Basic Electrical Engi

246
neering
Transformr
Practical
Syllabus Topic :

TRANSFORMER ON NO LOAD:
3.25 PRACTICAL
secondary windings is onen.o.

be on no load when the uited,

A transformer is said to
The secondary currents is zero.
m
to the
When alternating voltage is applied
an
in the primary.
primary, a small current Io flows
is called no-load current of the
The current lo Ea
transformer.
o 1s components 1m and lo
made up of two
The component Im is called the magnetizing L-
component. It magnetize the core. Im is in
phase with Om FIG. 3.17
The current Im is also called reactive, or wattless component of no-load current.
V
Inlo sin do
The component lo supplies the hysteresis and
eddy-current losses in the core. The current Io
is called the active component or wattful
component of no-load current. It is in phase with lo
Iw
the applied voltage V1

l o lo cos do
lo is the vector sum of Io and Im
m

hence, o=yG+G
Primary power factor at no load
cosho = o
To E1
No load power supplied,
Po = Vi lo cosÙo watts

3.26 TRANSFORMER ON LOAD: E2

FIG. 3.18
When secondary winding
of the transformer is
I2 flows. connected to the load, secondary n

The magnitude
and phase of
I2 with respect to
characteristics of the load. This current voltage V, are
load is resistive. It is in
phase with the determin the
if the
lags if the load is voltage
inductive and, it leads if the load secondary 2 citive.
1s
 247

FIG. 3.119
The operation of the
transformer on load is
(1) When the transformer is
as
explained below
on no
supply mains (see load, its primary draws a load
Fig. 3.20(a)). This no load current lo from the
sets up flux current
¢o in the core. produces m.m.f. Nilo whicn
an

lo

FIG. 3.20(a)
(2) When the transformer is loaded, a
secondary current
as shown in Fig. 3.20(b). This secondary current
I2 flows in the secondary
winding
produces an m.m.f.
Nol2 which sets
up flux o2 in the core. The flux ¢2 opposes the flux oo momentarily (Lenz's Law).
lo
I2

FIG. 3.20(b)

3)Since o, opposes the flux ¢o. therefore the

resultant fliux tends to decrease and causes

the reduction of self induced e.m.f. E.

current be The amount of this additional current is such
Let the additional I2.
flux in the core must be restored to its original value
that the original conditions i.e.,
with I2. The additional
additional current I2 is in anti-phase
o so that V, E. This =

which is in opposition. to 2 and is

N12 sets up its own flux Ù2
primary m.m.f.
cancel each other out, leaving the flux oo
Hence 2 and 2
qual to its magnitude.
in the core only.
 Basic Electrical Engineering
48
Now, N, l2 = N2 2

a constant
where, K =
Ni NI

12

FIG. 3.20(c)

(4) Thus the flux is restored to its original value ¢o as shown in Fig. 3.20(d). Hence when
the transformer is on load, the primary winding has two currents in it. One is lo and
the other is I2, whic is in antiphase with I2 and K times in magnitude. The total
primary current (1) is the vector sum of currents lo and l2.

--+--
12

L--.
FIG. 3.20(d)

3.27 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCES

The primary winding resistance 1s represented by Ri, whereas secondary winding resistance
is represented by R2.
Due to this resistance, there is some
power loss in the two windings.
For simplicity of calculations and to
understand, these resistances are shown
externally.
The resistance is transferred to either
side i.e. from primary to secondary or
from secondary to primary in such a
manner that power loss in the resistance
remains the same when represent on
either side. FIG. 3.21