AMBO UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUTE STUDIES

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
MANEGEMENT
THESIS PROPOSAL

GOOD GOVERNANCE PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF

ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF AMBO TOWN ADMINISTRATION

BY:
TAERA ASFAW FAYASA

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO

THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES AMBO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN
DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

ADVISOR: GETACHEW GOBANA (ASST. PROF.)

APRIL 2024
AMBO, ETHIOPHIA

AMBO UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
MA GRADUATE PROPOSAL APPROVAL SHEET

Submitted by: Taera Asfaw

_________________________________ ____________ ___30/04/2024______
PG Candidate Signature Date
Approved by
1. Advisor:
Getachew Gobena (Asst. Prof.) __30/04/2024____
2. Coordinator of the department
____________________________________ Signature_______ Date_________
3. Head, Department
______________________________ Signature ________Date__________
Name Signature Date
_____________________________ _________ ________________
4. College/Institute/School, SGS Ordination
____________________________________________
Name Signature

Table contents

List of Tables

Table 1: Indicator framework of good governance principles………………………15

Table 2: Work plan of the study …………………………………………………….20
Table 3: Budget cost breakdown of the study ………………………………………21
List of Figure

Map of the Study Area………………………………………………………………..16

Acronyms/Abbreviations

AFDB African Development Bank

ATA Ambo town Administration
GOE Governance of Ethiopia
MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
NGO Non governmental organization
OECD Organization for economic operation and development
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nation Development program
WB World Bank

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
In the contemporary world, good governance has become a catchphrase and it is also frequently
mentioned as one ingredient of economic growth and poverty reduction. As the researchers
learned from the literature the use of the word “good governance” first appeared in a 1989 World
Bank (WB) report on Sub-Saharan Africa. As well expressed by Grindle(2010), for the millions
of people throughout the world who live in conditions of public insecurity and instability,
corruption, abuse of the law, public service failure, poverty, and inequality, good governance is a
mighty beacon of what ought to be.
According to UN criteria, good governance is consensus-driven, inclusive, responsive,
transparent, responsible, participatory, and compliant with the law. Empathy and fairness of
treatment for all are encouraged by good governance and are founded on the idea of
nondiscrimination. However, there are different views and arguments on the good governance
agenda between proponents and opponents of the idea (Gisselquist, 2012). Beyond the argument,
there is a widespread consensus that “good governance” is a necessary condition to sustain
economic development and ensure the prosperity of the country. Henceforth, developing
countries are striving for promoting good governance at all government levels.
As indicated in AFDB(African development bank)1999,It was following report that, the idea of
good governance is frequently pronounced among aid agencies as well as countries regarding
development and conditionality for aid provision.
In Africa too, good governance has got widespread attention, indeed African governments have
established various strategies to promote good governance.
Ethiopia is not an exception from this consensus and therefore GOE (governance of Ethiopia)
recognized the importance of good governance for bringing sustainable development. According
to MOFED(ministry of finance and Economic Development), (2009) Ethiopia has, over the last
several years, began implementing major reform programs to empower citizens as well as
enhances public sector efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and accountability. In doing so the
good governance
package has been established to promote good governance. The package attempts to enhance
good governance including participation, consensus building, gender equality, responsiveness,
transparency, accountability, equity and fairness, the rule of law, and efficiency and effectiveness
(Bekele and Ago, 2020). Nowadays, the importance of the economic and social role of the
Administration, in a context of limited overall means and a continuously changing environment,
calls for an appreciable analysis as accurate as possible of the effects and impacts of the actions
carried out by the public authorities in the area of Good Governance on the economic
development of the country. Good governance implies a particular conception of the disclosure
of the collective interests of the stakeholders, the areas of public action and their coordination,
with the aim of carrying out effective and efficient public policies (Khouya and Benabdelhadi,
2020).
A good governance issue impacts the political, social, and economic spheres as a whole. The
sustainability of economic development achievements may be compromised in the absence of
sound governance. All individuals are impacted by the relative lack of good governance, but
those in the lower socioeconomic strata of society—those who are most elderly and unable to get
assistance through other channels—are most negatively affected (Khouya and Benabdelhadi,
2020).

This study is proposed to assess the state of Good Governance practices and challenges in Ambo
Town administration by taking into consideration good governance indicators including
participation, consensus building, gender equality, responsiveness, transparency, accountability,
equity and fairness, the rule of law, and efficiency and effectiveness.

