Tutorial 2: Basic Equations
ENER 411: Heat and Mass Transfer
Department of Mechanical, Energy and Industrial Engineering
Botswana International University of Science and Technology
1. Water is heated in an insulated, constant diameter tube by a 7-kW electric resistance
heater. If the water enters the heater steadily at 15◦ C and leaves at 70◦ C, determine the
mass flow rate of water. (0.0304 kg/s)
2. A freezer compartment consists of a cubical cavity that is 2 m on a side. Assume the
bottom to be perfectly insulated. What is the minimum thickness of Styrofoam insulation
(k=0.030W/m.K) which must be applied to the top and the side walls to ensure a heat
load of less than 500 W, when the inner and outer surfaces are -10 and 35◦ C.? (54 mm)
3. A square silicon chip (k = 150W/m.K) is of width W = 5 mm on a side and of thickness
t = 1 mm. The chip is mounted in a substrate such that its side and back surfaces are
insulated, while the front surface is exposed to a coolant. If 4 W are being dissipated in
circuits mounted to the back surface of the chip, what is the steady – state temperature
difference between back and front surfaces? (1.10 ◦ C)
4. A surface of area 0.5 m2 , emissivity 0.8 and temperature 150◦ C is placed in a large evac-
uated chamber whose walls are maintained at 25◦ C. what is the rate at which radiation is
emitted by the surface? What is the net rate at which the radiation is exchanged between
the surface and the chamber walls? (726 W, 547 W)
5. In an orbiting space station, an electronic package is housed in a compartment having a
surface area, As = 1 m2 which is exposed to space. Under normal operating conditions,
the electronics dissipate 1.0 kW all of which must be transferred from the exposed surface
to space. If the surface emissivity is 1.0 and the surface is not exposed to the sun, what
is its steady state temperature? If the surface is exposed to a solar flux of 750 W/m2 and
its absorptivity to solar radiation is 0.25, what is its steady state temperature? (364 K,
380 K)
6. The inner and outer surfaces of a 25-cm thick wall in summer are at 27◦ C and 44◦ C,
respectively. The outer surface of the wall exchanges heat by radiation with surrounding
surfaces at 400C and convection with ambient air also at 400◦ C with a convection heat
transfer coefficient of 8 W/m2 C. Solar radiation is incident on the surface at a rate of
150 W/m2 . If both the emissivity and the solar absorptivity of the outer surface are 0.8,
determine the effective thermal conductivity of the wall. (k=0.961 W/m◦ C)
