Reproductive system
Presented By Ayush kumar jha
Shlok gupta
Ujjwal verma
Saurabh singh
Divyanshu shah
Submitted to pooja
ma’am
Introduction
Thereproductive system is the biological system
responsible for sexual reproduction and the
production of offspring. It involves organs that
produce and transport gametes (sperm and eggs),
as well as hormones that regulate sexual
development and function.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system is responsible for producing,
storing, and delivering sperm for reproduction. It includes
both external and internal organs:
EXTERNAL ORGANS
1. Penis: Delivers sperm into the female
reproductive tract. Also used for urination.
2. Scrotum: A pouch of skin that holds and
protects the testicles. Helps regulate the
temperature for sperm production (sperm
need a temperature slightly lower than
body temperature)
3. Testes (Testicles): Produce sperm and the
male hormone testosterone
INTERNAL ORGANS
1 Epididymis: A coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored after
leaving the testes.
1. Vas deferens: A long tube that transports mature sperm from the
epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
2. Seminal vesicles: Glands that produce a sugary fluid that provides
energy for sperm
3. Prostate gland: Adds fluid to semen that helps nourish and protect
sperm.
4. Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands):Produce a clear fluid that
lubricates the urethra before ejaculation.
5. Urethra: A tube that carries both urine and semen (at different times)
out of the body through the penis.
Function of male reproductive
system
1. Production of sperm ( spermatogenesis)
2. Production of Testosterone
3. Storage and maturation of sperm
4. Transport of sperm
5. Production of seminal fluid
6. Ejaculation of semen
7. Urination
Secondary sexual characteristics:
1. Increased muscle mass and strength
2. Deepening of the voice (due to growth of the larynx and vocal cords)
3. Growth of facial and body hair (e.g., beard, chest, underarm, and
pubic hair)
4. Enlargement of the Adam’s apple
5. Broadening of the shoulders
6. Increased bone density and height
7. Development of more prominent jaw and brow ridges
8. Increased production of sweat and body odor
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The female reproductive system is a complex network of organs and
structures that work together to produce eggs (ova), facilitate
fertilization, support pregnancy, and enable childbirth.
CLASSIFICATION OF FEMALE REPORDUCTION
SYSTEM
External organ :
The external organ of female reproductive system are collectively known as the vulva.
they include:
1. Mons pubis – A fatty area above the pubic bone, covered with pubic hair after
puberty.
2. Labia majora – The outer lips of the vulva, which protect the other external organs.
3. Labia minora – The inner lips, located within the labia majora; they surround the
vaginal and urethral openings.
4. Clitoris – A small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva; it plays a key role in
female sexual pleasure.
5. Urethral opening – The external opening through which urine is discharged from the
body.
6. Vaginal opening (introitus) – The entry to the vagina; it may be partially covered by a
thin membrane called the hymen.
7. Perineum – The area of skin between the vaginal opening and the anus.
Internal organ of female reproductive system
include:
1. Ovaries: Small, oval-shaped glands that produce eggs (ova) and hormones like
estrogen and progesterone.
2. Fallopian Tubes: Narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus; the site where
fertilization typically occurs.
3. Uterus (Womb): A hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and grows
into a fetus.
4. Endometrium: The inner lining of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual
cycle in preparation for possible implantation.
5. Cervix: The lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina; it allows
passage of menstrual blood, sperm, and childbirth.
6. Vagina: A muscular canal that connects the cervix to the outside of the body;
serves as the passageway for menstruation, sexual intercourse, and childbirth
Function of female reproductive system :
1. Production of eggs (ova): The ovaries produce and release eggs for fertilization.
2. Secretion of sex hormones: Ovaries release estrogen and progesterone, which
regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy.
3. Fertilization site: The fallopian tubes provide a site for the sperm to fertilize the
egg.
4. Nourishment and development of the fetus: The uterus provides a nurturing
environment for the fertilized egg to implant, grow, and develop into a baby.
5. Menstruation: If fertilization doesn’t occur, the endometrial lining sheds as a
menstrual period.
6. Childbirth: The uterus contracts to deliver the baby through the cervix and
vagina.
7. Breastfeeding support: While not part
Secondary sexual characteristics of
females:
1. Development of breasts
2. Widening of hips
3. Growth of pubic and underarm hair
4. Start of menstruation (menarche)
5. Increased fat distribution (especially in hips, thighs, and
breasts)
6. Softening of the skin
7. Widening of the pelvis
8. Development of a more rounded body shape
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is a regular natural process that occurs in
the female reproductive system, typically lasting about 28
days, although it can range from 21 to 35 days. It prepares
the body for pregnancy and involves hormonal changes.
Phases of menstrual cycle:
There are four phase of menstrual cycle:
1)Menstrual phase
2)Follicular phase
3)Ovulation phase
4)Luteal phase
Menstrual phase:
The first phase of the menstrual cycle, marked by the
shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) and menstrual
bleeding. This phase typically lasts from 3 to 7 days.
Follicular phase :
It is the first half of the menstrual cycle, starting on the first
day of menstruation and ending with ovulation. During this
phase, ovarian follicles mature, preparing for the release of
an egg during ovulation.
Ovulation phase:
Ovulation is the phase of the menstrual cycle where a
mature egg is released from the ovary. The released egg
travels down the fallopian tube, ready to be fertilized by
sperm.
Luteal phase:
The luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual cycle,
occurring after ovulation. The luteal phase starts after ovulation,
typically around day 15 of a 28-day cycle. It ends when
menstruation begins.
Fertilization :
Fertilization is the process in which a new cell is formed
when two gametes (sex cells) –sperm and ova fuse
together. During this event, all genetic information is
transferred from both the parents to their child and the
gender of the child is determined.
Steps of fertilization :
Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell
to form a zygote. Here are the key steps
1. Ovulation: An egg is released from the ovary and enters the
fallopian tube.
2. Sperm Transport: Sperm are deposited in the female reproductive
tract during intercourse and swim toward the fallopian tube.
3. Capacitation: Sperm undergo biochemical changes that increase
their ability to penetrate the egg.
4. Sperm-Egg Recognition and Binding: Sperm binds to the zona
pellucida, a protective layer around the egg.
.
5.Acrosome Reaction: The sperm releases enzymes from its
acrosome (a cap-like structure) to digest the zona pellucida.
6. Fusion of Sperm and Egg Membranes: One sperm successfully
fuses with the egg’s membrane, allowing its nucleus to enter the
egg.
7.Cortical Reaction: The egg releases enzymes to harden the
zona pellucida, preventing other sperm from entering (blocks
polyspermy).
8. Formation of the Zygote: The sperm and egg nuclei merge to
form a diploid zygote.
Thank you