1.2 statement of the problem:

the agenda item for the World Bank are good governance. "Good Governance" are one of the
topics covered at the Bank's Annual Development Economic Conference in 1991. In terms of
how governance and development are related, the Bank defined governance as the process
through which authority and power are used "in the management of a country's economic and
social resources."
According to United nation development program(UNDP)2018, measurements of involvement,
transparency, accountability, effectiveness, and equity are among the most fundamental aspects
of good governance.
Rapid growth is not feasible without enhancing the essential components of good governance,
such as the rule of law, transparency, and efficacy of the government, accountability, and
participation.
Again, UNDP cited in Gisselquist (2012), ‘Good governance refers to governing systems which
are capable, responsive, inclusive, and transparent. All countries, developed and developing,
need to work continuously towards better governance’. In line with this international concern,
the GOE(government of Ethiopia) has emphasized and started working to realize good
governance at all government levels. Though the Ethiopian government is committed to realizing
good governance at all levels, the literature reveals that research on good governance is lacking
in municipal administrations. Tegene and Kassahun (2007,p: 55) pointed that research on issues
such as accountability of service providers to users, representation and participation of users in
the planning and decision-making process, and structures for participation and representation are
almost lacking.
Ethiopian towns and cities deal with challenging social and economic issues. The majority of
municipal administrations struggle with a lack of professional staff, including competent urban
administrators, planners, architects, accountants, and individuals with the necessary skills to
govern and provide urban services.
.Mainly, the dissatisfaction are associated with the lack of accountability and transparency of the
town administration. Often common public grievances were observed on administrative
accountability and transparency, unresponsiveness of local leaders, very low interaction between
people and their local representatives, poor municipal service provision (pure water supply and
refuse collection service), and access to information. Besides, there is pervasive corruption and
high rent-seeking behavior among public servants and local government representatives. People
reported that court decisions are subject to corruption and there is also delay in court trials. In
line with this, though, public participation is critical for the development (Mulualem, 2017;
Soboksa, 2021; Mengistu and Solomon, 2022).
To the understanding of the researcher, there are few researches conducted on Good Governance
practices , which shows there is a literature gap. Therefore the researcher intends to fill this
existing literature gap by conducting a thorough assessment of the subject under study.
1.3 Objective of the Study
 1.3.1 General Objectives
The main objective of this study will to assess the practice and challenges of good governance at
Ambo town administration
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objective of the study will be:
1. To determine the primary obstacles to effective administration and governance in Ambo
Town.
2. To find out where corruption is most prevalent in the town administration.
3. To investigate the practice of good governance (i.e., transparency, accountability,
responsibility, responsiveness, rule of law, and participation) in the Ambo town.
4) To develop appropriate recommendations aimed at reducing the obstacles to effective
governance.
1.4 Research Questions
The following are research questions:
1. What are the opinions of the public about the Ambo Town Administration's
implementation of good governance, specifically with regard to participation, accountability and
transparency, the rule of law, and the eradication of corruption?
2. What essential service types are currently provided by the Ambo Town administration?
3. What are the main causes of corruption in the administration of Ambo Town?
4. What are the obstacles preventing the administration of Ambo Town from exercising
good governance effectively?
5. What tactics are needed to support the administrations of the towns of Ambo in their
efforts to uphold good governance?
•
1.5 Significance of the Study

There are several advantages to studying good governance practices and problems. Executives in
the public and commercial sectors, religious leaders, officials of civil society organizations, and
leaders in regional and federal governments can all benefit from the study's conclusions and
methodology.

1.6 Scope of the study:

Comprehensive study is necessary to fully understand the critical role that good governance
plays in the nation's democratization and sustainable development. This study will focus on
examining the obstacles to and methods of good governance in Ambo Town.It attempted to
evaluate how the previously mentioned target groups regarded good governance in a
chosenAmbo town using measurements such as accountability, participation, transparency, and
effectiveness and efficiency.It included a current evaluation of the literature as well as the
fundamental elements of good governance recognized by the UNDP and other relevant
organizations.

1.7 Limitation of the study

In an effort to complete the study as much as possible, the researcher can visit the residences and
governance office employee respondents.The fact that the study will only be conducted in Ambo
town. limits the generality of the research results to the region of Ethiopia. Moreover, because
of each decision depends upon the information supplied by the respondents, it is possible that
bias and prejudice from all those involved will affect them.
1.8 Organization of the study
The final research organized in five chapters. The first part, which is chapter one deals with
introduction part, includes background of the study, Statement of the problem, objective of the
study, Significance of the study and scope of the study. Chapter two deals with literature review
and the third chapter deals with methodology of the study, chapter four deals with results and
discussion and the last chapter, chapter five contained conclusion and recommendations.

