ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

CLASS - X
 PART - B
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION TO AI
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

- refers to the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills in various domains.

- faculty of understanding

- ability to interact with real world.

- capacity of learning, reasoning and understanding.

- application of acquired knowledge.

- knowledge of solving new problems and making decisions.

● Naturalist (nature smart)
● Musical (sound smart)
● Logical-mathematical
(number/reasoning smart)
● Existential (life smart)
● Interpersonal (people smart)
● Bodily-kinesthetic (body smart)
● Linguistic (word smart)
● Intra-personal (self smart)
● Spatial (picture smart)
1. Naturalist Intelligence

Naturalist intelligence designates the human ability to discriminate among living things
(plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock
configurations).

2. Musical Intelligence

Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This
intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music, as
demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners.

3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions

and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations. It enables us to perceive
relationships and connections and to use abstract, symbolic thought; sequential reasoning
skills; and inductive and deductive thinking patterns.
4. Existential Intelligence

Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the
meaning of life, why we die, and how did we get here.

5. Interpersonal Intelligence

Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It
involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions
among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to
entertain multiple perspectives.

6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of
physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills
through mind–body union.
7. Linguistic Intelligence

Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to

express and appreciate complex meanings. Linguistic intelligence allows us to
understand the order and meaning of words and to apply meta-linguistic skills to
reflect on our use of language.

8. Intra-personal Intelligence

Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and one’s

thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in planning and directioning
one’s life.

9. Spatial Intelligence

Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions. Core capacities

include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and
artistic skills, and an active imagination.
WHAT IS DECISION MAKING?

- process of identifying and picking a final choice / action / item / belief / for a need

from an available set of choices, after carefully assessing the available options.

- available data, information and our intelligence plays an important role in

decision-making.

- ex: while opting for a sport in the school, you have to pick one from a set of

choices available to you.

Our intelligence is the result of many things, such as :

◆Data/Information available

◆ Relationships among data/information

◆ Past experience of handling similar situations or data/information

◆ Understanding and knowledge

◆Our intuition and self-awareness

Intelligence gathered this way influences our decision-making through:

◆Insights of a situation

◆ Application of past experience/knowledge to reach at some outcomes

◆ Visualising the impact of outcomes

- Artificial Intelligence is something which is not natural yet mimics human like

intelligence.

WHAT AI IS?

- AI based systems can discover patterns from the available information and

attempt to make estimates for future.

- AI can make decisions by picking up from the available options.

- AI based self-driven cars can make decisions like if there is a human or animal or

an object in front of it.

- AI based technologies can recognise and read from images.

- AI based systems can converse in natural language.

WHAT AI IS NOT?

- AI is not just automation.

- AI is not a single entity.

- AI is not emotions.

- AI is not magic
HOW MACHINES BECOME INTELLIGENT ?
AI mainly has the following domains and branches:
❖ MACHINE LEARNING:
➢ teaches machine how to make inferences and decisions based on past
experience.
➢ the learning of a machine can take place in supervised / unsupervised / semi-
supervised or reinforced manner.

❖ DEEP LEARNING:
➢ teaches a machine to process inputs through layers in order to classify, infer
and predict the outcome.

❖ NEURAL NETWORKS:
➢ works similar to human neural networks where multiple layers capture the
relationships among data and process them as per the need.
❖ NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING:
➢ teaches machine to read, understand and interpret a natural language, and
provide a response in a natural language.

❖ COMPUTER VISION:
➢ helps machine recognise an image by breaking down an image and studying
different parts of the objects.
★ Human intelligence grows and develops with age, more
experiences and exposure to things, informations and situations.
★ Machines also learn with data / information, algorithms and
feedback.
★ Algorithms help machines understand data / information and
make use of feedback to continuously improve their
performance.
★ Machines undergo the following three phases with data and
output evaluation in every phase.
○ TRAINING
○ VALIDATION
○ TESTING
AI DOMAINS AND TECHNOLOGIES
● AI TECHNOLOGIES
○ AI refers to a set of technologies that enables machines to perform
with human like intelligence.
○ an umbrella discipline that covers everything related to making
machines.
○ enables machines to think without any human intervention.
■ MACHINE LEARNING
● Branch of AI enables machine to automatically learn and
improve at tasks with experience and by the use of data.
● undergo lots of repetitions of taking data and testing it.
● keep track of when things went wrong or right and keep
improving their results.
● Ex: Recommendation systems on music and video streaming
services
■ DEEP LEARNING
● Subset of machine learning where learning takes place
through examples.
● computer models filter the input data using many layers and
rules-based algorithms to predict and classify information.
● Ex: speech and image recognition, driver-less cars are being
performed and developed using DL.
● AI DOMAINS
○ AI is not a single technology.
■ DATA SCIENCE / DATA
● deals with structured and unstructured data and specific
methods to use it in AI applications.
● field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and
systems to extract knowledge and insights from many data.
● related to data mining, machine learning and big data.
➔ DATA MINING
Process of finding useful patterns from huge data sets.

