SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO WOMEN UNIVERSITY

PESHAWAR
COURSE CONTENT

Course Name: Principles of Genetics, BS 6th Zoology Course Code: ZOL-524

Course Structure: Lectures: 2, Lab: 1 Credit Hours: 3(2+1)

Prerequisites: None

Course Contents:

1. Introduction
a. Classical, molecular and population Genetics: Scope and importance of genetics, Forward and reverse genetics.
The basic principles of Inheritance (Mendelism): Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses (Definition - characteristics
criss-cross inheritance).
b. Multiple Alleles: blood groups and coat color in rabbits.
c. Genetics of Rh factor and ErythroblastosisFoetalis.
2. Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance:
a. Chromosomal theory of inheritance
b. Interaction of genes, Epistasis, Lethality and Pleiotropism.
3. Chromosomal Aberrations
a. Changes in chromosomal number, Euploidy, aneuploidy (Klinefelters syndrome, and Turners syndrome, Down
syndrome and Edwards syndrome).
b. Structural changes, insertion, deletion (Cri du chat syndrome), duplication,
c. Inversion and translocation
4. Pedigree Analysis:
a. Normal human chromosome complement; Karyotyping.
b. Sex-determination and Sex-linkage:
c. Sex determination in animals and humans,
d. Sex linked (Hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, color blindness), sex influenced and sex limited traits,
e. Prenatal Diagnosis: Amniocentesis and choriovillus sampling - Ultrasound scanning and Fetoscopy. Genetic
counselling, Eugenics and Euthenics
5. Chromosome mapping
a. Linkage, recombination (crossing over) and
b. Chromosome mapping in eukaryotes.
Course Introduction: This course introduces the scope and brief history of genetics, Mendilian laws of inheritance, Sex linked
inheritance in order to build the interpretation level of students as how to detect the characters for which the genes are linked on
the same chromosome. This course also provides the basic understanding regarding the updated branches of Genetics such as
Molecular Genetics and its major techniques such as recombinant DNA Technology.

Course Objective: This course objectives are;

1. To understand the terms and basic concepts of genetics, providing a conceptual framework for future
reference
2. To provide understanding about the continuity of the life from one generation to other generation is
based on the mechanisms involving nucleus, chromosomes and genes etc.
3. To develop the concept that continuity not only transfers the traits of the parents but also imparts
variations that render the generations sustainable in changing environment
4. To understand how traits are inherited and to use this understanding in analyses (to solve problems and
 complete pedigrees)
5. To understand probability concepts and use these concepts to solve problems (including basic statistical
problems)
6. To understand how genetic problems may lead to disease or lethality
7. To understand the molecular basis of genetics (including such topics as replication, transcription,
translation, and mutation)
8. To understand mechanism of repair and molecular genetic analysis
9. To understand the workings and importance of major genetics techniques such as PCR
10. To understand current issues regarding genetics (e.g., cloning, use of transgenic organisms)
11. To understand Mendelian and non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance in human
12. To understand the workings and uses of population genetics technique
Course Outline
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:

1. Able to define terms of genetics and apply concepts of modern transmission

2. Identify and describe the process and purposes of the cell cycle, meiosis, and mitosis, as well as predict
the outcomes of these processes.
3. Solve transmission genetics problems, make accurate predictions about inheritance of genetic traits, and
map the locations of genes.
4. Identify the parts, structure, and dimensions of DNA molecules, RNA molecules, and chromosomes,
and be able to categorize DNA as well as describe how DNA is stored
5. Able to accurately draw the diagram and describe the processes of replication, transcription, translation,
as well as predict the outcomes of these processes.
6. Describe what causes and consequences of DNA sequence changes and how cells prevent these
changes, as well as make predictions about the causes and effects of changes in DNA.
7. Describe the processes of gene regulation and predict how a gene will be expressed under specific
circumstances.
8. Learn and practice common genetics laboratory techniques.
9. Describe applications and techniques of modern genetic technology, as well as select the correct
techniques to solve practical genetic problems
10. Carry out genetics laboratory and research techniques.
11. Identify the human traits and genetic diseases
12. Describe experimental results in written format both informally and in formal manuscript format
13. Able to solve problem related to population genetics

