!abo Reading List 2023
!abo Reading List 2023
The American Board of Orthodontics does not consider any of the articles and/or texts to
contain the indisputable answer to any questions within the field of orthodontics. Examinees
are responsible for the content of the entire reading list, even though some references may
notbe represented by an exam question. Current literature and textbooks on orthodontics
may be studied in addition to the suggested references.
2. COVID-19: Stay Up to Date with Your COVID-19 Vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html. NEW
3. Guidelines for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities 2008. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/.
6. 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC. American Heart Association,
https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines.
7. Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccination. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/vaccination.html. NEW
8. Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: HPV Vaccination Recommendations. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html. NEW
2023 ABO Reading List - 2
10. Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm. NEW
TEXTBOOKS
1. English JD, Akyalcin S, Peltomaki T, et al: Mosby’s Orthodontic Review, ed. 2, Mosby, 2015.
2. Fehrenbach M, Popowics T: Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, ed. 5, Saunders,
2019. NEW
3. Graber L, Vanarsdall R, Vig KWL, Huang GJ: Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, ed. 6,
Mosby, 2017.
4. Jacobson A, Jacobson RL: Radiographic Cephalometry: From Basics to 3-D Imaging, ed. 2,
Quintessence, 2007.
5. Marieb E, Hoehn K: Human Anatomy & Physiology, ed. 11, Pearson, 2018. NEW
6. McNamara JA Jr, Brudon WL, Kokich VG: Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Needham Press,
2001. NEW
7. Nanci A: Ten Cate’s Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function, ed. 9, Mosby, 2018.
8. Neville BW, Damm DE, Allen CM, et al: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, ed. 4, Saunders, 2016.
9. Okeson JP: Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, ed. 8, Mosby, 2019.
10. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson BE,Sarver DM: Contemporary Orthodontics, ed. 6, Mosby, 2019.
11. Proffit WR, White L, Sarver DM: Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity, Mosby, 2003.
12. Sperber GH, Sperber SM: Craniofacial Embryogenetics and Development, ed. 3, People’s Medical
Publishing House, 2019.
13. Standring S: Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, ed. 42, Elsevier, 2021.
(Or any contemporary anatomy textbook)
2023 ABO Reading List - 3
JOURNAL ARTICLES
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
1. Bartzela T, Türp JC, Motschall E, et al: Medication effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a
systematic literature review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
135(1):16-26, January 2009. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(08)00885-8/fulltext
3. Behrents RG, Valanju Shelgikar A, Conley RS, et al: Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an
American Association of Orthodontists white paper. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 156(1):13-28.E1, July 2019. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(19)30278-1/fulltext
4. Brennan MM, Gianelly AA: The use of the lingual arch in the mixed dentition to resolve incisor
crowding. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 117(1):81-85, January 2000.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(00)70252-6/fulltext
5. Bishara SE, Hoppens BJ, Jakobsen JR, et al: Changes in the molar relationship between the deciduous
and permanent dentitions: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 93(1):19-28, January 1988. https://www.ajodo.org/article/0889-5406(88)90189-8/fulltext
6. Bishara SE, Khadivi P, Jakobsen JR: Changes in tooth size-arch length relationship from the deciduous
to the permanent dentition: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 108(6):607-613, December 1995.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(95)70006-4/abstract
7. Björk A, Skieller V: Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 62(4):339-383, October 1972.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0002-9416(72)90277-1/pdf
8. Chae JM, Park JH, Kojima Y, et al: Biomechanical analysis for total distalization of the mandibular
dentition: a finite element study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
155(3):388-397, March 2019. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(18)31032-1/fulltext
9. Chen Y, Kyung HM, Zhao WT, et al: Critical factors for the success of orthodontic mini-implants: a
systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 135(3):284-291, March
2009. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(08)00860-3/abstract
10. Ciarlantini R, Melsen B: Semipermanent replacement of missing maxillary lateral incisors by mini-
implant retained pontics: a follow-up study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 151(5):989-994, May 2017. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(17)30092-6/abstract
11. De Praeter J, Dermaut L, Martens G, et al: Long-term stability of the leveling of the curve of Spee.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121(3):266-272, March 2002.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(02)80570-4/fulltext
12. Elshebiny T, Palomo JM, Baumgartel S: Anatomic assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for
mini screw insertion in white patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
153(4):505-511, April 2018. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(17)31031-4/abstract
2023 ABO Reading List - 4
13. Ghoneima A, Abdel-Fattah E, Hartsfield J, et al: Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the cranial
and circummaxillary sutures. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 140(4):510-
519, October 2011. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(11)00626-3/abstract
14. Jacobs JD, Sinclair PM. Principles of orthodontic mechanics in orthognathic surgery cases. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 84(5):399-407, November 1983.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/0002-9416(93)90003-P/fulltext NEW
15. Katzberg RW, Westesson PL, Tallents RH, et al: Orthodontics and temporomandibular joint internal
derangement. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 109(5):515-520, May
1996. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(96)70136-1/abstract
16. Khosravi R, Cohanim B, Hujoel P, et al: Management of overbite with the Invisalign appliance.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 151(4):691-699.E2, April 2017.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(16)30886-1/abstract
17. Kim MR, Graber TM, Viana MA: Orthodontics and temporomandibular disorder: a meta-analysis.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121(5):438-446, May 2002.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(02)75828-9/abstract