CHAPTER TWO
RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
 2.1 Theoretical Reviews
2.1.1 The context good governance in Ethiopia
A prominent ambition of Ethiopia's political leadership is to turn the nation into a middle-income
nation in ten years. If this incredible idea comes to pass, it will completely and drastically change
the country. Ethiopia is respected by the international community and is seen as having the best
models for economic progress in Africa. Without strong ethical leadership and long-term
excellent governance, this great desire to reform the nation may never come to pass.

In Ethiopia, there have been significant reforms to the government system for almost 20 years.
The agenda focuses on judicial reform, decentralization, city administration, and civil service
reform, among other things. Ethiopia has always struggled with effective governance. The idea
of good governance was virtually unheard of under the monarchical form of administration. The
following military dictatorship, which ruled from 1974 until 1991, also severely restricted the
concept of good administration.

2.1.2 Conceptual definitions:

Local Government:
In political term, it is concerned with the governance of a specific local area, constituting
political sub division of a nation, state or other major political unit. The local government is
administrative body for a small geographic area, such as a city, town, county, or state. A local
government will typically only have control over their specific geographical region, and cannot
pass or enforce laws that will affect a wider area.

Local governments can elect officials, enact taxes, and do many other things that a national
government would do, just on a smaller scale. Local government is the system of electing
representatives to be responsible for the administration of public services and facilities in a
particular area.
The concept local government:
Local government is a multifaceted phenomenon that serves as the doorstep government for the
local populace. It is democratic and encourages democratization, accountable to the community,
and essentially a system of government that organizes individuals into social entities with a sense
of unity.

the governance of diversity, meeting diverse demands and fulfilling diverse goals. The authority
to act differently from other regions within the same state must be unambiguously established.
Local government exists when a local entity has the authority to rule differently from other local
entities. Stewart (2000) quotes Hesluck (1936).Local government is an arm of national
government that primarily handles matters pertaining to a specific population inside a specific
region. Essentially, this is based on the national obligations that the parliament has chosen to
assign to local government through legislative action. Two key components of local government
that are included in this definition are the presence of directly elected local bodies and local
finances, which serve as the common denominators of all local governments. - Clifton (Aijaz,
2007)
Governance:
The word governance refers to a number of ideas. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines
governance as both the office or process of ruling as well as an act or way of governing. It is the
procedure used to make decisions and determine whether they will be carried out or not.The
process of exercising power to rule over people or manage public affairs is referred to as
governance. It has to do with maintaining a nation's geographical integrity, managing its affairs
effectively at all levels, and ensuring the general welfare and safety of its citizens.
concept of Good Governance:
Why does Ethiopia not implement good governance as it ought to? The Ethiopian constitution
upholds the freedom of the press, the presence of an independent legal system, and the
participation of civil society. Apart from the unwavering presence of the Constitution and the
political resolve to address effective administration, no significant changes have been undertaken
thus far.

The manner the government performs its duties is referred to as "good governance." Among
other things, it is transparent, responsive, and participative.Gisselquist (2012) asserts that despite
linguistic variations, the majority of definitions of governance have three things in common: (1)
governance is a process; (2) actors exercise authority; and (3) administration of collective affairs.
Thus, minimum gent, responsible, efficient, fair, and that uphold the law.
2.1.3Challenges of Good Governance
There are numerous things that can hinder the implementation of good governance. Internal and
external challenges make up these barriers.

A) Internal challenges:
The absence of legality and accountability:In institutions where citizens lack the flexibility to
behave as they choose and when government officials occasionally disregard the law, promoting
good governance is extremely difficult (Birhan, 2005).
Unfair injury and poor leadership are examples of injustice. These phrases refer to events or
actions that cause people to suffer negative consequences or hardships.
Inequality of Gender The gender gap is guaranteed under Article 25 of the FDRE in the
constitution of our nation. Gender differences were evident in other institutions as well, though.

Poverty: -in developing countries such as Ethiopia, poverty is a major barrier to the progress of
good governance.
Corruption: According to Indian corruption research, 2005, many individuals think that a high
level of corruption significantly hinders the development of better administration and a higher
standard of living.To ensure the survival of democracy, the issues related to effective governance
need to be addressed. To promote a culture of democracy and responsible government, public life
must be ensured (Kassaye, 2007).

