Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Basic
Science, Foreign Trade University
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Part II, Calculus
Chapter 2:
Some expended problems of Functions
of one variable
Instructor Dr. Son Lam
CONTENTS
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I – Taylor Series Formula
II – L’Hôpital’s Rule
I – Taylor Series Formula
Theorem
The function f(x) is assumed to possess derivatives to the nth order.
The Taylor series expansion of the function f(x) in a neighborhood
of the value x0 in the remainder formula is:
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) 2 f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) ( x x0 ) ... ( x x0 )n Rn
1! 2! n!
( n)
f ( )
where Rn ( x x0 )n
n!
and lies between x and x0
Rn
lim 0
Note:
x x
x x0 n
0
I – Taylor Series Formula
Theorem
The function f(x) is assumed to possess derivatives to the nth order.
The Maclaurin series expansion of the function f(x) in a
neighborhood of the value x0 in the remainder formula is:
f (0) f (0) 2 f ( n) (0) n
f ( x) f (0) x x ... x Rn
1! 2! n!
f ( n 1) () n 1
where Rn x (Lagrange residual)
(n 1)!
and lies between x and 0.
Rn
Note: lim n 0 (Peano residual)
x 0 x
I – Taylor Series Formula
Example
Find the Maclaurin series expansion for the function :
x
f ( x) e
x2
(k ) x (k )
f ( x) e f (0) 1, k 1, 2,...
2 n
x x x x
e 1 ... Rn
1! 2! n!
I – Taylor Series Formula
Example
Find the Maclaurin series expansion for the function :
x
f ( x) e
2 n
x x x
ex 1 ... Rn
1! 2! n!
2 n n
x x x x
x
e 1 ... ...
1! 2! n! n 1 n !
1 1 1 1 1
e 1 2,716666
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
I – Taylor Series Formula
Example
Find the Maclaurin series expansion for the function :
x
f ( x) e
2 n
x x x x
e 1 ... Rn
1! 2! n!
x x
e 1 R1
1!
2
x x
ex 1 R2
1! 2!
I – Taylor Series Formula
Example
Find the Taylor series expansion for the function :
a. f ( x) sin x
b. g ( x) cos x
Example
Find the Taylor series expansion for the following function at the
point x0=1.
5 4 3 2
P( x) x 2 x x x 2 x 1
I – Taylor Series Formula
P ( x ) x5 2 x 4 x3 x 2 2 x 1
II – L’Hôpital’s Rule
Theorem
f ( x) f ( x)
lim L lim L
x x0 g ( x) x x0 g ( x)
This rule, which is more an application of differentiation than a rule
for finding derivatives, is useful for finding the limiting value of the
ratio of functions at a point (x = x0) where that value is undefined,
such as 0
or
0
II – L’Hôpital’s Rule
Example
2x - x2 lim
2 x - 22
lim
x 2 22
lim x 2 x - 2 x 2 x - 2
x2 x - 2
2
2 ln 2 4
x 2
2 - x 0
lim
x2 x - 2 0
lim
x
2 -x 2
lim
2 x ln2 - 2x
4ln2 - 4
x 2
x - 2 x 2 1
2x - x2 2
lim 2 ln 2 4
x2 x - 2
II – L’Hôpital’s Rule
Example
x x ex 1 ex
e e 2x lim lim 1
lim x 0 x x 0 1
x 0 x sin x
lim
2x+sinx lim xlnx 0.
x x x 0
1
lim
1
x 1 lnx
-
1
π ln x
lim arctan x
x 2
00
x - 1
1
lim(cos x)
x 0
cotan 2 x
1
lim
x +
xx
0
