APPENDIX A

BINOMIAL PROBABILITIES
Example: P (X 5 3 | n 5 8, π 5 .50) 5 .2188
This table shows P (X 5 x).

π
n x .01 .02 .05 .10 .15 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .85 .90 .95 .98 .99
2 0 .9801 .9604 .9025 .8100 .7225 .6400 .4900 .3600 .2500 .1600 .0900 .0400 .0225 .0100 .0025 .0004 .0001
1 .0198 .0392 .0950 .1800 .2550 .3200 .4200 .4800 .5000 .4800 .4200 .3200 .2550 .1800 .0950 .0392 .0198
2 .0001 .0004 .0025 .0100 .0225 .0400 .0900 .1600 .2500 .3600 .4900 .6400 .7225 .8100 .9025 .9604 .9801
3 0 .9703 .9412 .8574 .7290 .6141 .5120 .3430 .2160 .1250 .0640 .0270 .0080 .0034 .0010 .0001 — —
1 .0294 .0576 .1354 .2430 .3251 .3840 .4410 .4320 .3750 .2880 .1890 .0960 .0574 .0270 .0071 .0012 .0003
2 .0003 .0012 .0071 .0270 .0574 .0960 .1890 .2880 .3750 .4320 .4410 .3840 .3251 .2430 .1354 .0576 .0294
3 — — .0001 .0010 .0034 .0080 .0270 .0640 .1250 .2160 .3430 .5120 .6141 .7290 .8574 .9412 .9703
4 0 .9606 .9224 .8145 .6561 .5220 .4096 .2401 .1296 .0625 .0256 .0081 .0016 .0005 .0001 — — —
1 .0388 .0753 .1715 .2916 .3685 .4096 .4116 .3456 .2500 .1536 .0756 .0256 .0115 .0036 .0005 — —
2 .0006 .0023 .0135 .0486 .0975 .1536 .2646 .3456 .3750 .3456 .2646 .1536 .0975 .0486 .0135 .0023 .0006
3 — — .0005 .0036 .0115 .0256 .0756 .1536 .2500 .3456 .4116 .4096 .3685 .2916 .1715 .0753 .0388
4 — — — .0001 .0005 .0016 .0081 .0256 .0625 .1296 .2401 .4096 .5220 .6561 .8145 .9224 .9606
5 0 .9510 .9039 .7738 .5905 .4437 .3277 .1681 .0778 .0313 .0102 .0024 .0003 .0001 — — — —
1 .0480 .0922 .2036 .3281 .3915 .4096 .3602 .2592 .1563 .0768 .0284 .0064 .0022 .0005 — — —
2 .0010 .0038 .0214 .0729 .1382 .2048 .3087 .3456 .3125 .2304 .1323 .0512 .0244 .0081 .0011 .0001 —
3 — .0001 .0011 .0081 .0244 .0512 .1323 .2304 .3125 .3456 .3087 .2048 .1382 .0729 .0214 .0038 .0010
4 — — — .0005 .0022 .0064 .0284 .0768 .1563 .2592 .3602 .4096 .3915 .3281 .2036 .0922 .0480
5 — — — — .0001 .0003 .0024 .0102 .0313 .0778 .1681 .3277 .4437 .5905 .7738 .9039 .9510
6 0 .9415 .8858 .7351 .5314 .3771 .2621 .1176 .0467 .0156 .0041 .0007 .0001 — — — — —
1 .0571 .1085 .2321 .3543 .3993 .3932 .3025 .1866 .0938 .0369 .0102 .0015 .0004 .0001 — — —
2 .0014 .0055 .0305 .0984 .1762 .2458 .3241 .3110 .2344 .1382 .0595 .0154 .0055 .0012 .0001 — —
3 — .0002 .0021 .0146 .0415 .0819 .1852 .2765 .3125 .2765 .1852 .0819 .0415 .0146 .0021 .0002 —
4 — — .0001 .0012 .0055 .0154 .0595 .1382 .2344 .3110 .3241 .2458 .1762 .0984 .0305 .0055 .0014