Gender Inequality Article 25 of the FDRE in our country's constitution guarantees gender
disparity. However, disparities in gender were also seen in other institutions.
Poverty: -in developing nations like Ethiopia, poverty is a significant obstacle to the
advancement of good governance.
Corruption Many people believe that a high level of corruption is a significant barrier to better
government or quality of life (Indian corruption research, 2005).In order to guarantee continued
democracy, the problems associated with good governance must be resolved. Ensuring public life
is necessary to foster a culture of democracy and responsible governance (Kassaye, 2007).
A. External Challenges:
Insufficiently favorable national environment:
It refers to the necessity of putting mechanisms in place in a challenging setting with minimal
political support from the government.

Donor harmonization: missing harmony in donors' strategic goals and actions.

Weak Capacity and credibility of national: This refers to a lack of organizational and technical
ability to monitor and participate in the need for governance mechanisms.
reliance on donor funding in the interim for both resources and labor
Major actors in promoting Good Governance:Three organizations support the principles of good
governance. These consist of civic society, the private sector, and the state.

2.2 Empirical reviews

According to the United Nation Development Program (UNDP, 1997), Governance is the
exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a countries affairs at all
levels. Governance comprises the mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens
and groups articulate their interests, exercises their legal rights, meet their obligations and
mediate their differences.
According to Seppanene (2003), good governance can be defined as a democratic governance to
make fair rules of accountability, transparency, participation and rule of law.

According to Jaya Chaturvedi, (2009), Good Governance is the exercise of legitimate political
power and formulation and implementation of policies and programs that are equitable,
transparent, non-discriminatory, socially sensitive, participatory, and above all and accountable
to people.

Tegene and Kassahun (2007), pointed that research on issues such as accountability of service
providers to users, representation and participation of users in the planning and decision-making
process, and structures for participation and representation are almost lacking.

Behera (2019), in his study found that the development and good governance initiatives of the
state in the scheduled areas in India have only contributed to further deprivation and alienation of
the local communities. The issue of the territories affected by Maoist violence must be managed
through a system of governance that crushes the systematic deprivation of natural resources. The
development and good governance initiatives must be based on the local needs rather than what
is being decided from outside. The article affirms that the state-led initiatives and the Maoist
movement are both instruments in sustaining the conflict and alienation of the local
communities.

Abdellatif (2003), the challenge of making sense of the wide range of interpretations of
governance. Good governance is pointed out as one of the target of Millennium Development
Goals (MDG) and agenda for poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
Decentralization and Good Governance are not new concepts; in reality, many developing
countries have used these principles as policy instruments for decades. Hence, decentralization
aims to provide democratic representation to various ethnic groups in Ethiopia, where social
diversity is striking, to help the state meet the needs and demands of a diverse community.

Bird, Richard M., (2008), in a highly decentralized system, local governments have
considerable power to mobilize resources through taxing authorities accompanied by strong
tax bases. the government of FDRE has taken important measures to promote good
governance by ratifying a number of international human right instrument, and the FDRE
constitution adopted multi- party governments and accepted most the internationally
recognized rights conventions since 1991, the process of good governance building is facing
and complex challenges.

According to Kumera (2011), the challenges are mainly related with that of the infancy of
building good governance in the country .More importantly, good governance and
participatory democracy are closely associated with public sector reforms in most developing
countries (Agree, 2000:1-4)
2.3 Conceptual framework of the study
There is no research found which has been done in good governance practice and challenges in
Ambo town administration, despite the unreserved effort made by the researchers in searching out
researches made in the area. It comes to protecting people's quality of life, the good governance
agenda is the one that is discussed the most globally. In fact, it is regarded as one of the key
elements in establishing a country's wealth and eliminating poverty. The Global Campaign on
Urban Governance defines "good governance" as having access to clean, safe water, sanitary
facilities, and a well-kept environment—all essentials for improving living in urban
environments. In Ethiopia, local governments are anticipated to provide these services under the
framework of decentralization. Transparency and accountability are two of the most important
elements of successful government, as the researchers discovered via reading literature. Good
governance is a wise decision. Public life conducted within institutions that are fair, judicious,
transparent, accountable, participator, responsive, well-managed, and efficient will benefit all of
us including the inhabitants of many developing nations (Grindle, 2007).
The United nation development program(UNDP)'s Eight Qualities of Good Governance:
1. Participation:According to the African Development Bank (1999), participation is the
process by which stakeholders share power over institutions and resources that impact their lives
and exert influence over public policy decisions. This serves as a check on the activities of the
government. Within the framework of governance, participation focuses on citizen empowerment
and the exchange between civil society, actors, and activities.Everyone who participates in
society is essential to the continued existence of sound governance. Such widespread
involvement is predicated on the ability to engage in constructive participation as well as the
freedoms of speech and association. Through participatory governance, citizens
can influence public decisions and have access to information as well as decision-making
 power (Weldu.F, 2016).