18. Kokich VG: Surgical and orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines. American Journal
of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 126(3):278-283, September 2004.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(04)00526-8/fulltext
19. Kokich VO, Kinzer GA, Janakievski J: Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor: restorative
replacement. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 139(4):435-439, April 2011.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(11)00088-6/abstract
20. Meister M, Masella R, Jerrold L: An ethical dilemma: litigation, legislation, and ethics. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 114(3):358-360, September 1998.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(98)70076-9/abstract
21. Molen AD: Considerations in the use of cone-beam computed tomography for buccal bone
measurements. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 137(4 Suppl):S130-135,
April 2010. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(10)00032-6/abstract
22. Neeley WW II, Kluemper GT, Hays LR: Psychiatry in orthodontics. Part 2: substance abuse among
adolescents and its relevance to orthodontic practice. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 129(2):185-193, February 2006. NEW
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(05)01158-3/fulltext
23. Okeson JP: Evolution of occlusion and temporomandibular disorder in orthodontics: past, present, and
future. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 147(5 Suppl):S216-S223, May
2015. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(15)00107-9/fulltext
24. Rinchuse DJ, McMinn JT: Summary of evidence-based systematic reviews of temporomandibular
disorders. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 130(6):715-720, December
2006. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(06)00822-5/abstract
2023 ABO Reading List - 5
25. Roscoe MG, Meira JBC, Cattaneo PM: Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: a
systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 147(5):610-626, May
2015. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(15)00082-7/fulltext
26. Sankey WL, Buschang PH, English J, et al: Early treatment of vertical skeletal dysplasia:the
hyperdivergent phenotype. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 118(3):317-
327, September 2000. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(00)62727-0/fulltext
27. Sarver DM: The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 120(2):98-111, August 2001.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(01)32448-4/fulltext
28. Scheffler NR, Proffit WR, Phillips C: Outcomes and stability in patients with anterior open bite and
long anterior face height treated with temporary anchorage devices and a maxillary intrusion splint.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 146(5):594-602, November 2014.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(14)00700-8/abstract
29. Sperry TP, Steinberg MJ, Gans BJ: Mandibular movement during autorotation as a result of maxillary
impaction surgery. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 81(2):116-123,
February 1982. https://www.ajodo.org/article/0002-9416(82)90035-5/pdf
30. Suri L, Gagari E, Vastardis H: Delayed tooth eruption: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment: a
literature review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 126(4):432-445,
October 2004. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(04)00530-X/abstract
31. Suri L, Taneja P: Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a literature review. American Journal of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 133(2):290-302, February 2008. NEW
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(07)00753-6/fulltext
32. Tasaki MM, Westesson PL, Isberg AM, et al: Classification and prevalence of temporomandibular
joint displacement in patients and symptom-free volunteers. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics 109(3):249-262, March 1996.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(96)70148-8/abstract
33. Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C: Influences on the outcome of early treatment for Class II
malocclusion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 111(5):533-542, May
1997. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(97)70290-7/fulltext
34. Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C: Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early class II
treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 125(6):657- 667, June 2004.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(04)00160-X/abstract
35. Viglianisi A: Effects of lingual arch used as space maintainer on mandibular arch dimension: a
systemic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 138(4):382.E1-382.E4,
October 2010. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(10)00488-9/fulltext
36. Walker GF: A new approach to the analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 61(3):221-230, March 1972.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/0002-9416(72)90074-7/fulltext#relatedArticles NEW
2023 ABO Reading List - 6
37. Weltman B, Vig KWL, Fields HW, et al: Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth
movement: a systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
137(4):462-476, April 2010. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(09)01222-0/abstract
38. Wood R, Sun Z, Chaudhry J, et al: Factors affecting the accuracy of buccal alveolar bone height
measurements from cone-beam computed tomography images. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics 143(3):353-363, March 2013.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(12)01168-7/abstract
39. Zahrowski JJ: Biphosphonate treatment: an orthodontic concern calling for a proactive approach.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 31(3):311-320, March 2007.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(06)01330-8/abstract
DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY
43. Tronstad L: Root resorption-etiology, terminology, and clinical manifestations. Dental Traumatology
4(6):241-252, December 1988.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1988.tb00642.x
45. Perkiömäki MR, Kyrkanides S, Niinimaa A, Alvesalo L The relationship of distinct craniofacial
features between Turner syndrome females and their parents. European Journal of Orthodontics
27(1):48-52, February 2005. https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/27/1/48/462050 NEW
46. Schlicher W, Nielsen I, Huang JC, et al: Consistency and precision in landmark identification in three-
dimensional cone beam computed tomography scans. European Journal of Orthodontics 34(3):263-275,
June 2012. https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/34/3/263/424115
47. vonBöhl M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM: Hyalinization during orthodontic tooth movement. A systematic
review of tissue reactions. European Journal of Orthodontics 31(1):30-36, February 2009.