5 — — — .0001 .0004 .0015 .0102 .0369 .0938 .1866 .3025 .3932 .3993 .3543 .2321 .1085 .0571
6 — — — — — .0001 .0007 .0041 .0156 .0467 .1176 .2621 .3771 .5314 .7351 .8858 .9415
7 0 .9321 .8681 .6983 .4783 .3206 .2097 .0824 .0280 .0078 .0016 .0002 — — — — — —
1 .0659 .1240 .2573 .3720 .3960 .3670 .2471 .1306 .0547 .0172 .0036 .0004 .0001 — — — —
2 .0020 .0076 .0406 .1240 .2097 .2753 .3177 .2613 .1641 .0774 .0250 .0043 .0012 .0002 — — —
3 — .0003 .0036 .0230 .0617 .1147 .2269 .2903 .2734 .1935 .0972 .0287 .0109 .0026 .0002 — —
4 — — .0002 .0026 .0109 .0287 .0972 .1935 .2734 .2903 .2269 .1147 .0617 .0230 .0036 .0003 —
5 — — — .0002 .0012 .0043 .0250 .0774 .1641 .2613 .3177 .2753 .2097 .1240 .0406 .0076 .0020
6 — — — — .0001 .0004 .0036 .0172 .0547 .1306 .2471 .3670 .3960 .3720 .2573 .1240 .0659
7 — — — — — — .0002 .0016 .0078 .0280 .0824 .2097 .3206 .4783 .6983 .8681 .9321
8 0 .9227 .8508 .6634 .4305 .2725 .1678 .0576 .0168 .0039 .0007 .0001 — — — — — —
1 .0746 .1389 .2793 .3826 .3847 .3355 .1977 .0896 .0313 .0079 .0012 .0001 — — — — —
2 .0026 .0099 .0515 .1488 .2376 .2936 .2965 .2090 .1094 .0413 .0100 .0011 .0002 — — — —
3 .0001 .0004 .0054 .0331 .0839 .1468 .2541 .2787 .2188 .1239 .0467 .0092 .0026 .0004 — — —
4 — — .0004 .0046 .0185 .0459 .1361 .2322 .2734 .2322 .1361 .0459 .0185 .0046 .0004 — —
5 — — — .0004 .0026 .0092 .0467 .1239 .2188 .2787 .2541 .1468 .0839 .0331 .0054 .0004 .0001
6 — — — — .0002 .0011 .0100 .0413 .1094 .2090 .2965 .2936 .2376 .1488 .0515 .0099 .0026
7 — — — — — .0001 .0012 .0079 .0313 .0896 .1977 .3355 .3847 .3826 .2793 .1389 .0746
8 — — — — — — .0001 .0007 .0039 .0168 .0576 .1678 .2725 .4305 .6634 .8508 .9227
9 0 .9135 .8337 .6302 .3874 .2316 .1342 .0404 .0101 .0020 .0003 — — — — — — —
1 .0830 .1531 .2985 .3874 .3679 .3020 .1556 .0605 .0176 .0035 .0004 — — — — — —
2 .0034 .0125 .0629 .1722 .2597 .3020 .2668 .1612 .0703 .0212 .0039 .0003 — — — — —
3 .0001 .0006 .0077 .0446 .1069 .1762 .2668 .2508 .1641 .0743 .0210 .0028 .0006 .0001 — — —
4 — — .0006 .0074 .0283 .0661 .1715 .2508 .2461 .1672 .0735 .0165 .0050 .0008 — — —
5 — — — .0008 .0050 .0165 .0735 .1672 .2461 .2508 .1715 .0661 .0283 .0074 .0006 — —
6 — — — .0001 .0006 .0028 .0210 .0743 .1641 .2508 .2668 .1762 .1069 .0446 .0077 .0006 .0001
7 — — — — — .0003 .0039 .0212 .0703 .1612 .2668 .3020 .2597 .1722 .0629 .0125 .0034
8 — — — — — — .0004 .0035 .0176 .0605 .1556 .3020 .3679 .3874 .2985 .1531 .0830
9 — — — — — — — .0003 .0020 .0101 .0404 .1342 .2316 .3874 .6302 .8337 .9135