1. Rule of Law:According to the UN Secretary-General (2013), cited in Nwekeaku (2014),

the rule of law is a concept of governance in which all individuals, groups, and organizations—
public and private—as well as the State itself—are held accountable to laws that are issued in
accordance with international human rights standards and norms, fairly enforced, and
independently adjudicated. The aforementioned principles must be upheld, including the
supremacy of the law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the
application of the law, separation of powers, involvement in decision-making, legal certainty,
avoidance of arbitrariness, and procedural and legal transparency.
2. Transparency:Open communication of information is the foundation of transparency. For
individuals who are interested in them, processes, institutions, and information are readily
accessible, and sufficient information is supplied to comprehend and keep an eye on them. It
encourages transparency in public sector and stakeholder consultations as well as openness in
government action and decision-making processes.
3. Responsiveness:Building trust between residents and government officials is one of the
most crucial prerequisites for advancing good administration. Institutions and procedures must
strive to serve all stakeholders in a fair amount of time in order to practice good governance. The
ability of institutions to adapt to the needs of its stakeholders is implied by responsiveness.
Institutions ought to be accessible to their patrons and provide prompt service (Weldu.F, 2016).
Institutions and procedures work to provide timely service to all parties involved.
"Responsiveness" is defined by Thomas (1998:35) as the ability to "respond readily and
sympathetically to some request or signal from an outside source." Recognizing the needs of
stakeholders and meeting those needs with suitable services and activities is what it means to be
responsive.
4. Consensus building:There exist two definitions for consensus. One is a consensus that is
generally held by the people in a certain group or community. The other is as a method and
theory of obtaining these kinds of agreements. In order to reach consensus, all group members' or
stakeholders' opinions must be carefully examined. Generally, consensus is the result of
cooperation as opposed to compromise. Rather than a plurality adopting a single
viewpoint,stakeholders collaborate until a convergent judgment is reached.Agreement founded
on unquestioned cultural standards will undoubtedly be less informed and trustworthy than
agreements based on a greater variety of experiences, according to Mezirow (1995). People must
change their frames of reference or points of view in order to reach consensus, which is a
learning process.
5. Fairness and inclusiveness:In the words of Jae and Judy (1993), what is inclusivity?
• No matter what makes a person different—be it sexual orientation, gender, age, physical
ormental disability, or any other everyone is included.
• Individual differences in values, cultures,concepts, learning styles, and perceptions are
productively utilized.
• Communities and workplaces are becoming increasingly diversified.There is a wide range of
involvement; government with business people, citizens, other stakeholders, and so on;
Decision-making involves the weakest and most marginalized members of society;
Inclusiveness maintains faith with the dream of a country where all are welcome.
•
1. Effectiveness and efficiency:In order to meet needs and maximize resource use, processes
and institutions generate results. Its quality fosters high-quality public products and effective
public delivery systems. The degree of public esteem accorded to the civil service is
addressed.Corruption is one factor contributing to subpar service delivery. Paying competitive
compensation and providing incentives to employees is one strategy for combating corruption.
Additionally, laws controlling the civil service and a code of conduct must be introduced. By
merit-based procedures, this Act will specify the organizational structure and procedures for the
appointments and promotions of federal workers.
2. Accountability:Thomas (1998:35) defines accountability as the process of making
someone responsible for their actions or their answer ability for their performance. It demands
accountability from the actors for their deeds. It is the antithesis of arbitrariness and necessitates
transparency and taking accountability for the populace.In addition to institutional stakeholders,
the public is the recipient of decisions made by decision-makers in the public sector, the
corporate sector, and civil society organizations. Depending on the company and whether the
choice was made internally or externally, there are differences in this accountability.
Transparency and information exchange are essential components of the accountability concept,
and governance systems should support these. Therefore, accountability is difficult to attain,
particularly when information is not readily available. The foundation of public accountability is
twofold. The executive's accountability is linked to the first pillar, while institutional reform is
the foundation of the second.
Challenges to Good Governance
1) Lack of Accountability
The term "accountability" describes the procedure, standard, or convention that makes decision-
makers answerable to the people for whom decisions are made.The governance structure's
inefficiency is mostly caused by a lack of accountability.The Civil Servants are not subject to
systemic accountability for their actions.The government's performance rating system is poorly
designed, which contributes to the lack of accountability.due to the complicated disciplinary
procedures, infrequent enforcement of fines for wrongdoing, and low proportion of disciplinary
proceedings taken against unethical behaviors by government employees. It's not really
accountable.Employees now develop a callous and indifferent attitude toward citizens and their
issues as a result of the system's inaction
1. Lack of transparency
Situations in which there is little or no openness or disclosure of information about the decisions
made or activities done by people or organizations are referred to as lacking in transparency.
3)Low Levels of Awareness of the Rights and Duties of Citizens
The nation's residents need to be more informed of their rights. Poor reporting regarding the
duties and work of public servants is caused by the low level of awareness among the
populace.Citizens must be more conscious of their responsibilities for the nation's good
governance, just as they are of their rights. As a result, people occasionally operate as a barrier to
effective government.As a result, being aware of one's rights and doing one's responsibility are
complementary concepts.Public confidence in numerous government initiatives needs to
increase. When people consistently have doubts about how the government is run, good
governance is impossible to achieve.
4)Weak Civil Society
Groups and organizations dedicated to promoting the well being of citizens make up civil
society. It operates independently of the public and private sectors.NGOs, professional groups,
charitable trusts, and so forth are comprised of civil society.By exercising supervision over
government actions, civil society strives to close the gap that exists between the governed and
the state.Civil society is still a weak institution that gets in the way of good government;
therefore, it needs to be strengthened.The gap between citizens and governance is widened in any
nation with a weak civil society.
5) Ineffective Implementation of Laws and Rules
Every level of government is governed by a multitude of laws. They can be used to defend the
legal rights of citizens and marginalized groups in society.People's confidence in government
agencies is declining as a result of the inadequate and inefficient application of laws and
regulations.To increase public confidence in governance, laws and regulations must be
implemented effectively.
1. Red Tapism

