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(i) The component Ic in phase with the applied voltage V1. This is known as active or working or
iron loss component and supplies the iron loss and a very small primary copper loss.
Ic= I0 cos 0
The component Im lagging behind V1 by 90° and is known as magnetizing component. It is this
component which produces the mutual flux in the core.
Im = Io sin 0
Clearly, Io is phasor sum of Im and Ic,
Io = +
No load P.F., cos o =
The no load primary copper loss (i.e. R1) is very small and may be neglected.
Therefore, the no load primary input power is practically equal to the iron loss in the transformer
i.e., No load input power, W0 = V1Iocos o = Pi = Iron loss
Practical Transformer on Load
2
V1 V2 V1
(i) (ii)
2 2’
V1 v1
(III) (iv)
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Note.. At no load, there is no current in the secondary so that V2 = E2. On the primary side, the
drops in R1 and X1, due to I0 are also very small because of the smallness of I0. Hence, we can
say that at no load, V1 = E1.
i) When transformer is loaded, the secondary current I2 is flows through the
secondary winding.
ii) Already Im magnetizing current flow in the primary winding fig (i)
iii) The magnitude and phase of I2 with respect to V2 is determined by the
characteristics of the load.
a) I2 inphase with V2 (resistive load)
b) I2lags with V2 (Inductive load)
c) I2leads with V2 (capacitive load)
iv) Flow of secondary current I2 produce new Flux 2 fig (ii)
v) is main flux which is produced by the primar
primary to maintain the transformer as
constant manatising component.
vi) 2 opposes the main flux , the total flux in the core reduced. It is called de-
magnetising ampere
ampere-turns due to this E1 reduced.
vii) To maintain the constant primary winding draws more current(I2’) from the
supply(load component of primary) and produce 2’ flux which is oppose 2(but
in same direction as ), to maintain flux constant flux constant in the core
fig (iii)
(iii).
viii) The load component current I2’ always neutralizes the changes in the load.
ix) Whatever the load conditions, the net flux passing through the core is
approximately the same as at nono-load.
load. An important deduction is that due to the
constancy of core flux at all loads, the core loss is also ppractically the same under
all load conditions fig (iv).
2 = 2’ N2I2 = N1I2’ I2’ = XI2 = KI2
PHASOR DIAGRAM
i) Take ( ) flux as reference for all load
ii) The no load Io which lags by an angle o. Io = + .
iii) The load component I2’, which is in antiphase with I2 and phase of I2 is decided by
the load.
iv) Primary current I1 is vector sum of Io and I2’
I1 = Io + I2’
I1 = + 2
a) If load is Inductive, I2 lags E2 by 2, shown in phasor diagram (a).
(a)
b) If load is resistive, I2 inphase with E2 shown in phasor diagram (b).
(b)
c) If load is capacitive load, I2 leads E2 by 2 shown in phasor diagram (c).
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Note:
For easy understanding at this stage E2 is assumed equal to V2 neglecting various drops.
I1 I2 ’
Balancing the ampere – turns
N1I2’ = N1I1 + N2I2
= =K
EFFECT OF WINDING RESISTANCE
In practical transformer it process its own winding resistance causes power loss and also
the voltage drop.
R1 – primary winding resistance in ohms.
R2 – secondary winding resistance in ohms.
The current flow in primary winding make voltage drop across it is denoted as I1R1 here supply
voltage V1 has to supply this drop primary induced e.m.f E 1 is the vector difference between V1
and I1R1
E1 = V1 – I1R1
Similarly the induced e.m.f in secondary E2, The flow of current in secondary winding makes
voltage drop across it and it is denoted as I2R2 here E2 has to supply this drop.