762
 Appendix A 763

π
n x .01 .02 .05 .10 .15 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .85 .90 .95 .98 .99
10 0 .9044 .8171 .5987 .3487 .1969 .1074 .0282 .0060 .0010 .0001 — — — — — — —
1 .0914 .1667 .3151 .3874 .3474 .2684 .1211 .0403 .0098 .0016 .0001 — — — — — —
2 .0042 .0153 .0746 .1937 .2759 .3020 .2335 .1209 .0439 .0106 .0014 .0001 — — — — —
3 .0001 .0008 .0105 .0574 .1298 .2013 .2668 .2150 .1172 .0425 .0090 .0008 .0001 — — — —
4 — — .0010 .0112 .0401 .0881 .2001 .2508 .2051 .1115 .0368 .0055 .0012 .0001 — — —
5 — — .0001 .0015 .0085 .0264 .1029 .2007 .2461 .2007 .1029 .0264 .0085 .0015 .0001 — —
6 — — — .0001 .0012 .0055 .0368 .1115 .2051 .2508 .2001 .0881 .0401 .0112 .0010 — —
7 — — — — .0001 .0008 .0090 .0425 .1172 .2150 .2668 .2013 .1298 .0574 .0105 .0008 .0001
8 — — — — — .0001 .0014 .0106 .0439 .1209 .2335 .3020 .2759 .1937 .0746 .0153 .0042
9 — — — — — — .0001 .0016 .0098 .0403 .1211 .2684 .3474 .3874 .3151 .1667 .0914
10 — — — — — — — .0001 .0010 .0060 .0282 .1074 .1969 .3487 .5987 .8171 .9044
12 0 .8864 .7847 .5404 .2824 .1422 .0687 .0138 .0022 .0002 — — — — — — — —
1 .1074 .1922 .3413 .3766 .3012 .2062 .0712 .0174 .0029 .0003 — — — — — — —
2 .0060 .0216 .0988 .2301 .2924 .2835 .1678 .0639 .0161 .0025 .0002 — — — — — —
3 .0002 .0015 .0173 .0852 .1720 .2362 .2397 .1419 .0537 .0125 .0015 .0001 — — — — —
4 — .0001 .0021 .0213 .0683 .1329 .2311 .2128 .1208 .0420 .0078 .0005 .0001 — — — —
5 — — .0002 .0038 .0193 .0532 .1585 .2270 .1934 .1009 .0291 .0033 .0006 — — — —
6 — — — .0005 .0040 .0155 .0792 .1766 .2256 .1766 .0792 .0155 .0040 .0005 — — —
7 — — — — .0006 .0033 .0291 .1009 .1934 .2270 .1585 .0532 .0193 .0038 .0002 — —
8 — — — — .0001 .0005 .0078 .0420 .1208 .2128 .2311 .1329 .0683 .0213 .0021 .0001 —
9 — — — — — .0001 .0015 .0125 .0537 .1419 .2397 .2362 .1720 .0852 .0173 .0015 .0002
10 — — — — — — .0002 .0025 .0161 .0639 .1678 .2835 .2924 .2301 .0988 .0216 .0060
11 — — — — — — — .0003 .0029 .0174 .0712 .2062 .3012 .3766 .3413 .1922 .1074
12 — — — — — — — — .0002 .0022 .0138 .0687 .1422 .2824 .5404 .7847 .8864
14 0 .8687 .7536 .4877 .2288 .1028 .0440 .0068 .0008 .0001 — — — — — — — —
1 .1229 .2153 .3593 .3559 .2539 .1539 .0407 .0073 .0009 .0001 — — — — — — —
2 .0081 .0286 .1229 .2570 .2912 .2501 .1134 .0317 .0056 .0005 — — — — — — —
