FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING (FEQS)
EGR2208-ENGINEERING STATICS LAB
REPORT
TITLE: FRICTION – INCLINED PLAN
Report by:
Name Matric no. Section
PETER NGUGI I24025893 1KI 1
MOHAMMAD I23025262 1CA I
SHAFIQ
SIP WAI KIN I24026384 1KI 1
AHMED SHAIN I23024931 1CA 1
FIYAZ
Lecturer: Ir NOR JEHAN ABD MALEK
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1
........................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION
........................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2
.......................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE VIEW
.................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 3
.......................................................................................................... 5
METHODOLOGY
.......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 4
.......................................................................................................... 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
........................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER 5
.......................................................................................................... 12
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................
......................... 12
REFERENCE LIST
....................................................................................................... 13
Abstract:
This report investigates the dynamics of friction on inclined planes, specifically
examining materials interacting with surfaces. The primary objectives are to
determine the friction coefficient, verify the angle of inclination, and measure the
forces involved. Through a series of experiments and subsequent data analysis,
the research offers valuable insights into the behaviour of various materials on
inclined planes. The findings enhance our understanding of frictional forces and
their implications in both physics and engineering applications. This study
contributes to the broader field of tribology, paving the way for improved material
selection and design in engineering contexts.
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Understanding how materials and surfaces interact is essential, as friction is a
fundamental force in both physics and engineering. It influences motion and
significantly impacts the efficiency and design of various mechanical systems.
The study of friction on inclined planes is particularly relevant due to its
numerous practical applications, ranging from the construction of conveyor
systems in industries to the design of vehicles that can traverse rugged terrains.
In this context, the present study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation
with several critical objectives. These objectives are essential for explaining the
complexities of frictional forces on inclined planes, including determining the
friction coefficient, verifying the angle of inclination, and measuring the forces
involved. By exploring these aspects, this research seeks to contribute to a deeper
understanding of friction dynamics, thereby enhancing the application of these
principles in engineering and technology.
Learning the way materials and surfaces interact is essential, and friction is a key
force in both physics and engineering. It affects how things move and has a
significant impact on the effectiveness and set up of many mechanical systems.
Friction on inclined planes is particularly important for studies since it is used in
many practical applications, from building convey or systems in industries to
designing cars that can navigate rocky surfaces. Within this framework, the
present study initiates a thorough investigation with the goal of accomplishing
several critical goals that are essential for deciphering the intricacies of frictional
forces on inclined planes.
1.1 OBJECTIVE
The following are this report main goals:
1) Determining the Coefficient of Friction D: The goal of the study is to
figure out the coefficient of friction between various materials and
titanium surfaces in both static and sliding situations. Predicting how
items will behave when sitting on or traveling along sloped planes
requires an understanding of these coefficients.
2) Verification of Angle of Friction: Confirming the angle of friction
different to the materials being studied is another important goal. This
parameter is important because it may be used to analyse the point at
which items on inclined planes are about to slide, which can reveal
important information about the stability of these kinds of systems.
3) Measurement of Needed Force: The goal of the study is to determine how
much force is required to overcome the forces of friction and gravity to
move a body up an inclined plane. By measuring the cumulative impact
of these forces, this goal will provide useful information for the design of
mechanisms involving inclined plane movements.
4) The research uses exact measurement techniques and thorough
experimental methodologies to achieve these goals. By accomplishing
these objectives, the research advances our understanding of frictional
forces and offers useful information that is necessary for improving
designs, increasing productivity, and reducing energy losses in a variety
of mechanical applications.
CHAPTER 2
2.0 Literature View
An inclined plane can be defined as any plane surface positioned at an angle
with respect to the horizontal plane. Now of sliding, the friction force must be
the same as the element of weight acting down the plane.
Friction is a force that resists the movement of two
contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another. This
force always acts tangent to the c y
surface at the points of contact and is directed to oppose the
possible or existing motion between the surfaces.
in 1781. Dry friction occurs between the contacting surfaces of bodies
The effects of dry friction, which is sometimes called Coulomb friction since its
characteristics were studied extensively by the French physicist Charles-
Augustin de Coulomb
This leads to the concept of the angle of the
friction μ = tanθ
when there is no lubricating fluid. However, this dry friction has split into two
sub frictions as static and kinetic. Commonly, kinetic frictional force will be less
than the absolute maximum value from the static frictional force. This static
frictional force is derived as fs = μsN, while kinetic frictional force is fk =μkN,
where μs is the coefficient of static friction, μk is the coefficient of kinetic
friction, N is the normal force and μ is the proportionality constant and called
coefficient of friction.