Red-tapism is the term for overbearing, redundant regulations and rules. These overbearing
regulations impede prompt decision-making and swift action.Government employees may
develop an unhealthy obsession with protocols and norms, seeing them as ends in and of
themselves.Most of the time, red tape prevents residents' problems from being resolved, which
breeds discontent and a sense of diminished confidence in the government's procedures.The
World Bank claims that corruption accelerates the process in countries with higher levels of red
tape.
1. Lack of strong institutions of governance
In order to provide the nation with good governance and a successful society, the government
needs strong institutions and agencies.Proper authority distribution, independence, and
separation of powers to reduce red tape strengthen the institution.The misuse of authority, illicit
activity, unethical backdoor pressure, and other factors cause the institutions to deteriorate.In
addition to undermining democracy, inadequate institutions pose a threat to sound government.
1. Corruption and failure to check corruption
Transparency International defines corruption as the abuse of authority for one's own gain.The
public's confidence in their government is undermined by corruption. The development process
is further delayed by it. results in financial loss as a result.Government corruption can be caused
by a variety of factors, such as crony capitalism, monopolies, administrative loopholes,
decriminalization of politics, and relationships between politicians and bureaucrats.Prompt
administrative officials ought to enforce a strong prohibition on corruption.

Table 1: Indicator framework of good governance principles

Good Governance
Components Indicators
Accountability and -public access to information (access to knowledge of the policies and
transparency strategies of government)
-timely information on economic, financial & market conditions
-openness in public dealings
-right to information relating to service delivery process
-public engagement in decision making (eg. On areas of budgeting)
-annual performance report (making public accounts verifiable)
-compliant management
 Participation -stakeholders exercise influence over public policy decisions
-empowerment of citizens
-the interaction between government and citizen
-citizens are engaged in common public affairs at a variety of times
throughout the year
-opportunity to take part in the conduct of public affairs
-governance situation in which all citizens and private institutions can
participate in their governance

Combating Corruption -perception of corruption, stakeholders effort in containing corruption

Rule of law -impartial enforcement of laws, access to justice
Public service delivery -Municipal service provision: -access to pure water supply
-access to refuse collection service
-level of public satisfaction on service provision

CHAAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of the study area
The distance of Ambo town from the regional capital (Finfinne) is approximately 114 kms from
the center of the town .as we have got information from the municipality, the town has three
urban gendas (kebeles) such as genda 01, genda 02 and genda 03. Currently the name of this
Kebele or Gendas given nomenclature genda 01 change to (Hora Ayetu Kebele), genda 02
change to (Ya’ii Geda Kebele) and genda 03 change to (Torban Kutaye Kebele). In addition to
these three urban gendas,now the town is expanded outwardly and included certain farmers
gendas (Gandaa Qotee Bulaa) associations such as Awaaroo&Illaammuu Muujjaa in the estern
direction ,Sanqallee Farisii in western,Goosuu Qooraa in the southern and Kisoosee Oddoo
Liiban in northern direction and the total kebele (Ganda )s are six.