3 .0003 .0023 .0259 .1142 .2056 .2501 .1943 .0845 .0222 .0033 .0002 — — — — — —
4 — .0001 .0037 .0349 .0998 .1720 .2290 .1549 .0611 .0136 .0014 — — — — — —
5 — — .0004 .0078 .0352 .0860 .1963 .2066 .1222 .0408 .0066 .0003 — — — — —
6 — — — .0013 .0093 .0322 .1262 .2066 .1833 .0918 .0232 .0020 .0003 — — — —
7 — — — .0002 .0019 .0092 .0618 .1574 .2095 .1574 .0618 .0092 .0019 .0002 — — —
8 — — — — .0003 .0020 .0232 .0918 .1833 .2066 .1262 .0322 .0093 .0013 — — —
9 — — — — — .0003 .0066 .0408 .1222 .2066 .1963 .0860 .0352 .0078 .0004 — —
10 — — — — — — .0014 .0136 .0611 .1549 .2290 .1720 .0998 .0349 .0037 .0001 —
11 — — — — — — .0002 .0033 .0222 .0845 .1943 .2501 .2056 .1142 .0259 .0023 .0003
12 — — — — — — — .0005 .0056 .0317 .1134 .2501 .2912 .2570 .1229 .0286 .0081
13 — — — — — — — .0001 .0009 .0073 .0407 .1539 .2539 .3559 .3593 .2153 .1229
14 — — — — — — — — .0001 .0008 .0068 .0440 .1028 .2288 .4877 .7536 .8687
16 0 .8515 .7238 .4401 .1853 .0743 .0281 .0033 .0003 — — — — — — — — —
1 .1376 .2363 .3706 .3294 .2097 .1126 .0228 .0030 .0002 — — — — — — — —
2 .0104 .0362 .1463 .2745 .2775 .2111 .0732 .0150 .0018 .0001 — — — — — — —
3 .0005 .0034 .0359 .1423 .2285 .2463 .1465 .0468 .0085 .0008 — — — — — — —
4 — .0002 .0061 .0514 .1311 .2001 .2040 .1014 .0278 .0040 .0002 — — — — — —
5 — — .0008 .0137 .0555 .1201 .2099 .1623 .0667 .0142 .0013 — — — — — —
6 — — .0001 .0028 .0180 .0550 .1649 .1983 .1222 .0392 .0056 .0002 — — — — —
7 — — — .0004 .0045 .0197 .1010 .1889 .1746 .0840 .0185 .0012 .0001 — — — —
8 — — — .0001 .0009 .0055 .0487 .1417 .1964 .1417 .0487 .0055 .0009 .0001 — — —
9 — — — — .0001 .0012 .0185 .0840 .1746 .1889 .1010 .0197 .0045 .0004 — — —
10 — — — — — .0002 .0056 .0392 .1222 .1983 .1649 .0550 .0180 .0028 .0001 — —
11 — — — — — — .0013 .0142 .0667 .1623 .2099 .1201 .0555 .0137 .0008 — —
12 — — — — — — .0002 .0040 .0278 .1014 .2040 .2001 .1311 .0514 .0061 .0002 —
13 — — — — — — — .0008 .0085 .0468 .1465 .2463 .2285 .1423 .0359 .0034 .0005
14 — — — — — — — .0001 .0018 .0150 .0732 .2111 .2775 .2745 .1463 .0362 .0104
15 — — — — — — — — .0002 .0030 .0228 .1126 .2097 .3294 .3706 .2363 .1376
16 — — — — — — — — — .0003 .0033 .0281 .0743 .1853 .4401 .7238 .8515
 APPENDIX B
POISSON PROBABILITIES
Example: P (X 5 3 | λ 5 2.3) 5 .2033
This table shows P (X 5 x).

