MAGNETI

SM
Amagneti
sasubst
ance(
api
eceofmet
alorot
hermat
eri
al)whi
chi
sabl
etoat
tr
actanot
hermagnet
oramagnet
icmat
eri
al.Thebehav
iorofmagnet
sandt
hei
rabi
l
ityt
oat
tr
actot
hersubsat
ncesi
s
knownasmagnet
ism.Mat
eri
alst
hatar
eat
tract
edbymagnetar
ecal
l
edmagnet
icmat
eri
als.
Lodest
onei
sanat
ural
l
yoccur
ri
ngmagnet
.
PROPERTI
ESOFMAGNETS
A.Magnet
icMat
eri
als
Magnet
sar
eonl
yabl
etoat
tractst
rongl
ycer
tai
nmat
eri
alssuchasi
ron,
steel
,ni
ckel
,cobal
t,whi
ch
ar
eal
socal
l
edf
err
omagnet
ics.
B.Magnet
icPol
es
Thepol
esar
ethepl
acesi
namagnett
owhi
chmagnet
icmat
eri
alsar
eat
tr
act
ed,
e.g.i
ronf
il
li
ngs.
Theyar
eneart
heendsofabarmagnetandoccuri
npai
rsofequal
str
engt
h.
C.Nor
thandSout
hpol
es
I
famagneti
ssuppor
tedsot
hati
tcanswi
ngi
nahor
izont
alpl
anei
tcomest
orestwi
thonepol
e,
t
henor
th-
seeki
ngorN-
pol
e,al
way
spoi
nti
ngr
oughl
ytowar
dst
heEar
th’
snor
thpol
e.Amagnetcan
t
her
efor
ebeusedasacompass.
D.Lawofmagnet
icpol
es
I
ftheN-
pol
eofamagneti
sbr
oughtneart
heNpol
eofanot
hermagnetr
epul
sionoccur
s.TwoS
(
sout
h-seeki
ng)pol
esal
sor
epel
.Bycont
rast
,NandSpol
esal
way
sat
tr
act
.Thel
awofmagnet
ic
pol
essummar
isest
hesef
act
sandst
ates:
Li
kepol
esr
epel
,unl
i
kepol
esat
tr
act
.
I
NDUCEDMAGNETI
SM
Chai
nsofsmal
li
ronnai
l
sandst
eel
papercl
i
pscanbehungf
rom amagnet
,asshownbel
ow.Each
nai
lorcl
i
pmagnet
izest
heonebel
owi
tandt
heunl
i
kepol
essof
ormedat
tr
act
.
I
fthei
ronchai
nisr
emov
edbypul
l
ingt
het
opnai
lawayf
rom t
hemagnet
,thechai
ncol
l
apses,
showi
ngt
hatmagnet
ism i
nducedi
nir
oni
stempor
ary
.Whent
hesamei
sdonewi
tht
hest
eel
chai
n,i
t
doesnotcol
l
apse;
magnet
ism i
nducedi
nst
eel
isper
manent
.
Magnet
icmat
eri
alsl
i
kei
ronwhi
chmagnet
izeeasi
l
ybutdonotkeept
hei
rmagnet
ism ar
esai
dtobe
sof
tmagnet
icmat
eri
als.Thosel
i
kest
eel
,whi
char
ehar
dert
omagnet
izet
hani
ronbutst
ay
magnet
ized,
arehar
dmagnet
icmat
eri
als.Bot
hty
peshav
ethei
ruses;
ver
yhar
donesar
eusedt
o
makeper
manentmagnet
s.
Magnet
icandNon-
magnet
icMat
eri
als
Mat
eri
alwhi
char
eat
tract
edbyamagnetar
eknownasmagnet
icmat
eri
als.Magnet
icmat
eri
alscan
beusedt
omakemagnet
sbutnon-
magnet
icmat
eri
alscannot
.Al
laudi
oandv
ideor
ecor
dingt
apes
consi
stofat
hinl
ayerofamagnet
icmat
eri
al(
e.g.i
ronoxi
de,
chr
omi
um oxi
de)coat
edwi
thanon-
magnet
icpl
ast
icf
il
m.
Mat
eri
alswhi
char
enotat
tract
edbyamagnetar
ecal
l
ednon-
magnet
icmat
eri
als.Exampl
esoft
hese
i
ncl
udewood,
copper
,paper
,al
umi
nium,
brassandgl
ass.
NOTE:
Theonl
ysur
ewayt
otestamagneti
srepul
sionbet
weenaspeci
menandamagnet
.At
tr
act
ion
bet
weenaspeci
menandamagnetonl
ysuggest
sthatt
hespeci
menmaybeamagnet
icmat
eri
alora
magnet
.
MAGNETI
CFI
ELDPATTERNS
Magnet
icf
iel
dist
her
egi
onsur
roundi
ngamagnet
,wher
ethemagnet
icef
fectorf
orcei
sexper
ienced.
Thi
sregi
oni
srepr
esent
edbymagnet
icf
iel
dli
nesorl
i
nesoff
orce.
Al
i
neoff
orcei
sthepat
hal
ongwhi
chaf
reenor
thpol
ewoul
dmov
eifpl
acedi
namagnet
icf
iel
d.
Thesel
i
nesar
eal
way
sdr
awnf
rom t
henor
thpol
etowar
dst
hesout
hpol
e,t
hear
rowspoi
ntf
rom nor
th
t
osout
h.Li
nesoff
orcenev
ercr
oss,
theycombi
net
oget
herbyv
ect
oraddi
ti
ont
opr
oducear
esul
tant
f
iel
d;t
hecl
osert
hel
i
nest
hest
rongerar
ethemagnet
icf
iel
d.
a)Fi
eldpat
ter
nsi
nabarmagnet