μW .cosθ =W .sinθ
CHAPTER 3
3.0 Methodology
Since the experiment is consisting of three phased based on objective the
procedure is as follow:
3.1 Phase 1: To determine the coefficient of friction under static and sliding
conditions between various materials and steel.
3.1.1Apparatus:
Inclined Plane Friction Apparatus Model LS-1206.
PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the apparatus, with the inclined plane set in horizontal
position 0°. 2. Next, the weight for every specimen is stated on
specimen, records it's as weight R
3. Then place the specimen on to the horizontal plane, somewhere in the mid
span.
4. Connect a cord to the specimen hook as provided.
5. Run the cord over the pulley and place a hanger (0.5 N) onto the other end of
the cord.
6. Put a 0.1N weight on to the hanger.
7. Does the specimen slide or move?
8. If it does not, place another 0.1N weight.
9. Repeat this 0.1N weight add-on until the specimen slides along the
horizontal plane. Take note of these weights and hangers as F.
10. Record your readings in Table 4.1 (a).
11. Computation: Calculate the coefficient of static friction as follows:
12. Repeat experiment by adding additional weight on to specimen and note
whether there is a difference in the coefficient of friction. Repeat experiment
for different materials. Tabulate the results in Table 4.1 (b).
3.2 PHASE 2: Apparatus: Inclined Plane Friction
3.2.1 Apparatus Model LS-1206.
PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the Apparatus, with the inclined plane set in a horizontal
position 0°. 2. Next, the weight for every specimen is stated on specimen,
record its weight R.
3. Then place the specimen on to the horizontal plane, somewhere in the
mid span.
4. Raise the plane up until the specimen is about to slide.
5. Slowly raise the plane by adjusting the center screw till the specimen
slides.
6. Record the angle of slide in degrees in Table 4.2 (a).
7. Repeat experiment by adding weight on to specimen and note whether is
there a
8. different in the angle of friction. Repeat experiment for different
materials. Tabulate the results in Table 4.2 (b).
3.3 Phase 3: To measure the force required to move a body up an inclined
plane against gravity and friction.
3.3.1Apparatus: Inclined Plane Friction Apparatus Model LS-1206.
3.3.2 PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the Apparatus as per instructions in operations chapter.
2. Next, the weight for every specimen is stated on specimen, record its
weight R.
3. Then place the specimen on to the inclined plane, somewhere in the
mid span.
4. Connect a cord to the specimen hook as provided.
5. Run the cord over the pulley and place a hanger (0.5N) on to the other
end of the cord.
6. Put sufficient weights on to the hanger till it balances the specimen
weight without sliding down the plane.
7. Next, add a minimum amount of weight to cause the specimen to slide
up the plane.
8. Take note of this additional weight and angle of inclination.
9. Repeat experiment for other angle of inclination.
10. Tabulate your results in Table 4.3 (a), 4.3 (b), 4.3 (c) and 4.3 (d).
CHAPTER 4
4.0 Results:
Figure 4.1
4.1 phase 1 results:
Table 4.1 (a)
Spacemen Weight of specimen R Value of F
(N) (N)
i ii iii average
1 Aluminum 1.21 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6
2 Brass 3.15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
3 Steel 2.83 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1
4 Wood 0.64 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
Calculations:
µs =F/R
µs aluminum = 0.6/1.21
= 0.5
Brass = 1.0/3.15 = 0.32
µs Steel = 1.1/2.35 =
0.47 µs Wood = 0.3/0.64
= 0.47µs
Table 4.1(b)
Spacemen Weight of specimen R Value of F
(N) (N)
i ii iii average
1 Aluminum 1.71 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
2 Brass 3.65 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.13
3 Steel 2.85 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
4 Wood 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Calculations:
µs =F/R
µs aluminum = 0.7/1.71 =0.41
µs Brass= 1.13/3.65 = 0.31
µs Steel = 1.2/2.85 = 0.42
µs Wood = 0.6/1.1 = 0.55
4.1 Theoretical values & Discussion
Since µs = F/R
F = µs*R
F (Aluminum) = 0.41*1.71 = 0.70N
F (Brass) = 0.31*3.65 = 1.13N
F (Steel) = 0.42*2.85 = 1.2 N
F(Wood) = 0.55*1.1 = 0.6 N
Did the theoretical values that you calculated match the values you found in the experiment?
Yes, the values slightly match therefore this experiment is successful.
4.1.1 CONCLUSION:
To conclude, the relation between the force, weight of an object and the coefficient of static
friction plays a crucial role in understanding the conditions in which an object remains at rest
on the surface.
In another term, a higher coefficient of statics friction implies a greater force required to
overcome the frictional resistance.