x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
0 .9048 .8187 .7408 .6703 .6065 .5488 .4966 .4493 .4066 .3679 .3329 .3012 .2725 .2466 .2231
1 .0905 .1637 .2222 .2681 .3033 .3293 .3476 .3595 .3659 .3679 .3662 .3614 .3543 .3452 .3347
2 .0045 .0164 .0333 .0536 .0758 .0988 .1217 .1438 .1647 .1839 .2014 .2169 .2303 .2417 .2510
3 .0002 .0011 .0033 .0072 .0126 .0198 .0284 .0383 .0494 .0613 .0738 .0867 .0998 .1128 .1255
4 — .0001 .0003 .0007 .0016 .0030 .0050 .0077 .0111 .0153 .0203 .0260 .0324 .0395 .0471
5 — — — .0001 .0002 .0004 .0007 .0012 .0020 .0031 .0045 .0062 .0084 .0111 .0141
6 — — — — — — .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0012 .0018 .0026 .0035
7 — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008
8 — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001

x 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
0 .2019 .1827 .1653 .1496 .1353 .1225 .1108 .1003 .0907 .0821 .0743 .0672 .0608 .0550 .0498
1 .3230 .3106 .2975 .2842 .2707 .2572 .2438 .2306 .2177 .2052 .1931 .1815 .1703 .1596 .1494
2 .2584 .2640 .2678 .2700 .2707 .2700 .2681 .2652 .2613 .2565 .2510 .2450 .2384 .2314 .2240
3 .1378 .1496 .1607 .1710 .1804 .1890 .1966 .2033 .2090 .2138 .2176 .2205 .2225 .2237 .2240
4 .0551 .0636 .0723 .0812 .0902 .0992 .1082 .1169 .1254 .1336 .1414 .1488 .1557 .1622 .1680
5 .0176 .0216 .0260 .0309 .0361 .0417 .0476 .0538 .0602 .0668 .0735 .0804 .0872 .0940 .1008
6 .0047 .0061 .0078 .0098 .0120 .0146 .0174 .0206 .0241 .0278 .0319 .0362 .0407 .0455 .0504
7 .0011 .0015 .0020 .0027 .0034 .0044 .0055 .0068 .0083 .0099 .0118 .0139 .0163 .0188 .0216
8 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0006 .0009 .0011 .0015 .0019 .0025 .0031 .0038 .0047 .0057 .0068 .0081
9 — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0007 .0009 .0011 .0014 .0018 .0022 .0027
10 — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0008
11 — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002
12 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001

x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
0 .0450 .0408 .0369 .0334 .0302 .0273 .0247 .0224 .0202 .0183 .0166 .0150 .0136 .0123 .0111
1 .1397 .1304 .1217 .1135 .1057 .0984 .0915 .0850 .0789 .0733 .0679 .0630 .0583 .0540 .0500
2 .2165 .2087 .2008 .1929 .1850 .1771 .1692 .1615 .1539 .1465 .1393 .1323 .1254 .1188 .1125
3 .2237 .2226 .2209 .2186 .2158 .2125 .2087 .2046 .2001 .1954 .1904 .1852 .1798 .1743 .1687
4 .1733 .1781 .1823 .1858 .1888 .1912 .1931 .1944 .1951 .1954 .1951 .1944 .1933 .1917 .1898
5 .1075 .1140 .1203 .1264 .1322 .1377 .1429 .1477 .1522 .1563 .1600 .1633 .1662 .1687 .1708
6 .0555 .0608 .0662 .0716 .0771 .0826 .0881 .0936 .0989 .1042 .1093 .1143 .1191 .1237 .1281
7 .0246 .0278 .0312 .0348 .0385 .0425 .0466 .0508 .0551 .0595 .0640 .0686 .0732 .0778 .0824
8 .0095 .0111 .0129 .0148 .0169 .0191 .0215 .0241 .0269 .0298 .0328 .0360 .0393 .0428 .0463
9 .0033 .0040 .0047 .0056 .0066 .0076 .0089 .0102 .0116 .0132 .0150 .0168 .0188 .0209 .0232
10 .0010 .0013 .0016 .0019 .0023 .0028 .0033 .0039 .0045 .0053 .0061 .0071 .0081 .0092 .0104
11 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0009 .0011 .0013 .0016 .0019 .0023 .0027 .0032 .0037 .0043
12 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0008 .0009 .0011 .0013 .0016
13 — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006
14 — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002
15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001

764
 Appendix B 765

x 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0

0 .0101 .0091 .0082 .0074 .0067 .0061 .0055 .0050 .0045 .0041 .0037 .0033 .0030 .0027 .0025
1 .0462 .0427 .0395 .0365 .0337 .0311 .0287 .0265 .0244 .0225 .0207 .0191 .0176 .0162 .0149
2 .1063 .1005 .0948 .0894 .0842 .0793 .0746 .0701 .0659 .0618 .0580 .0544 .0509 .0477 .0446
3 .1631 .1574 .1517 .1460 .1404 .1348 .1293 .1239 .1185 .1133 .1082 .1033 .0985 .0938 .0892
4 .1875 .1849 .1820 .1789 .1755 .1719 .1681 .1641 .1600 .1558 .1515 .1472 .1428 .1383 .1339
5 .1725 .1738 .1747 .1753 .1755 .1753 .1748 .1740 .1728 .1714 .1697 .1678 .1656 .1632 .1606
6 .1323 .1362 .1398 .1432 .1462 .1490 .1515 .1537 .1555 .1571 .1584 .1594 .1601 .1605 .1606
7 .0869 .0914 .0959 .1002 .1044 .1086 .1125 .1163 .1200 .1234 .1267 .1298 .1326 .1353 .1377
8 .0500 .0537 .0575 .0614 .0653 .0692 .0731 .0771 .0810 .0849 .0887 .0925 .0962 .0998 .1033
9 .0255 .0281 .0307 .0334 .0363 .0392 .0423 .0454 .0486 .0519 .0552 .0586 .0620 .0654 .0688
10 .0118 .0132 .0147 .0164 .0181 .0200 .0220 .0241 .0262 .0285 .0309 .0334 .0359 .0386 .0413
11 .0049 .0056 .0064 .0073 .0082 .0093 .0104 .0116 .0129 .0143 .0157 .0173 .0190 .0207 .0225
12 .0019 .0022 .0026 .0030 .0034 .0039 .0045 .0051 .0058 .0065 .0073 .0082 .0092 .0102 .0113
13 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0011 .0013 .0015 .0018 .0021 .0024 .0028 .0032 .0036 .0041 .0046 .0052
14 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0011 .0013 .0015 .0017 .0019 .0022
15 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009
16 — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003
17 — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001