b)Fi
eldpat
ter
nbet
weent
wounl
i
kepol
e
c)Pat
ter
nbet
weenl
i
kepol
es

Not
e:
 Theneut
ral
poi
nti
sthepoi
ntwher
emagnet
icef
fecti
snotf
elt
.
 Thef
iel
disst
rongerneart
hepol
est
hanf
art
herawayf
rom t
hepol
es.
MAGNETI
SATI
ON
Magnet
izat
ioni
sthepr
ocessofmaki
ngamagnet
.Onl
ymagnet
icmat
eri
alscanbemadei
nto
magnet
s.Somemagnet
icmat
eri
alsr
etai
nthei
rmagnet
ism oncemagnet
ized.Magnet
icmat
eri
alscan
bemagnet
izedusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ocesses;
1.I
nduct
ion
Whenapi
eceofanunmagnet
isedmat
eri
ali
spl
acednearori
ncont
actwi
thamagnet
,itbecomes
magnet
ized.Anexampl
eiswhenast
eel
nai
li
sbr
oughti
ntocont
actwi
thamagneti
tbecomes
magnet
izedsucht
hatwhenanot
hernai
li
sbr
oughtcl
oset
othemagnet
isednai
l
,itget
sat
tr
act
ed
andal
sobecomesmagnet
ised.
Thei
nducedpol
enear
ert
othemagnetbecomesanopposi
tepol
e.
2.Hammer
ing
Ani
ronbari
sheat
edsot
hati
tisr
edhot
,pl
acedi
naN-
Sdi
rect
ionandv
igor
ousl
yhammer
ed.Asi
t
cool
sdown,
itbecomesmagnet
ised.Themagnet
isat
ionhappensi
nthi
spr
ocesst
hrought
he
i
nfl
uenceoft
heEar
th’
smagnet
icf
iel
d.
3.St
roki
ngMet
hod
Amagneti
susedt
ost
rokeamagnet
icmat
eri
albarsev
eral
timesi
nthesamedi
rect
ion.Ther
ear
e
t
woway
sofst
roki
ng:
a)Si
ngl
est
roke
 A B
I
nthi
smet
hod,
onepol
eofasi
ngl
emagneti
susedt
ost
roket
hebar
.Themagneti
sli
ft
edwel
l
awayf
rom t
hebarbef
orei
tist
ouchedont
oitagai
n.Thepol
ethati
spr
oducedatt
heend
wher
ethemagneti
sbei
ngl
i
ftedof
fisopposi
tet
othepol
eoft
hemagnett
hati
susedt
ost
roke
t
hebar
.Int
hedi
agr
am abov
e,Bwoul
dbecomet
henor
thpol
eandAev
ent
ual
l
ybecomest
he
sout
hpol
e.
b)Doubl
est
roke
Usi
ngt
hedoubl
est
roket
ouchmet
hod,
twomagnet
sar
eusedt
ost
roket
hebar
.Thepol
est
hat
ar
eusedt
ost
roket
hebarar
eopposi
te,
andt
hebari
sst
rokedf
rom t
hecent
rer
epeat
edl
yin
opposi
tedi
rect
ionsandoncet
hemagnet
sreacht
heendoft
hebar
,theyar
eli
ft
edf
araway
f
rom t
hebar
.Theendsoft
hemagnet
sacqui
reopposi
tepol
es.

