SEXUAL REPRODUCTION :

Def : Sexual reproduction is form a

of
reproduction that involves the
fertilisation of an
egg by sperm cell a

Reproduction strategies one ways

organisms carry out
reproduction

Fertilisation of

joining
is the the
and the
-
gg sperm

Fertilised called
Embryo
is
zygote an

zygote divides
by mitosis into

& multiple cells and

grows into

multicellular
Embryo

Vertebrate
embryos are attacked to
a
golk sac that nourishes it and
form
egg
of
S
part the
HOW REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES MAYIMISE REPRODUCTIVE
SUCCESS IN VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS

1 A -
EXTERNAL FERTILISATION FISHE EMPHBIANS
-
·
possible in water breedin animals >
-

DESSICATION
HIGHQUANTITY and
9sperm
·
eggs
LOW of SAME SPECIES
·
CHANCE Sperm meets
egg
NOTE : DONE In WATER TO SOP DESSICATION Of GAMETES

INCREASE (FERTILISATION) SUCCESS

(GAMETES MEETING)

① , like
Fish cichlid in Lake Malawi DANCE to ATTRACT
MALE SYNCHRONIZED
for releaseSPERMSEGG
>
-

MINIMIZED INTERFERENCE BY WATER CURRENTSI

OTHER SPECIES/ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS Y SUCCESS
>
-

HIGHER SPERM AND EGG CONCENTRATION IN WATER

AT ONE TIMEYSUCCESS CHANCE

② Pilchards live in HUGE Shoals ,

SPAWNS off the

cape coast in summer

- HIGHER SPERM AND EGG CONCENTRATION IN WATER
AT ONE TIME YSUCCESS CHANCE
>
-
SAFETY In NUMBERS PROTECTS AGAINST PREDATION
DURING VULNERABLE SPAWING PROCESS ↑ SUCCESS

③ male frogs attract Females

holds Female
once attracted , male
tightly to

swim together in water

When female releases male releases Sperm
eggs ,

over it
>
-

PROXIMITY MINIMIZES ENVIRONMENTAL

CLOSE

INTERFERENCEY SUCCESS
 >
1B- INTERNAL FERTILISATION
·
eggs fertilised inside females body
o
mamals reptiles birds
,

special male is PENIS

mating organ
·

INSIDE
SPERM -
·
FEWER EGGS and
produced THE BODY
· HIGHER CHANCE
of FERTILISATION SUCCESS

INCREASE OF SUCCESS (GAMETES MEETING

O sperm and
egg cells
released on
dry land
fertilation
will
dry out ; internal solves this

problem
protected from
drying
>
Sperm and Egg are
-

out because
they
are
always inside the
male or females
body
land
living
> it is of
adaptation
-

an on

② Animals with internal fertilization ,

such
don't for
as
elephants depend on water

fertilisation
>
-

good for
dry
environments with few or

bodies of water (like African

temporarya
ZA-OVIDARY EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
· A for of SEXUAL
reproduction where the

female lays eggs that watch outside

her body
.
2Types
S
V

·
of vertebrate eggs
:
wu
① with shell >
-
reptiles , birds
fish
② without shell -

>
amphibians ,

INCREASE SUCKESS OF DEVELOPMENT

① WITH shell
Eggs is an
adaptation of living
land
on .
FEWER EGGS are
layed butd BETTER,

of it
CHANCE
making to adulthoo ·

Shell :

from out
protects embryo
>

drying
-

> allows to diffuse in and out

gasses
-

② WITHOUT shell's
Eggs method of success are :

around
-
jelly-like layer embryo for protection
> LARGE NUMBER OF EGGS
layed because
-

Most
developing
adulthood
eggs are eaten or
dry out

Before : more
eggs increases

surving developing eggs

the number of
IB-OVOVIVVARY EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
which
reproduction
1 &