Laboratory Work Outline

1. Drosophila culture techniques: preparation and maintenance of culture
2. Identification of male and female fruit fly and isolation of virgin females
3. Study of polytene chromosomes from the salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster
4. Mutation induction in Drosophila
5. Human karyotyping from photographs prepared slides: paper cut out method
6. Preparation of human metaphase chromosomes from blood lymphocytes
7. Study of mitosis in plants by using onion root tip cells
8. Study of meiosis in the testes of male grasshopper
Books Recommended
1. Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. 2003. Principles of Genetics. 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons Ins. New York, USA.
2. Tamarin, R.H. 2001.Principles of Genetics. 7th Ed., WCB publishers USA.
3. Lewin, B. 2013. GENE-VIII. Oxford University Press. UK.
4. Gardener, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. 1991. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Ins. New York,
USA.
5. Strickberger, M.W. 2015. Genetics. McMillan, New York. USA.(9780024181206)
6. PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS Gardner E.J., Simmons M.J. and Snistad A.P. (Latest available Addition)
7. Reference Books. Concepts of Genetics By Klug, W.S and Cummings M.R.
8. Willium S. Klug, 2014. Concept of Genetics, ISBN-11: 978-0321948915
9. Lewin’s Gene XI BY Jocelyn E.Krebs et al. 2013, isbn-13:978-1449659851,ISBN-10:1449659853
10. Gene- XI by Lewin’s,2013,ISBN:978-1449659851
11. Concepts of genetics 11th edition, William S.Klug,2014,ISBN-13:978-0321948915
12. GENETICS-VERMA-2016

Week Topics to be covered

#
Main Topics Sub Topics

1st 1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction to Genetics

1.2. Scope of Genetics

1.3. Brief History

Lab 1(a)Genetical problems related to transmission and distribution of

genetic material.

2nd 2. Mendelian Inheritance 2.1. Law of segregation

2.2. Law of independent assortment

2.3. Criss-cross Inheritance

Lab 1(b)Genetical problems related to transmission and distribution of

genetic material

3rd 3. Multiple alleles 3.1. Blood groups

3.2. Coat color in rabbits.

3.3. Genetics of Rh factor

3.4. Erythroblastosis Foetalis
Lab 1(c) Practice of Genetical problems related to transmission and
distribution of genetic material.

4th 4. Inheritance 4.1. Chromosomal basis of inheritance

4.2. Chromosomal theory of inheritance
 4.3. Construction of Linkage Map
4.4. Detection of Linkage
Lab 2(a)Extraction of DNA from plant material.
5th 5. Different phenomenon 5.1. Epistasis
related to traits 5.2. Lethality

5.3. Pleiotropism
Lab 2(b)Identification of DNA in plant material. Carmine, orcein staining.

6th 6. Chromosomal
Aberrations 6.1. Morphology of Chromosome
6.2. Changes in Number of Chromosomes;
6.3. Aneuploidy
6.4. Changes in Number of Chromosomes;
6.5. Euploidy

Lab 3(a)Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila

7th 6.6. Changes in Structure of Chromosomes;
6.7. Deficiency
6.8. Duplication

Test
Lab 3(b)Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila

8th 7. Syndromes 7.1. Klinefelters syndrome

7.2. Turners syndrome
7.3. Down syndrome E
7.4. Edwards syndrome

Lab 3(c)Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila

MID TERM EXAMINATION

9th 8. Gene Regulation 8.1. .Regulation of gene expression (lac operon).

Transmission of Genetic 8.2. Conjugation and Gene recombination in E.coli

Material in Bacteria

Lab 4(a)Study of Human Chromosomes (Types)

10th 9. alterations in 9.1. Structural changes

chromosomes
9.2. insertion

9.3. deletion (Cri du chat syndrome), duplication

9.4. Inversion and translocation

Lab 4(b)Study of Human Chromosomes

(Groups)
11th 10.pedigree analysis 10.1 Introduction

10.2.Normal human chromosome complement

10.3. Karyotyping

Lab 4(c)Study of Human Chromosomes

12th 10.3. sex determination

10.4. sex linkage
10.5. Sex linked (Hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, color
blindness)
10.6. sex influenced and sex limited traits

Lab 4(d)Study of human Chromosome

13th 11. Prenatal Diagnosis 11.1 Amniocentesis and choriovillus sampling

11.2. Ultrasound scanning and Fetoscopy
11.2.Genetic counselling,

11.3. Eugenics and Euthenics

Lab 4(e)Study of human Chromosome model

14th 6. 12. Chromosome 12.1. How to construct a chromosome with location of centromere
mapping and arm’s length

12.2.Linkage
12.3.Recombination (Crossing over)
Lab 5(a)Study of Polyploidy in Plants

15th 12.4. Chromosome mapping in eukaryotes

Assignment

Lab 5(b)Study of Polyploidy in Plants

16th Revision

Revision

Revision

Final Term Examination