x 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

0 .0022 .0020 .0018 .0017 .0015 .0014 .0012 .0011 .0010 .0009 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006
1 .0137 .0126 .0116 .0106 .0098 .0090 .0082 .0076 .0070 .0064 .0059 .0054 .0049 .0045 .0041
2 .0417 .0390 .0364 .0340 .0318 .0296 .0276 .0258 .0240 .0223 .0208 .0194 .0180 .0167 .0156
3 .0848 .0806 .0765 .0726 .0688 .0652 .0617 .0584 .0552 .0521 .0492 .0464 .0438 .0413 .0389
4 .1294 .1249 .1205 .1162 .1118 .1076 .1034 .0992 .0952 .0912 .0874 .0836 .0799 .0764 .0729
5 .1579 .1549 .1519 .1487 .1454 .1420 .1385 .1349 .1314 .1277 .1241 .1204 .1167 .1130 .1094
6 .1605 .1601 .1595 .1586 .1575 .1562 .1546 .1529 .1511 .1490 .1468 .1445 .1420 .1394 .1367
7 .1399 .1418 .1435 .1450 .1462 .1472 .1480 .1486 .1489 .1490 .1489 .1486 .1481 .1474 .1465
8 .1066 .1099 .1130 .1160 .1188 .1215 .1240 .1263 .1284 .1304 .1321 .1337 .1351 .1363 .1373
9 .0723 .0757 .0791 .0825 .0858 .0891 .0923 .0954 .0985 .1014 .1042 .1070 .1096 .1121 .1144
10 .0441 .0469 .0498 .0528 .0558 .0588 .0618 .0649 .0679 .0710 .0740 .0770 .0800 .0829 .0858
11 .0244 .0265 .0285 .0307 .0330 .0353 .0377 .0401 .0426 .0452 .0478 .0504 .0531 .0558 .0585
12 .0124 .0137 .0150 .0164 .0179 .0194 .0210 .0227 .0245 .0263 .0283 .0303 .0323 .0344 .0366
13 .0058 .0065 .0073 .0081 .0089 .0099 .0108 .0119 .0130 .0142 .0154 .0168 .0181 .0196 .0211
14 .0025 .0029 .0033 .0037 .0041 .0046 .0052 .0058 .0064 .0071 .0078 .0086 .0095 .0104 .0113
15 .0010 .0012 .0014 .0016 .0018 .0020 .0023 .0026 .0029 .0033 .0037 .0041 .0046 .0051 .0057
16 .0004 .0005 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0010 .0011 .0013 .0014 .0016 .0019 .0021 .0024 .0026
17 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0010 .0012
18 — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005
19 — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002
20 — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0001
 766 Appendix B
(continued )
λ

