ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
The objective of education is the overall
development of the individual. Knowledge of
the various stages and aspects of the learner’s
development is of much value for the teacher.
It is necessary that the teacher should be
possessed of the knowledge of different
aspects of development, so that he may be
able to understand whether the student is
lagging behind in any aspect
The major aspects or areas of human
development are:-
✔ Physical development
✔ Motor development
✔ Emotional development
✔ Social development
✔ Moral development
✔ Mental development
✔ Development of Language
✔ Development of Attitude, Interest and values
1. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Physical development is the progressive changes
in the external as well as internal body organs of
an individual in order to increase their capacity to
function.
1. Changes in physical structure :- It involve
changes in terms of height, weight and body
proportions and general physical appearance
2. Changes in internal organs :- It involves
changes in the functioning of glands, nervous
systems, circulatory system, excretory system,
reproductive system etc
Characteristics of physical development
✔ Physical development is very rapid during infancy
( 0-2 years)
✔ Period of pre-childhood (3-6 years) is the period
of fixation. That is what is acquired in infancy is
stabilized
✔ Middle childhood (7-9 years) shows again a
period of growth and development; but the rate of
growth is low in comparison to infancy
✔ Later childhood (10-13 years) is again a period of fixation
✔The first three years of adolescence ( early adolescence)
are marked as the years of rapid growth and development
✔Early adolescence is followed by a period of slow growth
✔physical growth ceases by the attainment of maturity
Factors influencing physical development
✔ The traits and characteristics inherited at the time of
conception
✔ The physical as well as the mental health of the
mother
✔ Nutrition received by the embryo within the womb of
the mother
✔ condition and care at the time of delivery
✔ Nutrition received by the child after birth
✔ presence or absence of physical defects, illness and
diseses
✔ The living conditions physical, social and cultural
2. SOCIAL DEVELOPEMNT
social development implies the development of
an individual in such a way that as he becomes a
useful member of the society or the group to
which he belongs
According to Hurlock, ' social developemnt
means the attaining of maturity in social settings'
Characteristics of social development
✔ Social development begins with the infants first contact
with other people
✔ Social development continue throughout life
✔ social developement is the net result of the child's
constant interaction with his social development
✔ social development helps in learning and acquaring
social qualites of character
✔ social development enables the child to adjust himself
to his scocial environment and to maintain social
relationships
Social development during infancy
✔ At birth, infants are nongregarious
✔ At around the age of six weeks, a true social
smiles appears, and this is regarded as the
beginning of socialization
✔ 2-3 months- infants can distinguish people from
inanimate objects, recoganizes its mother and
unhappy on seperation
✔ 4 -5 month - They react differently to scolding
and to smiling faces and to friendly and to angry
voices
✔ 6-7 months- Babies differentiates between friends
and strangers by smiling at the former and
showing fear in the presence of the later
✔ 8-9 months- The baby attempts to imitate the
speech, gestures and simple acts of others
✔ 12 months- The baby react to warning
✔ 16-18 months- Negativism is manifested in
physical withdrawal or angry outbursts
✔ 20-24 months- the baby co-operates in a number
of routine activities such as being dressed, fed and
bathed
List out, what are the factors affecting or
influencing social development?
3. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
✔ Emotionsl development is a process that a child
develops from dependence to a fully functioning
adult and applies to most life forms
✔ Emotional devlopment refers to the ability to
recoganize, express and manage feelings at
different stages of life and to have empathy for
the feelings of others
Characteristics of emotional
development
✔ The core of an emotion is feeling
✔ The emotional experiences are associated with
some instincts or biological drives
✔ emotions are the product of perceptions
✔ Every emotional experience involves several
physical and physiological changes in organism
✔ The basic way of expressing emotions are
inborn and it develops through maturation
✔ Emotions rise abrupty and die slowly
✔ Same emotion can be aroused by a number of
different stimuli
✔ Emotions have the quality of displacement
Common emotions
Fear
anger
jealousay
grief
curiosity
joy, pleasure and delight
Factors affecting emotional development
• Health and physical develeopment
The children weak in somatic strcture suffering
from illness are more emotionally upset and
unstable than children having better health
• Intelligence
An intelligence person, with his reasoning and
thinking powers, exercise control according to
situation and make proper use of their emotions
• Family
children imitate the emotional behaviour of the
parents and elders of the family. The positive
atmosphere at home develop positive emotions at
childrens. while conflicts and tensions in family
relationship give bith to negative emotions.
