2023 ABO Reading List - 1

THE AMERICAN BOARD OF ORTHODONTICS

WRITTEN EXAMINATION
READING LIST 2023
The objective of this reading list is to offer the practicing orthodontist a list of references,
which may serve as a source of knowledge in preparing for certification. This reading list
includes papers of historical as well as scientific interest. It is intended to give the
orthodontist a broad perspective of the changing world of orthodontic theory and practice. It
should be clearly understood that a bibliography, such as this, is not all encompassing and
does not remain static. It will be continuously subject to additions and deletions. Whenever
possible, links to the resource, full text or article abstracts are provided. If you or your school
are not subscribers to the journals included on this reading list, it may be possible to
purchase single article access through the publisher. The ABO and/or AAO library cannot
provide the full text if the article or journal is not open access.

The American Board of Orthodontics does not consider any of the articles and/or texts to
contain the indisputable answer to any questions within the field of orthodontics. Examinees
are responsible for the content of the entire reading list, even though some references may
notbe represented by an exam question. Current literature and textbooks on orthodontics
may be studied in addition to the suggested references.

RESOURCES (links verified July 2022)

1. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/signs.html. NEW

2. COVID-19: Stay Up to Date with Your COVID-19 Vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html. NEW

3. Guidelines for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities 2008. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/.

4. Primal’s 3D Atlas of Human Dentistry. Pharma Intelligence UK Limited/Primal Pictures.

Use this link to obtain discounted access for six months: https://www.primalpictures.com/adoptions/abo
(Or any contemporary anatomy resource) NEW LINK

5. The American Board of Orthodontics. https://www.americanboardortho.com/. NEW LINK

6. 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC. American Heart Association,
https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines.

7. Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccination. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/vaccination.html. NEW

8. Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: HPV Vaccination Recommendations. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html. NEW
 2023 ABO Reading List - 2

9. Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/index.htm. NEW

10. Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm. NEW

TEXTBOOKS
1. English JD, Akyalcin S, Peltomaki T, et al: Mosby’s Orthodontic Review, ed. 2, Mosby, 2015.

2. Fehrenbach M, Popowics T: Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, ed. 5, Saunders,
2019. NEW

3. Graber L, Vanarsdall R, Vig KWL, Huang GJ: Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, ed. 6,
Mosby, 2017.

4. Jacobson A, Jacobson RL: Radiographic Cephalometry: From Basics to 3-D Imaging, ed. 2,
Quintessence, 2007.

5. Marieb E, Hoehn K: Human Anatomy & Physiology, ed. 11, Pearson, 2018. NEW

6. McNamara JA Jr, Brudon WL, Kokich VG: Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Needham Press,
2001. NEW

7. Nanci A: Ten Cate’s Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function, ed. 9, Mosby, 2018.

8. Neville BW, Damm DE, Allen CM, et al: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, ed. 4, Saunders, 2016.

9. Okeson JP: Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, ed. 8, Mosby, 2019.

10. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson BE,Sarver DM: Contemporary Orthodontics, ed. 6, Mosby, 2019.

11. Proffit WR, White L, Sarver DM: Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity, Mosby, 2003.

12. Sperber GH, Sperber SM: Craniofacial Embryogenetics and Development, ed. 3, People’s Medical
Publishing House, 2019.

13. Standring S: Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, ed. 42, Elsevier, 2021.
(Or any contemporary anatomy textbook)
 2023 ABO Reading List - 3

JOURNAL ARTICLES
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
1. Bartzela T, Türp JC, Motschall E, et al: Medication effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a
systematic literature review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
135(1):16-26, January 2009. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(08)00885-8/fulltext

2. Becker A, Chaushu S: Etiology of maxillary canine impaction: a review. American Journal of

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 148(4):557–567, October 2015.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(15)00842-2/abstract

3. Behrents RG, Valanju Shelgikar A, Conley RS, et al: Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an
American Association of Orthodontists white paper. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 156(1):13-28.E1, July 2019. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(19)30278-1/fulltext