➔ MACHINE LEARNING
Process of automatic learning of computers and machines by
discovering insights from data with experience.
used to make predictions about future outcomes.
➔ BIG DATA
refers to huge amounts of data which is regularly growing at an
exponential rate.
Big data cannot be handled without AI.
❏ COMPUTER VISION
● field of AI that trains computers to interpret and understand
the visual world.
● using digital images from cameras and videos and deep
learning models, computers and machines can accurately
identify and classify objects.
❏ NLP (NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING)
● subfield of linguistics and AI concerned with the interactions
between computers and human languages.
● to process and analyse large amounts of natural language
data.
● two sub categories
○ NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING - helps
machine recognise natural speech and understand its
meaning. Ex: Google assistant, Siri
○ NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION - helps in
producing a response in natural language. Closely related
to Automated Speech Recognition (ASR).
● transformed
patient care and
diagnoses in many
ways through
robotics, data and
many others.
AI FOR CONTENT CREATION:
MANY AI BASED TOOLS AVAILABLE TODAY, SUCH AS:
● WORDSMITH - text content creation tool, capable of converting data
into interesting narratives.
● GPT 2 - Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2, open source AI tool for
translating text, answers, questions, summarizes paragraphs and
generates output.
● ARVICOLA - text content creation tool, writes an article just like a
human.
● CANVA - image / graphic content creation tool, creates various images.
● SYNTHESIS - text to video content creation tool, creates video based
on scripts.
● Rephrase.ai - video content creation tool, creates content for various
types of audience.
● ECRETT MUSIC - AI music generator, provides a variety of different
scenes, moods for a video
VIRTUAL ASSISTANT
- application program
understand natural
language voice commands
and completes tasks for a
user, providing variety of
remote services to a
business.
CHAT BOT
- AI product or software
which can simulate a real-
life conversation on the
chat which happens
between the user and the
company.
AI IN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES:
- AI system collects data from the vehicle’s camera, radar, cloud
services and GPS and then can think and process the data and takes
decision like humans..
- Ex: Tesla and Waymo associated with driverless cars.

AI IN GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM) :

- AI helping navigation very efficient considering other data such as
weather, environment, electromagnetic interference, trees, buildings,
line-of-sight and so on.
AI IN SALES AND MARKETING:
- AI helps in building marketing strategies, plans, campaigns, measuring
the growth and tweaking.
- Ex: Blinkit & Big basket - groceries
- Myntra - clothes
- Amazon - household items, books etc.

AI IN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN :

- AI helps in warehouse management through computer vision,
providing optimised routes for transportation of goods.
- Ex: Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra etc delivering items through a supply
chain
AI IN GAMING:
- AI taking the gaming experience to the next level by making the game
having better and better visual experience with high end graphics,
giving an immersive and interactive game experience.
- Ex: EA sports’ FIFA

AI IN AGRICULTURE :
- AI with DL and computer vision, process data, captured with the help
of drones in monitoring the health of the soil and crops with software
based technology.
- Ex: Blue River Technology and Plantix
AI IN ROBOTICS:
- AI and Robotics are powerful combination for automating tasks inside
and outside of the factory setting. they are increasingly common in
robotic solution, introducing flexibility and learning capabilities in rigid
applications.
- Ex: SOPHIA
AI ETHICS:
- the moral responsibility of anyone or anything that can impact others.

Major Ethical Issues of AI are:

● Bias and Fairness
● Accountability
● Transparency
● Safety
● Human-AI Interaction
● Trust, Privacy and Control
● Cyber Security and malicious use
● Automation and impact over jobs
● Democracy, Civil rights, Robot right etc.
AI BIAS AND AI ACCESS:
● Bias means inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group,
especially in a way considered to be unfair. When AI programs, tools and
algorithms exhibit any kind of bias, it is called AI Bias.

Possible Bias in Data Collection:

● AI model or algorithm is trained to function in a certain way using a huge
sample of data, known as training data.
● if this training data is biased, the result produced by the AI model /
algorithm will also be biased.

Training data in AI:

● Training data is a huge collection of labelled information that’s used to
build an AI model. Ex: machine learning model
● The training data usually consists of annotated text, images, video or
audio.
● Through training data, an AI model learns to perform its task at a high
level of accuracy.
● it is used to store people characteristics in the form of feature values.

REASONS FOR AI BIAS IN DATA:

● Human bias in decisions
● Flawed and unbalanced data collection
● Under or over representation of specific features.
● Wrong assumptions
● No proper bias testing
● No bias mitigation (reducing the severity of bias)
IMPLICATION OF BIASES IN AI TECHNOLOGY:
● AI bias can lead to biased decisions and nullify the intended use of AI
technology in a specific context.
Ex:
● COMPAS (Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative
Sanctions)
● Amazon’s Hiring
● US Healthcare
● Twitter Image Cropping
● Facebook’s Advertisement Algorithm
REDUCING AND MITIGATING AI BIAS