x 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0
0 .0003 .0002 .0001 .0001 — — — — — — — — — — —
1 .0027 .0017 .0011 .0007 .0005 .0002 .0001 — — — — — — — —
2 .0107 .0074 .0050 .0034 .0023 .0010 .0004 .0002 .0001 — — — — — —
3 .0286 .0208 .0150 .0107 .0076 .0037 .0018 .0008 .0004 .0002 .0001 — — — —
4 .0573 .0443 .0337 .0254 .0189 .0102 .0053 .0027 .0013 .0006 .0003 .0001 .0001 — —
5 .0916 .0752 .0607 .0483 .0378 .0224 .0127 .0070 .0037 .0019 .0010 .0005 .0002 .0001 .0001
6 .1221 .1066 .0911 .0764 .0631 .0411 .0255 .0152 .0087 .0048 .0026 .0014 .0007 .0004 .0002
7 .1396 .1294 .1171 .1037 .0901 .0646 .0437 .0281 .0174 .0104 .0060 .0034 .0019 .0010 .0005
8 .1396 .1375 .1318 .1232 .1126 .0888 .0655 .0457 .0304 .0194 .0120 .0072 .0042 .0024 .0013
9 .1241 .1299 .1318 .1300 .1251 .1085 .0874 .0661 .0473 .0324 .0213 .0135 .0083 .0050 .0029
10 .0993 .1104 .1186 .1235 .1251 .1194 .1048 .0859 .0663 .0486 .0341 .0230 .0150 .0095 .0058
11 .0722 .0853 .0970 .1067 .1137 .1194 .1144 .1015 .0844 .0663 .0496 .0355 .0245 .0164 .0106
12 .0481 .0604 .0728 .0844 .0948 .1094 .1144 .1099 .0984 .0829 .0661 .0504 .0368 .0259 .0176
13 .0296 .0395 .0504 .0617 .0729 .0926 .1056 .1099 .1060 .0956 .0814 .0658 .0509 .0378 .0271
14 .0169 .0240 .0324 .0419 .0521 .0728 .0905 .1021 .1060 .1024 .0930 .0800 .0655 .0514 .0387
15 .0090 .0136 .0194 .0265 .0347 .0534 .0724 .0885 .0989 .1024 .0992 .0906 .0786 .0650 .0516
16 .0045 .0072 .0109 .0157 .0217 .0367 .0543 .0719 .0866 .0960 .0992 .0963 .0884 .0772 .0646
17 .0021 .0036 .0058 .0088 .0128 .0237 .0383 .0550 .0713 .0847 .0934 .0963 .0936 .0863 .0760
18 .0009 .0017 .0029 .0046 .0071 .0145 .0255 .0397 .0554 .0706 .0830 .0909 .0936 .0911 .0844
19 .0004 .0008 .0014 .0023 .0037 .0084 .0161 .0272 .0409 .0557 .0699 .0814 .0887 .0911 .0888
20 .0002 .0003 .0006 .0011 .0019 .0046 .0097 .0177 .0286 .0418 .0559 .0692 .0798 .0866 .0888
21 .0001 .0001 .0003 .0005 .0009 .0024 .0055 .0109 .0191 .0299 .0426 .0560 .0684 .0783 .0846
22 — .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0012 .0030 .0065 .0121 .0204 .0310 .0433 .0560 .0676 .0769
23 — — — .0001 .0002 .0006 .0016 .0037 .0074 .0133 .0216 .0320 .0438 .0559 .0669
24 — — — — .0001 .0003 .0008 .0020 .0043 .0083 .0144 .0226 .0328 .0442 .0557
25 — — — — — .0001 .0004 .0010 .0024 .0050 .0092 .0154 .0237 .0336 .0446
26 — — — — — — .0002 .0005 .0013 .0029 .0057 .0101 .0164 .0246 .0343
27 — — — — — — .0001 .0002 .0007 .0016 .0034 .0063 .0109 .0173 .0254
28 — — — — — — — .0001 .0003 .0009 .0019 .0038 .0070 .0117 .0181
29 — — — — — — — .0001 .0002 .0004 .0011 .0023 .0044 .0077 .0125
30 — — — — — — — — .0001 .0002 .0006 .0013 .0026 .0049 .0083
31 — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0003 .0007 .0015 .0030 .0054
32 — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0001 .0004 .0009 .0018 .0034
33 — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0002 .0005 .0010 .0020
34 — — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0002 .0006 .0012
35 — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0003 .0007
36 — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0002 .0004
37 — — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001 .0002
38 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001
39 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — .0001
APPENDIX C-1
A
STANDARD NORMAL AREAS
Example: P (0 # z # 1.96) 5 .4750
This table shows the normal area between 0 and z. 0 z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .49865 .49869 .49874 .49878 .49882 .49886 .49889 .49893 .49896 .49900
3.1 .49903 .49906 .49910 .49913 .49916 .49918 .49921 .49924 .49926 .49929
3.2 .49931 .49934 .49936 .49938 .49940 .49942 .49944 .49946 .49948 .49950
3.3 .49952 .49953 .49955 .49957 .49958 .49960 .49961 .49962 .49964 .49965
3.4 .49966 .49968 .49969 .49970 .49971 .49972 .49973 .49974 .49975 .49976
3.5 .49977 .49978 .49978 .49979 .49980 .49981 .49981 .49982 .49983 .49983
3.6 .49984 .49985 .49985 .49986 .49986 .49987 .49987 .49988 .49988 .49989
3.7 .49989 .49990 .49990 .49990 .49991 .49991 .49992 .49992 .49992 .49992

