1.

INTODUCTION HUMAN Sociocultural and Ethical Consideration –

REPRODUCTION human reproduction is influenced by various
sociocultural, ethical, and religious factors.
2 & 3. MALE AND FEMALE
Human Reproduction – is a fundamental
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
biological process that ensures the
continuation of the human species. AMAB – Assigned Male at Birth
Reproductive Organs: Male Reproductive System External Parts:
1. Male Reproductive System – Penis – is the most visible external organ of
consists of the testes, where sperm the male reproductive system.
are produced, and various accessory.
Two Primary Functions:
2. Female Reproductive System –
includes the ovaries, where eggs (ova)  Passage of urine from the bladder
are produced.  Delivery of sperm into female
Gametes: reproductive tract

1. Sperm – are the male reproductive Three main parts of the Penis:
cells produced in the testes. 1. Root – is the base of your penis.
2. Egg (Ovum) – are the female 2. Body (Shaft) – shaped like tube or
reproductive cells produced in the cylinder, has three internal chambers:
ovaries. corpora cavernosa and corpus
Fertilization – is the process by which a spongiosum.
sperm cell from the male combines with an 3. Glans (Head) – is the cone-shaped
egg cell from the female. tip of the penis.

Pregnancy – if the fertilization is successful. Ejaculate – you expel semen through the
end of your penis when you reach sexual
Embryonic and Fetal Development – climax (orgasm).
during pregnancy, the fertilized egg
undergoes various stages of development, 2.8 to 3.9 in (7 to 10 cm) – the average size
including the embryonic and fetal stages. of penis when flaccid.

Birth – after approximately nine months of 4.7 to 6.3 in (12 to 16 cm) – the average
gestation. Also known as labor and delivery. size when penis erected.

Parental Roles – both parents contribute Scrotum – is a pouch of skin and muscle
genetic material to their offspring. that houses/protect the testes.

Reproductive Health – maintaining Male Reproductive System Internal Parts:

reproductive health is essential for Testes (Testicles) – are the primary internal
individuals and couples. organs of the male reproductive system.
Two main functions of the Testes: Hymen – is a thin, mucous membrane that
partially covers the opening of the vaginal
 Sperm production
canal in many females.
 Production of the male sex hormone
testosterone Mons Pubis – is the fatty tissue located
above the pubic bone and covers the pubic
Epididymis – is a coiled tube located on the area.
back of the testes. Collect and stores sperm
temporary till maturity. Bartholin’s Glands – are small located near
the vaginal opening. They secrete mucus to
Vas Deferens – also known as the ductus lubricate the vaginal opening during sexual
deferens, is a muscular tube extends from arousal.
the epididymis into the abdominal cavity.
Urethra – is primary responsible for the
Seminal Vesicles – these are two elimination of urine.
convoluted pouches along the lower portion
of the posterior surface of the bladder. Perineum – is the area between the vaginal
Secretes a liquid. opening and anus.

Prostate Gland – is a walnut-sized gland Female Reproductive System Internal Parts:

situated just below the bladder.
Ovaries – are the primary internal organs of
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands – these the female reproductive system. Produces
small, pea-sized glands are located below eggs (ova).
the prostate gland.
Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts) – are thin,
Urethra – is a duct that runs through the tube-like structures that connect the ovaries
penis and carries both urine from the bladder to the uterus. Fertilization typically occurs.
and semen from the reproductive system.
Uterus (Womb) – is muscular organ where
Ejaculatory Ducts – these ducts pass a fertilized egg can implant and develop into
through the prostate gland to join the a fetus during pregnancy.
seminal vesicles and the urethra.
Cervix – is the lower part of the uterus that
Female Reproductive System External Parts: connects it to vagina. It serves as a barrier
between the uterus and the outside
Labia Majora – the outer “lips” of the environment.
vulva.
Vagina – is a muscular canal that connects
Labia Minora – the inner “lips” of the the cervix to the external genitalia.
vulva.
4. SPERM DEVELOPMENT AND
Clitoris – is a highly sensitive organ located MATURATION
at the top of the vulva.
Sperm Development and Maturation – is
Vaginal Opening – is the entrance to the the biological process by which immature
vagina and passageway for menstrual blood sperm cell, called spermatogonia, go
to exit to the body and for sexual intercourse. through a series of stages to become mature.
Spermatogenesis – is the process through Spermatids – are immature sperm cells.
which sperm cells are produced in the testes.
Spermatozoa – the spermatids transform
Three main phases of Spermatogenesis: into mature, functional sperm cells.
1. Mitotic Division (Proliferative Hormonal Regulation – hormones play a
Phase) – spermatogonial stem cells vital role in regulating sperm development.
undergo mitotic division to produce
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)
spermatogonia.
– stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to
2. Meiotic Division (Meiotic Phase) –
release two key hormones:
type B spermatogonia enter the
meiotic phase.  Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. Spermiogenesis (Differentiative – stimulates the Sertoli cells within
Phase) – the final stage of the testes. FSH promotes the
spermatogenesis. maturation and development of
Two main types of Spermatogonia: sperm cells and supports their growth.
 Luteinizing hormone (LH) –
1. Type A Spermatogonia – stimulates the Leydig cells in the
undifferentiated stem cells, which are testes. These cells produce and
the source of sperm production. release testosterone, the primary
2. Type B Spermatogonia – type A male sex hormone.
daughter cells develop into primary
spermatocytes. Pituitary Gland – is referred to as the
“master gland”.
Why some spermatogonia remain as stem
cells (type A) while others differentiative Epididymal Maturation – after
(type B)? spermiogenesis, immature sperm are
transported to the epididymis.
1. Regulation – ensures a continuous
supply of sperm Morphology of Sperm:
2. Maintaining a Stem Cell Pool – for  Head – contains the nucleus, which
future sperm production houses genetic material.
3. Balancing – proper functioning of  Midpiece – contains a tightly coiled
the male reproductive system bundle of mitochondria.
Two sequential divisions of the Meiotic  Tail (Flagellum) – a long, whip-like
Division: structure responsible for propelling
the sperm forward.
1. Meiosis I – in this phase, primary
spermatocytes are formed, each with Sperm Capacitation – is a final step in
full set of chromosomes. sperm maturation that occurs in the female
2. Meiosis II – the secondary reproductive tract.
spermatocytes undergo a second Factors Affecting Sperm Quality:
meiotic division to produce four
haploid spermatids.  Lifestyle Factors
 Medical Conditions
  Environmental Toxins Several factors can influence the timing of
ovulation, including:
Lesser-Known Factors Affecting Sperm
Development:  Stress,
 Illness, and
1. Heat Exposure
 Changes in weight or exercise
2. Electronic Devices habits.
3. Nutrient Deficiencies
Some methods for tracking ovulation
5. OVULATION AND MENSTRUAL include:
CYCLE
1. Tracking Menstrual Cycle –
Ovulation and Menstrual Cycle – are key
ovulation typically occurs 14 days
processes in a women’s reproductive system.
before the start of the next period in
Menstrual Cycle – is a series of events that a 28-day cycle.
occurs in a women’s body roughly every 28 2. Basal body temperature (BBT)
days. charting – a woman’s basal body
temperature rises slightly after
Four main phases of Menstrual Cycle: ovulation.
1. Menstrual Phase (from day 1 to 5) 3. Cervical mucus changes – the
– begins on the first day of consistency and appearance of
menstruation and lasts till the 5th day cervical mucus change during the
of the menstrual cycle. menstrual cycle.
2. Follicular Phase (from day 1 to 13) 4. Ovulation predictor kits (OPKs) –
– this phase also begins on the first these kits detect the surge in LH
day of menstruation, but it lasts till precedes ovulation, helping predict
the 13th day of menstrual cycle. when it will occur.
3. Ovulation Phase (day 14) – begins 6. FERTILIZATION AND
with a rise in the levels of luteinizing CONCEPTION
hormone and follicles-stimulating
hormone. Fertilization is the process by which male
4. Luteal Phase – (from day 25 to 28) and female gametes (sperm and egg) come
– this phase begins on the 15th day together and to form a zygote.
and lasts till the end of the cycle. Release of the Egg (Ovulation) – in the
10 ml – 80 ml – is considered normal blood female reproductive system, the process of
loss. fertilization begins with the release of a
mature egg (ovum) from one of the ovaries.
Corpus Luteum – produces progesterone,
which helps maintain the uterine lining for Journey of the Sperm – on the male side,
potential embryo implantation. sperm cells are continually produced
through a process called spermatogenesis in
Ovulation – is the key event in the the testes.
menstrual cycle.
Sperm Penetration – the sperm must 1. Abnormal development – triploid
navigate through the cervix, into the uterus, embryos typically cannot develop
and into the fallopian tube to reach the egg. normally.
2. Miscarriage – most pregnancies
Contact and Fusion – once sperm reaches
with triploid embryos end in early
the fallopian tube, it must find the egg.
miscarriage.
Formation of the Zygote – the fusion of the 3. Birth defects – where a triploid
sperm and egg results in the formation of a pregnancy progresses beyond the
zygote. first trimester, the baby may be born
with severe birth defects.
Activation of the Egg – fertilization triggers
a series of biochemical changes in the egg’s 7. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
membrane, preventing other sperm from
Embryonic Development refers to the
entering.
process by which a fertilized egg, or zygote,
Early Embryonic Development – the undergoes a series of meticulously regulated
zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions, cellular divisions and differentiations to
forming a multicellular structure called a form a multicellular embryo.
blastocyst.
Stages of Embryonic Development:
Implantation and Pregnancy – the
Zygote Formation – embryonic
blastocyst travels through the fallopian tube
development begins with fertilization when
and implants into the thickened uterine
a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell, forming
lining, a process known as implantation.
a zygote.
Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic) – occur when
Cleavage – after fertilization, the zygote
two separate eggs are fertilized by two
undergoes a series of rapid cell divisions
separate sperm cells during the same
called cleavage.
menstrual cycle.
Blastulation – cleavage leads to the
Identical Twins (Monozygotic) – occur
formation of a blastocyst.
when a single fertilized egg, also known as a
zygote, splits into two or more embryos Implantation – the blastocyst travels
during the early stages of development. through the fallopian tube and implants into
the uterus.
Higher Order Multiples – more than two
embryos can develop from a single fertilized Gastrulation – is critical stage in embryonic
egg, resulting in higher-order multiples. development during which the three primary
germ layers of cells are established.
Polyspermy – if two sperm cells were to
successfully fertilized a single egg cell. 1. Ectoderm – forms the nervous
system, skin, and sense organs.
Triploidy – is an abnormal in the number of
2. Mesoderm – gives rise to muscles,
chromosomes in an embryo.
bones, circulatory system, and
reproductive organs.
 3. Endoderm – develops into the
digestive and respiratory systems, as
well as some glands.
Neurulation – in vertebrate embryos,
neurulation is the process where the neural
tube forms from the ectoderm.
Organogenesis – is the process of organ
formation and development from the germ
layers.
Fetal Development – involves continued
growth and maturation of organs and
systems, as well as the development of
features such as limbs and facial structures.
“fetus”.
Birth – the process of embryonic
development culminates in the birth of a
fully developed individual.