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 Or − cos −1 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑢′ sin−1 u + 𝑐 Or − cos −1 u + 𝑐

න 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑢2

1 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 Or − cot −1 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑢′ tan−1 u + 𝑐 Or − cot −1 u + 𝑐

න 2
𝑑𝑥 න 2
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 1+𝑢

1 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐 Or − csc −1 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑢′ sec −1 u + 𝑐 Or − csc −1 u + 𝑐

න 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 −1 𝑢 𝑢2 −1
The Most General Laws for integration
𝐹(𝑥)
න 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑢′ u u
න 𝑑𝑥 sin −1
+ 𝑐 Or − cos −1
+𝑐
a a
𝐚𝟐 − 𝑢 2

𝑢′ 1 u 1 u
න 𝟐 𝑑𝑥 tan −1
+ 𝑐 Or − cot −1
+𝑐
𝐚 +𝑢 2 a a a a

𝑢′ 1 u 1 u
න 𝑑𝑥 sec −1 + 𝑐 Or − csc −1 +𝑐
𝑢 𝑢2 − 𝐚𝟐 a a a a
 𝑑𝑥
• ∫
1−25𝑥 2
1 5𝑑𝑥 1 −1
= ∫ = sin 5𝑥 + 𝑐
5 1 − (5𝑥) 2 5
𝑥𝑑𝑥
• ∫
1+𝑥 4
1 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
= ∫ = tan−1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2 1 + 𝑥2 2 2
𝑑𝑥
• ∫
𝑒 2𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ =∫ = sec −1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒𝑥 2 −1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 2 −1
1/4 1
• ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1−4𝑥 2

1 1/4 2 1 1/4 1 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
= න 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 2𝑥 0 = sin −1
− sin−1 0 = =
2 0 1 − (2𝑥)2 2 2 2 2 6 12
 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
• ∫
4−𝑥 6

1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 −1 𝑥 3
= න = sin +𝑐
3 22 − 𝑥 3 2 3 2
𝑑𝑥
• ∫
𝑥(7+𝑥)

1 1
𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥
=න 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 +𝑐
2
( 7) + ( 𝑥) 2 ( 7)2 + ( 𝑥)2 7 7
𝑑𝑥
• ∫ 2
𝑥 −6𝑥+13

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥−3
=න 2 =න = tan +𝑐
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 4 (𝑥 − 3)2 + 22 2 2
Homework

Exercise 7.6-page 461 No. 4 – 14.

Exercise 7.6-page 461 No. 29 – 34, 38 – 40, 59 – 70.