767
APPENDIX C-2
CUMULATIVE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Example: P (z # 21.96) 5 .0250
This table shows the normal area less than z. z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

23.7 .00011 .00010 .00010 .00010 .00009 .00009 .00008 .00008 .00008 .00008
23.6 .00016 .00015 .00015 .00014 .00014 .00013 .00013 .00012 .00012 .00011
23.5 .00023 .00022 .00022 .00021 .00020 .00019 .00019 .00018 .00017 .00017
23.4 .00034 .00032 .00031 .00030 .00029 .00028 .00027 .00026 .00025 .00024
23.3 .00048 .00047 .00045 .00043 .00042 .00040 .00039 .00038 .00036 .00035
23.2 .00069 .00066 .00064 .00062 .00060 .00058 .00056 .00054 .00052 .00050
23.1 .00097 .00094 .00090 .00087 .00084 .00082 .00079 .00076 .00074 .00071
23.0 .00135 .00131 .00126 .00122 .00118 .00114 .00111 .00107 .00104 .00100
22.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
22.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
22.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
22.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
22.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
22.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
22.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
22.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
22.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
22.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
21.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
21.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
21.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
21.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
21.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
21.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
21.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
21.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
21.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
21.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
20.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
20.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
20.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
20.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
20.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
20.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
20.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
20.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
20.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
20.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4841 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641

768
 Appendix C-2 769

This table shows the normal area less than z. z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .99865 .99869 .99874 .99878 .99882 .99886 .99889 .99893 .99896 .99900
3.1 .99903 .99906 .99910 .99913 .99916 .99918 .99921 .99924 .99926 .99929
3.2 .99931 .99934 .99936 .99938 .99940 .99942 .99944 .99946 .99948 .99950
3.3 .99952 .99953 .99955 .99957 .99958 .99960 .99961 .99962 .99964 .99965
3.4 .99966 .99968 .99969 .99970 .99971 .99972 .99973 .99974 .99975 .99976
3.5 .99977 .99978 .99978 .99979 .99980 .99981 .99981 .99982 .99983 .99983
3.6 .99984 .99985 .99985 .99986 .99986 .99987 .99987 .99988 .99988 .99989
3.7 .99989 .99990 .99990 .99990 .99991 .99991 .99992 .99992 .99992 .99992
APPENDIX D
STUDENT’S t CRITICAL VALUES

This table shows the t-value that defines the area for the stated degrees of freedom (d.f.). 0 t

Confidence Level Confidence Level

.80 .90 .95 .98 .99 .80 .90 .95 .98 .99
Significance Level for Two-Tailed Test Significance Level for Two-Tailed Test
.20 .10 .05 .02 .01 .20 .10 .05 .02 .01
Significance Level for One-Tailed Test Significance Level for One-Tailed Test
d.f. .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 d.f. .10 .05 .025 .01 .005

1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 36 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 37 1.305 1.687 2.026 2.431 2.715
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 38 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 39 1.304 1.685 2.023 2.426 2.708
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 41 1.303 1.683 2.020 2.421 2.701
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 42 1.302 1.682 2.018 2.418 2.698
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 43 1.302 1.681 2.017 2.416 2.695
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 44 1.301 1.680 2.015 2.414 2.692
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 46 1.300 1.679 2.013 2.410 2.687
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 47 1.300 1.678 2.012 2.408 2.685
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 48 1.299 1.677 2.011 2.407 2.682
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 49 1.299 1.677 2.010 2.405 2.680
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 65 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 75 1.293 1.665 1.992 2.377 2.643
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 85 1.292 1.663 1.988 2.371 2.635
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 95 1.291 1.661 1.985 2.366 2.629
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 110 1.289 1.659 1.982 2.361 2.621
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 130 1.288 1.657 1.978 2.355 2.614
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 140 1.288 1.656 1.977 2.353 2.611
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 150 1.287 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609
31 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.453 2.744 ∞ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576
32 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738
33 1.308 1.692 2.035 2.445 2.733
34 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728
35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724

Note:As n increases, critical values of Student’s t approach the z-values in the last line of this table. A common rule of thumb is to use z when n . 30, but that is not conservative.

770