https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/31/1/30/445770 NEW
2023 ABO Reading List - 7
52. Park JH, Kim JH, Kai A, et al: Post-COVID-19 Clinical and Management Guidelines for
Orthodontic Practices. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 54(6):351-355, June 2020.
https://www.jco-online.com/archive/2020/06/351-management-marketing-post-covid-19-management-
guidelines-for-orthodontic-practices/
JOURNAL OF ENDODONTICS
54. Patel S, Ricucci D, Durak C, et al: Internal root resorption: a review. Journal of Endodontics
36(7):1107-1121, July 2010. https://www.jendodon.com/article/S0099-2399(10)00245-1/abstract
56. Kinzer GA, Kokich VO: Managing congenitally missing lateral incisors. Part III: Single-tooth
implants. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 17(4):202-210, July 2005.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00116.x
2023 ABO Reading List - 8
58. Wilcko MT, Wilcko WM, Pulver JJ, et al.: Accelerated osteogenic orthodontics technique: a 1-stage
surgically facilitated rapid orthodontic technique with alveolar augmentation. Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery 67(10):2149–2159, October 2009.
https://www.joms.org/article/S0278-2391(09)00585-0/fulltext NEW
JOURNAL OF PERIODONTOLOGY
59. Tarnow DP, Magner AW, Fletcher P: The effect of the distance from the contact point to the crest of
bone on the presence or absence of the interproximal dental papilla. Journal of Periodontology
63(12):995-996, December 1992. https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1902/jop.1992.63.12.995
SEMINARS IN ORTHODONTICS
61. Becker A, Ioannis Zogakis I, Ionut Luchian I, et al: Surgical exposure of impacted canines: Open or
closed surgery? Seminars in Orthodontics 22(1):27–33, March 2016.
https://www.semortho.com/article/S1073-8746(15)00065-1/fulltext
62. Buschang PH, Sankey W, English JP: Early treatment of hyperdivergent open-bite malocclusions.
Seminars in Orthodontics 8(3):130-140, September 2002.
https://www.semortho.com/article/1073-8746(02)80045-7/pdf
63. Hochman MN, Chu SJ, Tarnow DP: Orthodontic extrusion for implant site development revisited: a
new classification determined by anatomy and clinical outcomes. Seminars in Orthodontics 20(3):208-
227, September 2014.
https://www.semortho.com/article/S1073-8746(14)00033-4/fulltext
64. Sheats RD (ed): Biostatics for the orthodontic clinician. Seminars in Orthodontics 8(2):51-109,
June 2002. https://www.semortho.com/issue/S1073-8746(00)X0036-9 NEW
65. Spear FM, Mathezus DM, Kokich VG: Interdisciplinary management of single tooth implant.
Seminars in Orthodontics 3(1):45-72, March 1997.
