MATH1010 University Mathematics

Additional exercise 6
L’Hopital’s rule and Taylor series

1. Use L’Hopital’s rule to evaluate the following limits.

ex − 1 − sin x (i) lim+ x ln(1 + e x )
1
(a) lim x→0
x→0 x sin x
1
2 sin x − sin 2x (j) lim− x ln(1 + e x )
(b) lim x→0
x→0 x − sin x  
ln(1 − x2 ) 1 1
(c) lim (k) lim −
x→0 ln cos x x→0 x ex − 1
sin−1 x
 
1 1
(d) lim (l) lim −
x→0 x x→1 ln x x − 1
tan−1 x 
1 1

(e) lim √ (m) lim −
x→0 1 − 1−x x→0 ln(1 + x) sin x
(f) lim x ln(1 − cos x)
x→0 2x − 1
(n) lim
(g) lim sin x ln x x→0 tan 2x
x→0
3x − 1
(h) lim+ x3 (ln x)2 (o) lim x
x→0 x→0 2 − 1

2. Use L’Hopital’s rule to evaluate the following limits.

(ln x)2 (e) lim x(2 x − 1)

1

(a) lim x→+∞

x→+∞ x  
ln(1 + x4 ) −1 1
(b) lim (f) lim x sin
x→+∞ ln(1 + x) x→+∞ x
π
ln(2x3 − 5x2 + 3)

−1
(c) lim (g) lim x − tan x
x→+∞ ln(4x2 + x − 7) x→+∞ 2
ln(e4x + x3 )
 
3
(d) lim (h) lim x ln 1 +
x→+∞ ln(ex + x) x→+∞ x

3. Evaluate the following limits.

2 1
(a) lim+ xx (b) lim+ x 1+ln x
x→0 x→0

1
 1 1
(c) lim x 1−x e − (1 + x) x
x→1 (i) lim
(d) lim+ (sin x)x
x→0 x
x→0 3
sin x
(j) lim (1 + 5e2x ) x
(e) lim+ (sin x) x→+∞
x→0
2
1 (k) lim (1 + 3x) ln x
x→+∞
(f) lim (1 + sin x) tan x
x→0 x + sin(ex )
(e + x) 1/x (l) lim
x→+∞ x + esin x
(g) lim
x→0 e1/x  x 1
(1 + x)x − 1 e + cos x x
(h) lim (m) lim
x→0 x2 x→+∞ x2 + 1

4. For the following functions f (x), find f (k) (0) for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and
write down the Taylor polynomial of f (x) of degree 3 at x = 0.

(a) f (x) = (1 + x) ln(1 + x) (c) f (x) = sec x

(b) f (x) = esin x (d) f (x) = tan x

5. Find the Taylor series of the following functions up to the term in x3

at x = 0.
1 x
(a) (e) (j) e2x cos x
(1 + x)2 (x − 1)(x − 2)
√ (k) (1 + sin x)2
(b) 1 − 3x (f) ex+2
x (g) ln(e + x) (l) 3x
(c)
(1 − 2x)3 (m) sin−1 x
(h) cos2 x
1 √
(d) (i) sin x cos 2x (n) ln(x + 1 + x2 )
x+3
6. Find the Taylor series up to the term in (x − c)3 of the functions at
x = c.
1 (e) ex ; c = 1.
(a) ; c = 1.
1+x
2−x (f) ln x; c = 1.
(b) ; c = 1.
3+x
√ (g) sin x; c = π2 .
(c) x; c = 4.
√
(d) 3 5 + 3x; c = 1. (h) cos x; c = π4 .

2
7. Find the Taylor series up to the term in xn of the functions at x = 0.
2
(a) sin(x2 ); n = 10 1 − x2

(f) ;n=6
  1 + x2
1+x
(b) ln ;n=7 cos x
1−x (g) ;n=4
1 + x2
1 
1 + x

(c) ;n=6 (h) ln ;n=4
1 + 3x2 1 + x2
√
(d) 4 − x2 ; n = 6 (i) e−2x cos(x2 ); n = 4
r
2−x 1 + x2
(e) ;n=4 (j) ;n=3
3+x 1−x

8. By considering appropriate Taylor series expansions, evaluate the limits

below.

e2x − 1 (1 − cos x) ln(1 + x)

(a) lim (e) lim
x→0 ln(1 + x) x→0 x − sin x
√
x(1 − cos x) cos 2x − 1 − 4x2
(b) lim √ (f) lim
x→0 1 − 1 − x3 x→0 x4
 
x sin 3x 1 1
(c) lim (g) lim +
x→0 x − ln(1 + x) x→0 ln(1 + x) ln(1 − x)
 
ex − x − cos x 1 1
(d) lim (h) lim −
x→0 x sin x x→0 tan x ex − 1

9. Suppose the Taylor series of f (x) at x = 0 is 1 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + · · · .

Find the Taylor series of f1 up to the term in x3 at x = 0 by

(a) expanding the product of the series for f and f1 .

(b) finding the first three derivatives of f1 .
(c) Find the Taylor series of the following functions up to the term in
x3 at x = 0.
1 1
(i) (iii)
1 − x − x2 1 + sin x
1
(ii) sec x (iv)
1 + tan−1 x

3
 y3
10. Given y + = x.
3
dy
(a) Find .
dx
d2 y 2y
(b) Show that 2
=− .
dx (1 + y 2 )3
(c) Let f (x) be an infinitely differentiable function which satisfies

(f (x))3
f (x) + = x, for all x ∈ R.
3
Find the Taylor series of f (x) about x = 0, up to the term in x3 .