4. Brennan MM, Gianelly AA: The use of the lingual arch in the mixed dentition to resolve incisor
crowding. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 117(1):81-85, January 2000.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(00)70252-6/fulltext
5. Bishara SE, Hoppens BJ, Jakobsen JR, et al: Changes in the molar relationship between the deciduous
and permanent dentitions: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 93(1):19-28, January 1988. https://www.ajodo.org/article/0889-5406(88)90189-8/fulltext
6. Bishara SE, Khadivi P, Jakobsen JR: Changes in tooth size-arch length relationship from the deciduous
to the permanent dentition: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 108(6):607-613, December 1995.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(95)70006-4/abstract

7. Björk A, Skieller V: Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 62(4):339-383, October 1972.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0002-9416(72)90277-1/pdf

8. Chae JM, Park JH, Kojima Y, et al: Biomechanical analysis for total distalization of the mandibular
dentition: a finite element study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
155(3):388-397, March 2019. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(18)31032-1/fulltext

9. Chen Y, Kyung HM, Zhao WT, et al: Critical factors for the success of orthodontic mini-implants: a
systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 135(3):284-291, March
2009. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(08)00860-3/abstract

10. Ciarlantini R, Melsen B: Semipermanent replacement of missing maxillary lateral incisors by mini-
implant retained pontics: a follow-up study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 151(5):989-994, May 2017. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(17)30092-6/abstract

11. De Praeter J, Dermaut L, Martens G, et al: Long-term stability of the leveling of the curve of Spee.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121(3):266-272, March 2002.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(02)80570-4/fulltext

12. Elshebiny T, Palomo JM, Baumgartel S: Anatomic assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for
mini screw insertion in white patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
153(4):505-511, April 2018. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(17)31031-4/abstract
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13. Ghoneima A, Abdel-Fattah E, Hartsfield J, et al: Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the cranial
and circummaxillary sutures. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 140(4):510-
519, October 2011. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(11)00626-3/abstract
14. Jacobs JD, Sinclair PM. Principles of orthodontic mechanics in orthognathic surgery cases. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 84(5):399-407, November 1983.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/0002-9416(93)90003-P/fulltext NEW

15. Katzberg RW, Westesson PL, Tallents RH, et al: Orthodontics and temporomandibular joint internal
derangement. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 109(5):515-520, May
1996. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(96)70136-1/abstract

16. Khosravi R, Cohanim B, Hujoel P, et al: Management of overbite with the Invisalign appliance.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 151(4):691-699.E2, April 2017.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(16)30886-1/abstract
17. Kim MR, Graber TM, Viana MA: Orthodontics and temporomandibular disorder: a meta-analysis.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121(5):438-446, May 2002.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(02)75828-9/abstract

18. Kokich VG: Surgical and orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines. American Journal
of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 126(3):278-283, September 2004.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(04)00526-8/fulltext

19. Kokich VO, Kinzer GA, Janakievski J: Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor: restorative
replacement. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 139(4):435-439, April 2011.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(11)00088-6/abstract

20. Meister M, Masella R, Jerrold L: An ethical dilemma: litigation, legislation, and ethics. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 114(3):358-360, September 1998.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(98)70076-9/abstract
21. Molen AD: Considerations in the use of cone-beam computed tomography for buccal bone
measurements. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 137(4 Suppl):S130-135,
April 2010. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(10)00032-6/abstract
22. Neeley WW II, Kluemper GT, Hays LR: Psychiatry in orthodontics. Part 2: substance abuse among
adolescents and its relevance to orthodontic practice. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics 129(2):185-193, February 2006. NEW
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(05)01158-3/fulltext

23. Okeson JP: Evolution of occlusion and temporomandibular disorder in orthodontics: past, present, and
future. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 147(5 Suppl):S216-S223, May
2015. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(15)00107-9/fulltext