Figure 1.Map of the study area

Source: Down load from online (Site lite), 2023.

 3.2 Research Design:
Explanatory sequential research designs will be used to accomplish the study's goals. This
approach will selected because it is suitable for the topic, which calls for a more thorough
explanation of the procedures and difficulties associated with effective governance in addition to
the collection and analysis of data. A mixed methods explanatory strategy consists of gathering
and analyzing quantitative data in the first phase, then building on the findings of the first
quantitative data phase with the collection and analysis of qualitative data in a second phase
(Creswel, 2009). Communication between service users and people of Ambo Town and the staff
of the Governance office is crucial for conducting research.
3.3 Research Approach:
Both qualitative and quantitative research approach (mixed approach)will be use. The
quantitative data collected through a questionnaire which will employ to the residents of the
town. The qualitative information was gathered from local authorities, town administrator, and
civil servants by structured interviews and focus group discussion (FGD).
3.4 Target population, sample size, and sampling technique

3.4.1Target population:
The population is the group that the researcher hopes to apply the study's findings to broadly.
Whether or whether the examples fully describe human individuals, they are referred to as the
population from which a sample is to be drawn (Welman, 2005). Using simple random and
purposive selecting techniques, the researcher will choose 123 sample respondents for the study.
Information for this study will come from 98 respondents, who are Ambo Town residents, and 25
employers from the governance office, out of a total population of 130.

3.4.2.Sample size
According to Lohr (2010), a sample is a subset of the population that is chosen at random from
the larger population. Options for the sample survey are influenced by several criteria. Because
they deal with comparatively small numbers of respondents, these took less time and delivered
quick answers,more economical, thorough information, and a high degree of accuracy.
Purposive sampling In this kind of sampling, sometimes referred to as judgement sampling, the
researcher applies their knowledge to choose a sample that will be most helpful to their research
goals. If the population is quite small and specific, or where the researcher prefers to learn in-
depth information about a particular occurrence over drawing general conclusions from data.
In addition, in research investigations, purposive sampling is used to choose a certain set of
people or units for study. When a researcher want to choose a sample that is typical of the
qualities they are interested in investigating and is certain of those attributes, this method is ideal.
here may be administrative, budgetary, and time constraints when handling the entire population.
(Wallace, 2006).The researcher will select 123 sample respondents as a result of these. 98 are
Ambo Town citizens that will be selected by under probability sampling simple random sampling
and 25 are employers of the Ambo town Governance Office that will be selected by non
probability sampling purposive sampling. The study will utilize information from 130 residents
respondents, of Yet, the researcher will select Ambo town residents by applying Yamane's
formula (1967) sample size determination procedure for choosing the residents:
n N 2
=

1 + N (e)

Where,

N = total population
n= sample size
e = precision level (sampling error) Therefore, the desired sample is