4.El
ect
ri
cal
Met
hod
Amagnet
icmat
eri
ali
spl
acedi
nsi
deasol
enoi
d(i
nsul
atedcopperwi
re)andanel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
(
d.c.
)passedt
hrought
hesol
enoi
d.Thebarbecomesmagnet
ized.Thi
spr
oducesan
el
ect
romagnetwhosepol
esdependont
hedi
rect
iont
hatt
hecur
renti
sfl
owi
ng.I
fthecur
rentf
lows
cl
ockwi
sei
nthecoi
lwhenoneendofi
tisv
iewed,
thent
hebarhasasout
hpol
eatt
hisend(
A).I
f
t
hecur
rentf
lowsant
icl
ockwi
set
hisend(
B)oft
hebari
snor
thpol
e.

B A
 Thebarkeepssomeofi
tsmagnet
ism whent
hecur
renti
stur
nedof
fthoughwi
l
ldependont
he
met
alt
hatt
hebari
smadeupof
.
DEMAGNETI
SATI
ON
Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofdest
roy
ingt
hemagnet
icpr
oper
ti
esofamagnet
.Demagnet
izat
ioncanbedone
t
hroughv
ari
ousmet
hods:
1.Heat
ing
Whenamagneti
sheat
edunt
ili
tisr
edhott
henpl
acedpoi
nti
ngi
nE-
W di
rect
iont
henl
eftt
ocool
,i
t
l
osesi
tsmagnet
ism
2.Hammer
ing
Vi
gor
ousl
yhammer
ingofamagnetwheni
tispl
acedpoi
nti
ngi
nE-
W di
rect
iondemagnet
izest
he
magnet
.Dr
oppi
ngt
hemagnetsev
eral
timescanal
sodemagnet
izesi
t.
3.El
ect
ri
cal
met
hod
Amagnetcanbedemagnet
izedbypl
aci
ngi
tinsi
deasol
enoi
dwhi
l
epoi
nti
ngi
nE-
W di
rect
ionand
passi
ngal
ter
nat
ingcur
rentt
hrought
hesol
enoi
d.Themagnetshoul
dthenbewi
thdr
awnsl
owl
y
f
rom t
hesol
enoi
dwhi
l
ethecur
renti
sst
il
lfl
owi
ng.
Assi
gnment
1.Expl
aini
ndet
ail
sthedomai
ntheor
yofmagnet
ism (
incl
udedi
agr
amsi
nyourexpl
anat
ion)
.
2.Descr
ibeanexper
imentonhowt
odet
ermi
neamagnet
icf
iel
dar
oundabarmagnetusi
nga
pl
ott
ingcompass.
3.St
atef
iveusesofmagnet
s.