24. Rinchuse DJ, McMinn JT: Summary of evidence-based systematic reviews of temporomandibular
disorders. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 130(6):715-720, December
2006. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(06)00822-5/abstract
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25. Roscoe MG, Meira JBC, Cattaneo PM: Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: a
systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 147(5):610-626, May
2015. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(15)00082-7/fulltext

26. Sankey WL, Buschang PH, English J, et al: Early treatment of vertical skeletal dysplasia:the
hyperdivergent phenotype. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 118(3):317-
327, September 2000. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(00)62727-0/fulltext

27. Sarver DM: The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 120(2):98-111, August 2001.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(01)32448-4/fulltext

28. Scheffler NR, Proffit WR, Phillips C: Outcomes and stability in patients with anterior open bite and
long anterior face height treated with temporary anchorage devices and a maxillary intrusion splint.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 146(5):594-602, November 2014.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(14)00700-8/abstract

29. Sperry TP, Steinberg MJ, Gans BJ: Mandibular movement during autorotation as a result of maxillary
impaction surgery. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 81(2):116-123,
February 1982. https://www.ajodo.org/article/0002-9416(82)90035-5/pdf

30. Suri L, Gagari E, Vastardis H: Delayed tooth eruption: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment: a
literature review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 126(4):432-445,
October 2004. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(04)00530-X/abstract

31. Suri L, Taneja P: Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a literature review. American Journal of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 133(2):290-302, February 2008. NEW
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(07)00753-6/fulltext

32. Tasaki MM, Westesson PL, Isberg AM, et al: Classification and prevalence of temporomandibular
joint displacement in patients and symptom-free volunteers. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics 109(3):249-262, March 1996.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(96)70148-8/abstract

33. Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C: Influences on the outcome of early treatment for Class II
malocclusion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 111(5):533-542, May
1997. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(97)70290-7/fulltext

34. Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C: Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early class II
treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 125(6):657- 667, June 2004.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(04)00160-X/abstract

35. Viglianisi A: Effects of lingual arch used as space maintainer on mandibular arch dimension: a
systemic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 138(4):382.E1-382.E4,
October 2010. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(10)00488-9/fulltext
36. Walker GF: A new approach to the analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 61(3):221-230, March 1972.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/0002-9416(72)90074-7/fulltext#relatedArticles NEW
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37. Weltman B, Vig KWL, Fields HW, et al: Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth
movement: a systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
137(4):462-476, April 2010. https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(09)01222-0/abstract
38. Wood R, Sun Z, Chaudhry J, et al: Factors affecting the accuracy of buccal alveolar bone height
measurements from cone-beam computed tomography images. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics 143(3):353-363, March 2013.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(12)01168-7/abstract
39. Zahrowski JJ: Biphosphonate treatment: an orthodontic concern calling for a proactive approach.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 31(3):311-320, March 2007.
https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(06)01330-8/abstract

BRITISH JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS

40. Björk A, Skieller V: Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the
implant method. British Journal of Orthodontics 4(2):53-64, April 1977.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/bjo.4.2.53 NEW

COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMIC REVIEWS

41. Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, et al: Fluoride toothpaste for preventing dental caries.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, March 2019, Issue 3. NEW
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3/full

DENTAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA

42. Scarfe WC, Farman AG: What is cone-beam CT and how does it work? Dental Clinics of North
America 52(4):707-730, October 2008.
https://www.dental.theclinics.com/article/S0011-8532(08)00044-X/abstract

DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY
43. Tronstad L: Root resorption-etiology, terminology, and clinical manifestations. Dental Traumatology
4(6):241-252, December 1988.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1988.tb00642.x

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS

44. Mutinelli S, Manfredi M, Cozzani M: A mathematic-geometric model to calculate variation in
mandibular arch form. European Journal of Orthodontics 22(2):113-125, April 2000.
https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/22/2/113/528273