4.2 Phase 2 results
Figure 4.2
Table 4.2 (a)
Specimen µs =tan𝜃 Weight R
i ii iii Avg
1 Aluminum 0.324 0.404 0.364 0.364 1.21
2 Brass 0.212 0.287 0.249 0.249 3.15
3 Steel 0.287 0.325 0.325 0.313 2.35
4 Wood 0.384 0.404 0.404 0.397 0.64
Table 4.2 (b)
Specimen µs =tan𝜃 Weight R
i ii iii Avg
1 Aluminum 0.287 0.325 0.287 0.300 1.71
2 Brass 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 3.65
3 Steel 0.325 0.306 0.325 0.319 3.33
4 Wood 0.424 0.404 0.414 0.413 1.14
Computation:
The angle 𝜑 = tan ^ – 1 µs
Specimen φ = tan ^ {−1} (µs)
1 Aluminum 27.02
2 Brass 15.27
3 Steel 17.69
4 Wood 22.44
Table 4.2 (c)
4.2.1 Theoretical values &Discussion
Tan 𝜑 = F/R = P/W = µs, therefore
Specimen Tan𝜑
1 Aluminum 0.51
2 Brass 0.273
3 Steel 0.319
4 Wood 0.413
Table 4.2 (d)
Did the theoretical values that you calculated match the values you found in the experiment?
Yes, all the values from the setup of the experiment matched the values obtained from the
theory. Therefore, it’s a success.
4.2.2 CONCLUSION:
Inconclusion, the verification of the angle of friction is crucial for analyzing the stability of
inclined plane systems, as it determines the point of slide. Through this experiment we learnt
that different materials have different sliding points, as light material has high angle of
friction and heavy material has low angle of friction.
4.3 Phase 3 results
Figure 4.3
a) Aluminium
Specimen weight (R) = ___1.21___ Newton.
𝜃 F(N)
i ii iii Average
5° 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
10° 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.97
15° 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.17
20° 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
25° 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
30° 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8
Table 4.3 (a)
b) Brass
Specimen weight (R) = ____3.15_ Newton
F(N)
i ii iii Average
5° 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7
10° 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.83
15° 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.3
20° 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3
25° 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
30° 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
Table 4.3(b)
c) Steel
Specimen weight (R) = ___2.3__ Newton
𝜃 F(N)
i ii iii Average
5° 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.03
10° 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.10
15° 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.23
20° 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.43
25° 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.53
30° 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.93
Table 4.3(c)
d) Wood
Specimen weight (R) = __0.64____ Newton.
𝜃 F(N)
i ii iii Average
5° 0.8 0-8 0.9 0.83
10° 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
15° 1.2 1.2 1.3 12.3
20° 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.37
25° 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.43
30° 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.60
Table 4.3(d)
4.3.1 THEORETICAL VALUES &DISCUSSION
F = R sin 𝜃, when 𝜃 = 5°
a) Aluminum b) Brass
F = 1.21sin (5°) = 0.10N F = 3.15sin (5°) = 0.27 N
c) Steel d) Wood
F= 2.35sin (5°) = 0.2 N F = 0.64sin (5°) =0.06 N
Did the theoretical values that you calculated match the values you found in the experiment?
No, all the values from the setup of the experiment don’t match the values obtained from the
theory.
% error
a) Aluminum
0.
× 100 = 83%
b) Brass
0.
× 100 = 70% 1
c) Steel
0.
× 100 = 86%
DISCUSSION:
The results from the above show that the theoretical values are way different from the actual
values. with percent error that is higher the 50%. Therefore, the theory used is incorrect. As it
states that R sine theta is equal to the required force needed to pull the object R up inclined.
CONCLUSION:
To sum up, the three main goals of the experiment were to measure the force needed for
motion, confirm the angle of friction, and find the coefficient of friction. Although the
coefficient of friction and the angle of friction were successfully determined, it is accepted
that the final goal—measuring the required force—was not accomplished as planned.
The experiment worked well to calculate the various coefficients of friction for the materials
and to provide light on how they interact with one another on an inclined plane. Furthermore,
the confirmation of the friction angle improved our knowledge of the crucial angles at which
objects are about to slide.
However, the third Phase, which is to measure the force required to move a body up an
inclined plane against gravity and friction ended up unsuccessful due to the theory not being
clear enough. As it results in materials like Aluminum, Brass and Steel to have a percent error
of 70% and above.
Overall, even though not all goals were achieved, the experiment provided important
information on frictional forces on inclined planes. The difficulties encountered in
accomplishing the third goal highlight the iterative character of scientific research and open
the door for future experimental advance
REFERENCES:
EGR 2214 Lab manual. (n.d).
Hibbeler, R. C. (2016). Statics. Pearson Prentice Hall.
UKEssays. (November 2018). Experiment to Determine the Coefficient of Friction.
Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/physics/experiment-
determinecoefficient-4293.php?vref=1