• School atmosphere
The healthy and conductive atmopshere of the
school always results in the balanced emotional
development of the children
• peer group
The peer group relationship faclitates emotional
development among childrens. socially rejected or
maladjusted children always face difficult
emotional problems
4. Motor Development
Motor development refres to the development of
strength, speed and accuracy in the use of mascular
parts of the body and co-ordination and control of
the muscular movements.
✔ motor ablities involves bodily movements of
various organs
✔ coordinated functioning of various nerves and
muscles
✔ physical, mental, emotional amd social
development of the child
Principles of motor development
1. Mass to specific trend : At the early stage, the
child's motor activity is characterised by mass
reaction which gradualky become adaprive and
more specific as he grows up
2. Large to small trend : In motor activites,
control and co-ordination of large fundemetal
muscles take place before that of the smaller
muscles
3. Cephalo- caudal trend : Motor control and
co-ordination of large fundemental muscles take
place before that of smaller muscles
4. proximo distal trend : motor control and
co-ordination starts from the centre line of the
body (body axis) to the outer parts, more distant
from it
5. Bilateral to unilateral : A new born infant is
essentially a bilaterally a symmetric organism-
anatomically, morphologically and functionally. but he
grows up, preference to one of the drections(right or
left) takes place and become unilateral.
6. Mininum to maximum trend : At the early tage, the
extent of muscular involvement and the amount of
energy spent on motor functions are greater than at the
later stages
5. Mental ( Intellectual) development
Mental development refers to the growth and
develo enviropment of the mental abilities and
capacities which helps an individual to adjust his
behaviour to the ever changing environmental
conditions or to enable him to accomplish a task
that needs complex cognitive abilities.
characteristics
✔ stages of cognitive development represents a
qualitative changes in thinking
✔ culturally invarient
✔ includes structures and abilities of previous
stages
Factors affecting cognitive
development
✔ Nutrition
✔ Environment
✔ maternal-child interaction
✔ intelligence
✔ heridity
✔ maturation
✔ economic status.....etc
Areas of mental dvelopment
✔ sensation and perception
✔ concept formation
✔ Attention and interest
✔ Development of imagination
✔ Language development
✔ Development of memory
✔ Develoment of problem solving ability
6. Moral development
The term moral is derived from the Latin word
'mores' meaning manners. customs and folk
ways
Moral development refers to the development
of moral concepts nd moral behaviour.
Moral concepts starts developing when the child
learns what is good and what is bad and what is
wrong
Any action that meets with his parents
disapproval and criticism is categoried by the
child as bad or wrong. on the other hand, all
actions sanctioned and welcomed by the parents
are accepted as good and correct.
An individual's morality and sociability appears
to be interrelated and a socialized individual will
normally be a person with good moral character
7. Language development
✔ The child's ability to speak and write reflects
his level of physical maturation, mental
capacity, emotional make-up and social
relations
✔ Language devlopment depends on accurate
understanding
Sequence of language development
✔ At birth language is practically absent
✔ At about few weeks small throaty sounds are
noticed
✔ The starting ponit in langugae dvelopment is the
chuld's cry, smile and cooing at the age of 16
weeks
✔ Around 28 weeks the babbling stage begin
✔ Around 40 weeks baby imitates sounds made by
adults and takes these sounds into his own system.
Now the baby says one word
✔ Around 52 weeks the baby says two or more
words
✔ Around 18 months the baby combines words to
form basic sentence pattern
✔ Around 24 months the baby uses simple phrases
and understands simple directions
✔ Around 36 months the child's vocabulary
tremendously increases. Now he talks in
sentences, and answer simple questions
✔ Around 4 years the child uses conjunctions
and understand prepositions
✔ Around 5 years the child speaks without
infantile articulation