45. Perkiömäki MR, Kyrkanides S, Niinimaa A, Alvesalo L The relationship of distinct craniofacial
features between Turner syndrome females and their parents. European Journal of Orthodontics
27(1):48-52, February 2005. https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/27/1/48/462050 NEW

46. Schlicher W, Nielsen I, Huang JC, et al: Consistency and precision in landmark identification in three-
dimensional cone beam computed tomography scans. European Journal of Orthodontics 34(3):263-275,
June 2012. https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/34/3/263/424115

47. vonBöhl M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM: Hyalinization during orthodontic tooth movement. A systematic
review of tissue reactions. European Journal of Orthodontics 31(1):30-36, February 2009.
https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/31/1/30/445770 NEW
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HEAD & FACE MEDICINE

48. Chin A, Perry S, Liao C, Yang Y: The relationship between the cranial base and jaw base in a
Chinese population. Head & Face Medicine 10:31, August 2014. NEW
https://head-face-med.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-160X-10-31

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY

49. Mittal R, Relhan N, Tangri T: Remineralizing agents: a comprehensive review.
International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry 13(1):1-4, March 2017.
http://pdf.medrang.co.kr/Ijcpd2/2017/013/Ijcpd013-01-01.pdf

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS

50. Jemt T, Ahlberg G, Henriksson K, et al: Changes of anterior clinical crown height in patients provided
with single-implant restorations after more than 15 years of follow-up. International Journal of
Prosthodontics 19(5):455-461, September/October 2006.
http://www.quintpub.com/journals/ijp/abstract.php?article_id=2415#.YQMUd0RKiUk

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS

51. Gupta B, Singh S, Tallents RH, et al: Effects of bisphosphonates on orthodontic treatment and the
TMJ: a systemic review. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 51(8):471-478, August 2017.
https://www.jco-online.com/archive/2017/08/471-overview-effects-of-bisphosphonates-on- orthodontic-
treatment-and-the-tmj-a-systematic-review/

52. Park JH, Kim JH, Kai A, et al: Post-COVID-19 Clinical and Management Guidelines for
Orthodontic Practices. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 54(6):351-355, June 2020.
https://www.jco-online.com/archive/2020/06/351-management-marketing-post-covid-19-management-
guidelines-for-orthodontic-practices/

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY

53. Frencken JE, Sharma P, Stenhouse L, et al: Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe
periodontitis – a comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 44(S18):S94–S105,
March 2017. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.12677 NEW

JOURNAL OF ENDODONTICS
54. Patel S, Ricucci D, Durak C, et al: Internal root resorption: a review. Journal of Endodontics
36(7):1107-1121, July 2010. https://www.jendodon.com/article/S0099-2399(10)00245-1/abstract

JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY

55. Kokich VO, Kinzer GA: Managing the congenitally missing lateral incisor. Part I: Canine
substitution. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 17(1):5-10, January 2005.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00076.x

56. Kinzer GA, Kokich VO: Managing congenitally missing lateral incisors. Part III: Single-tooth
implants. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 17(4):202-210, July 2005.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00116.x
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JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLFACIAL SURGERY

57. Ellis E III, McNamara JA Jr, Lawrence TM. Components of adult Class II open-bite malocclusion.
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 43(2):92-105, February 1985.
https://www.joms.org/article/0278-2391(85)90055-2/fulltext NEW

58. Wilcko MT, Wilcko WM, Pulver JJ, et al.: Accelerated osteogenic orthodontics technique: a 1-stage
surgically facilitated rapid orthodontic technique with alveolar augmentation. Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery 67(10):2149–2159, October 2009.
https://www.joms.org/article/S0278-2391(09)00585-0/fulltext NEW

JOURNAL OF PERIODONTOLOGY
59. Tarnow DP, Magner AW, Fletcher P: The effect of the distance from the contact point to the crest of
bone on the presence or absence of the interproximal dental papilla. Journal of Periodontology
63(12):995-996, December 1992. https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1902/jop.1992.63.12.995

ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND

ENDODONTOLOGY
60. Brooks SL, Brand JW, Gibbs SJ, et al: Imaging of the temporomandibular joint: a position paper of
the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 83(5):609-618, May 1997.
https://www.oooojournal.net/article/S1079-2104(97)90128-1/fulltext

SEMINARS IN ORTHODONTICS
61. Becker A, Ioannis Zogakis I, Ionut Luchian I, et al: Surgical exposure of impacted canines: Open or
closed surgery? Seminars in Orthodontics 22(1):27–33, March 2016.
https://www.semortho.com/article/S1073-8746(15)00065-1/fulltext
62. Buschang PH, Sankey W, English JP: Early treatment of hyperdivergent open-bite malocclusions.
Seminars in Orthodontics 8(3):130-140, September 2002.
https://www.semortho.com/article/1073-8746(02)80045-7/pdf

63. Hochman MN, Chu SJ, Tarnow DP: Orthodontic extrusion for implant site development revisited: a
new classification determined by anatomy and clinical outcomes. Seminars in Orthodontics 20(3):208-
227, September 2014.
https://www.semortho.com/article/S1073-8746(14)00033-4/fulltext
64. Sheats RD (ed): Biostatics for the orthodontic clinician. Seminars in Orthodontics 8(2):51-109,
June 2002. https://www.semortho.com/issue/S1073-8746(00)X0036-9 NEW

65. Spear FM, Mathezus DM, Kokich VG: Interdisciplinary management of single tooth implant.
Seminars in Orthodontics 3(1):45-72, March 1997.
https://www.semortho.com/article/S1073-8746(97)80039-4/fulltext
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SEMINARS IN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE

66. Kummer, A: Types and causes of velopharyngeal dysfunction. Seminars in Speech and Language
32(2):150-158, May 2011.
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0031-1277717

SLEEP MEDICINE REVIEWS

67. Neelapu BC, Kharbanda OP, Sardana HK, et al: Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in adult
obstructive sleep apnea patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cephalometric studies. Sleep
Medicine Reviews 31:79-90, February 2017.
https://www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(16)00016-2/abstract

THE ANGLE ORTHODONTIST

68. Areepong D, Kim KB, Oliver DR, et al: The Class II Carriere Motion appliance: a 3D CBCT
evaluation of the effects on the dentition. The Angle Orthodontist 90(4):491-499, July 2020.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/90/4/491/430027/The-Class-II-Carriere-
Motion-appliance-A-3D-CBCT

69. Bolton WA: Disharmony in tooth size and its relation to the analysis and treatment of malocclusion.
The Angle Orthodontist 28(3):113-130, July 1958. NEW
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/28/3/113/55103/Disharmony-In-Tooth-Size-
And-Its-Relation-To-The

70. Cacciatore G, Ghislanzoni LTH, Alvetro L, et al: Treatment and posttreatment effects induced by the
Forsus appliance: a controlled clinical study. The Angle Orthodontist 84(6):1010-1017, November 2014.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/84/6/1010/59068/Treatment-and- posttreatment-
effects-induced-by-the

71. D’Amico RM, Bjerklin K, Kurol J, et al: Long-term results of orthodontic treatment of impacted
maxillary canines. The Angle Orthodontist 73(3):231-238, June 2003.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/73/3/231/57686/Long-term-Results-of-
Orthodontic-Treatment-of?searchresult=1
72. Gong A, Li J, Wang Z, et al: Cranial base characteristics in anteroposterior malocclusions: a meta-
analysis. The Angle Orthodontist 86(4):668-680, July 2016. NEW
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/86/4/668/59046/Cranial-base-characteristics-in-
anteroposterior

73. Han S, Bayome M, Lee J, et al: Evaluation of palatal bone density in adults and adolescents for
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