n = 1+ 130(0.05)
130 2 n=98

3.4.3 Sampling technique

The sample strategies used for the study are explained in this section. Non-probability sampling
approaches will be employed by the researcher to accomplish the study's goals and objectives.
This will be done in Ambo town, which will be selected using the purposive sample approach
since there is a lack of resources, time, and study on the topic of good governance in Ambo town.
Therefore, the office of governance in the administration of Ambo Town will intentionally select
from these sectors. since these public institutions will be chosen based on the availability of a
large number of customers. Town residents and government employees will be chosen by the
simple random sampling method in order to provide a representative sample of respondents for
this study.
3.5. Data source and type of data:
The researcher will use both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data will
collect by questionnaires and interviews from communities, municipal servants and executives of
the office and Secondary sources will collect from books, internet, official records and reports.
3.6 .Method of data collection:
Questionnaire, interview schedules and focus group discussion guides will be used to collect
primary data from respondents. This study use structured self-administered questionnaires and
semi- structured interview. The questionnaires will prepare in both English and translated in to
Afaan Oromo language to non- English speakers of respondents. The questions using a 5-point
likert scale of strongly disagree to strongly agree. In case of interview the researchers will
interview checklist developed for office heads and leaders.
3.7 Method of data Analysis:
The primary goal of screening the data will to determine its completeness and accuracy. In this
regard, the researchers will closely examine whether or not the needed responses are provided in
a proper manner, are complete, and contain all relevant information. Building a database will be
the following stage after screening the gathered data. Data should be placed into a well-
structured database once screening and all necessary adjustments have been completed,
according to Marczyk, Dematteo, and Festinge (2005). This made it easier for the researchers to
decide which variables to enter and in what order. Before moving on to the next step in this
activity, precise codes will be provided for each variable.After completing all of these activities,
the information will added to a database. The statistical software for social science, or SPSS
V20, will be used for this specific study's data processing. The researchers asked bee to complete
the data processing twice in order to feed the database.To statistically assess the data collected
through questionnaires, a descriptive statistic will be used, taking into account the nature of the
research and the research questions. Descriptive statistics' primary goal is to precisely
characterize the distributions of particular variables within a given data set (Marczyk, Dematteo,
and Festinge, 2005). Thus, data will be examined using frequency distribution in percentile and
displayed using tables, graphs, and pi-charts based on descriptive statistics.The content analysis
technique will be used to examine data from open-ended questionnaires and interviews, with the
material studied to support the findings from the questionnaire.

3.8 Reliability and validity analysis:

Validity is the most critical criterion and indicates the degree to which an instrument measures
what it is supposed to measure (Kothari, 2004). In order to achieve validity, the researcher
ensures the measuring instrument provides adequate coverage of the topic by containing
adequate representative sample selected from the communities and permanent civil servants of
the office. Executives of municipal office will be selected through non probability (purposive)
sampling. Numbers of different steps will be taken to ensure the validity of the study. Reliability
is defined as the quality of consistency or reliability of a study or measurement. Measuring
instrument is reliable if it provides consistent results (Kothari, 2004). That means if the same or
different researcher repeats the study it should produce more or less the same results. Finally, to
make sure the reliability of this study, triangulation (using viasurvey) and Cronbach alpha test
will be employed. The Cronbach alpha coefficient is the most common method used for
assessing the reliability of a measurement scale (Hayes &Bob, 1998)
3.9 Ethical consideration:
Before administering the questionnaire to the respondents, prior arrangement made with the
concerned body of the community members.
The purpose of the study will explain to the respondents and they will not be forced to give their
response rather allowed to participate voluntarily to the study. explanation about the objective of
the research have been done before undertaking the research for clarity purpose on the direction
of the study. Utmost confidentiality about the respondent’s response would be assured by way of
keeping all responses secure and using them only for good government purpose. Before
embarking on the field research, permission will ask from the Head Office of the Ambo town
administration head quarter.

4 .work plan and budget

4.1 Work Plan
Table 4.1 Work Plan of the study
No Activity Duration Commencement Completion
Preparing proposal and 3 weeks april10/2016 may 05/2016
1 submission
2 Literature review 2 weeks may 06 may 20/2016
3 Group meeting Once a week
4 Meeting advisor Once a week
5 Data collection 2 month may 21/2016 jun05/2016
6 Analysing formation 1 month may 06/16 June 06/2016
7 Writing draft 1 month June07/ 2016 july 07/2016
8 Restructuring final draft 2 weeks July 08 July22/2016
9 Short form for presentation 1 week July 23 July 30/2016
 Submission of final thesis As per the
10 schedule
11 Final presentation “
12 Final submission “
Time is according to Ethiopian calendar

4.2 Budget BEAKDOWN

Table 4.2 Cost breakdown and budget of the study

No Expense Item X Quantity Amount(Birr)
1 Travel 200 5 1000
2 Data collection 250 20 5000
3 Telephone card 40 25 1000
Data Analysis 200 20
4 4000
(Lampsum)
5 Photo copy 50 5 250
6 Print and CD 100 10 1000
7 Stationary Materials 31 10 310
8 Miscellaneous 35 10 350
9 Contingency (10%) 1291
Total 12910

Reference

Bekele W. B. & Ago F. Y. (2020). Good Governance Practices and Challenges in

Local Government of Ethiopia: The Case of Bonga Town Administration.
Research in Educational Policy and Management, 2(2), 97-128.
https://doi.org/10.46303/repam.2020.6

Marwa Khouya and Abdelhay Benabdelhadi (2020). GOOD GOVERNANCE

AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A SYSTEMATIC
LITERATURE REVIEW. ISSN: 2658-8455 Volume 1, Issue 1 (July, 2020), pp. 47-67. www.ijafame.org