https://www.semortho.com/article/S1073-8746(97)80039-4/fulltext
2023 ABO Reading List - 9
69. Bolton WA: Disharmony in tooth size and its relation to the analysis and treatment of malocclusion.
The Angle Orthodontist 28(3):113-130, July 1958. NEW
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/28/3/113/55103/Disharmony-In-Tooth-Size-
And-Its-Relation-To-The
70. Cacciatore G, Ghislanzoni LTH, Alvetro L, et al: Treatment and posttreatment effects induced by the
Forsus appliance: a controlled clinical study. The Angle Orthodontist 84(6):1010-1017, November 2014.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/84/6/1010/59068/Treatment-and- posttreatment-
effects-induced-by-the
71. D’Amico RM, Bjerklin K, Kurol J, et al: Long-term results of orthodontic treatment of impacted
maxillary canines. The Angle Orthodontist 73(3):231-238, June 2003.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/73/3/231/57686/Long-term-Results-of-
Orthodontic-Treatment-of?searchresult=1
72. Gong A, Li J, Wang Z, et al: Cranial base characteristics in anteroposterior malocclusions: a meta-
analysis. The Angle Orthodontist 86(4):668-680, July 2016. NEW
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/86/4/668/59046/Cranial-base-characteristics-in-
anteroposterior
73. Han S, Bayome M, Lee J, et al: Evaluation of palatal bone density in adults and adolescents for
application of skeletal anchorage devices. The Angle Orthodontist 82(4):625-631, July 2012.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/82/4/625/59255/Evaluation-of-palatal- bone-
density-in-adults-and
74. Hodges A, Rossouw PE, Campbell PM, et al: Prediction of lip response to four first premolar
extractions in white female adolescents and adults. The Angle Orthodontist 79(3):413–421, May 2009.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/79/3/413/58123/Prediction-of-Lip-Response-to-
Four-First-Premolar?searchresult=1
2023 ABO Reading List - 10
75. Kim-Berman H, McNamara JA, Lints JP, et al: Treatment effects of the Carriere ® Motion 3DTM
appliance for the correction of Class II malocclusion in adolescents. The Angle Orthodontist 89(6):
839-846, 2019. NEW
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/89/6/839/420611/Treatment-effects-of-the-
CarriereR-Motion-3DT
76. Kusy RP: A review of contemporary archwires: their properties and characteristics. The Angle
Orthodontist 67(3):197-207, June 1997.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/67/3/197/56550/A-review-of- contemporary-
archwires-Their
77. Marquezan M, Mattos CT, Sant’Anna EF, et al: Does cortical thickness influence the primary stability
of mini screws?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Angle Orthodontist 84(6):1093-1103,
November 2014. NEW
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/84/6/1093/59073/Does-cortical-thickness-
influence-the-primary
78. McNamara JA, Baccetti T, Franchi L, et al: Rapid maxillary expansion followed by fixed appliances: a
long-term evaluation of changes in arch dimensions. The Angle Orthodontist 73(4):344-353, August 2003.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/73/4/344/57840/Rapid-Maxillary-Expansion-
Followed-by-Fixed
79. McNamara JA and Franchi L: The cervical vertebral maturation method: a user’s guide. The Angle
Orthodontist 88(2):133-143, March 2018.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/88/2/133/59164/The-cervical-vertebral-
maturation-method-A-user-s
80. Rossini G, Parrini S, Castroflorio T, et al: Efficacy of clear aligners in controlling orthodontic tooth
movement: a systemic review. The Angle Orthodontist 85(5):881-889, September 2015.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/85/5/881/59502/Efficacy-of-clear- aligners-in-
controlling
81. Siara-Olds NJ, Pangrazio-Kulbersh V, Berger J, et al: Long-term dentoskeletal changes with the
bionator, Herbst, twin block, and MARA functional appliances. The Angle Orthodontist 80(1):18-29,
January 2010. https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/80/1/18/58932/Long-Term-
Dentoskeletal- Changes-with-the-Bionator
82. Stroud JL, English J, Buschang PH: Enamel thickness of the posterior dentition: Its implications for
nonextraction treatment. The Angle Orthodontist 68(2):141-146, April 1998.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/68/2/141/58390/Enamel-thickness-of- the-
posterior-dentition-Its
85. Ostler MS, Kokich VG: Alveolar ridge changes in patients congenitally missing mandibular second
premolars. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 71(2):144-149, February 1994.
https://www.thejpd.org/article/0022-3913(94)90022-1/fulltext NEW
86. Alves Otelakoski B, Magno Goncalves F, Marques de Mattos de Araujo B, et al: Comparison of
orthodontic root resorption of root-filled and vital teeth: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Dental
Association 153(6):532-541.E7, June 2022. NEW
https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(22)00021-6/fulltext
87. Bedoya MM, Park JH: A review of the diagnosis and management of impacted maxillary canines.
Journal of the American Dental Association 140(12):1485-1493, December 2009.
https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(14)61552-X/fulltext
88. Carpentieri J, Greenstein G, Cavallaro J: Hierarchy of restorative space required for different types of
dental implant prostheses. Journal of the American Dental Association 150(8):695-706, August 2019.
https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(19)30296-X/fulltext
89. Gupta N, Vujicic M, Blatz A. Opioid prescribing practices from 2010 through 2015 among dentists in
the United States: What do claims data tell us? Journal of the American Dental Association 149(4):237-
245.E6, April 2018. https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(18)30009-6/fulltext NEW
90. Ker AJ, Chan R, Fields HW, et al: Esthetics and smile characteristics from the layperson's perspective.
A computer-based survey study. Journal of the American Dental Association 139(10):1318-1327, October
2008. https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(14)65409-X/fulltext