· a form of in

females keep the

eggs inside their bodies
until the
eggs
hatch
internally
s sharks , lizards

INCREASE SUCCESS OF EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

① ovovvipary is an adaptations of vertebrates
in water (sharks) and vertebrates on land
snakes and lizards)
>
-

ovovpary development protects the

embryo
from
drying ·
out

from
protects embrys predators
>
-
the
2C-VIVIPAPY EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
form of
·
reproduction where the embryo
develops inside the mother's body
nourished placenta
where it is
through the
until it is born

INCREASE SUCCESS

Q vivipary is an adaptation to
living on land
emy
a
Parydevelopment
> Vivi the
protects
-

from

② the placenta is a
special organ that
allows food and to from the
oxygen pass
mothers
S

blood into the foetus's blood

allows
and CO2 and waste
products to pass
7
from The foetus's blood to the mothers
.
INB THE BLOOD OF THE FOETUS AND MOTHER
DO NOT MIX)
>
-
the
placenta ensures constant
supply
of food from the mother to foetus
>
-
the
placenta removes waste products
from The embryo and foetus
. AMNIOTIC
3 EGG
A shelled that can Survive and
eggland
·

develop -
on

SUCCESS (AND ROLE IN EVOLUTIONS

① very NB in land vertebrates evolution .

Reptiles evolved from amphibians (which

cannot breed without water) :

> The evolution to Amniotic

eggs allowed
-

land
,
reptiles to
complete life-cycle on

independant of water
similar
embryo
>
Mamals have
many
-

structures amniotic (as

to
egg
remnants past)
evolutionary
from their

> birds amniotic

lay eggs
-
 4 A -
PRECOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS :
s
young mammals/birds able to move around and ·
REDUCED
keep war m
, After birth/hatchin 9
shortly
PARENTAL
·

long pregnancy/incubation periods

> because takes for it
long
the
young
to CARE
reach advanced development stage
PRECOCIAL CHICKS : CEg : guined fowls) ·
REDUCED
After hatch : But : VULNERA-
good eye-sight require parent(s) BILITY
·
·

brood
strong skeletons to them
- To
-

the cannot
feathers
regulate
as
·

food preds
find own their
body temperature
·

PRECOCIAL MAMALs : (eg : shee p , elephants

AFTER BIRTH"

open eyes fur regulate body temperature

· ·

stand and walk few hours

·

can in a

↑ B- ALTRECIAL DEVELOPMENT
birds / manuals helpless after
young are
·

hatch in Ibirth and must be

kept warm

Ifed and
9 predators)
,

protected from
by parent &
·
Altricial manals & birds reproduce quickly
but
spend for young

rodents human s ,manmats (

long
caring I

Organisms
!
,

->
Jeagulls eagles (birds) ,

AFTER BIRTH /HATCH

o
blind
·
no hair /feathers
· cannot walk
·
cannot
regulate body temp
.

SUCCESS :

protected from
·

young as
by parents
predators
·
reproduce quickly
SPARENTAL CARE
most
·
fish & reptiles do not care for after
M
young
laying eggs
birds
·
most manuals and
time
look after
young
for &
Long
·

GIVEMILK 2 YOUNG ·
INCUBATE
·

CLEANS YOUNG YOUNG

·
protEcTS YOUNG ·
FEED YOUNG
FROM PREDS ~ PROTECT from PRED

SUCCESS/ROLE - I

Faverital
young surving
·
care : more to

reproductive age
reproduction successful If
young can
· =

survive on their owd

 DIAMNOTIGATIONS
is
SHELL
umbilical cho

⑳
blood vessels
that connects

the
embryo
with
Yolk sae

and allantois

blood vessels
:
-
carries blood
between

embryo -
Yolk
and allantois

&

Volk sac connected Yolk

embryo
O -
to sas

nouvishes
-
contains yolks whi in
embryo
MEMBRANES : "Amion-grows around the
and contains amniotic fluid that
embryo
protects the
embryo
Allantois products
·

bag that collects waste

-

from the Embryo

sas

around amnion
yolk allantois
·
chorion-grows ,
1 , ,
-

protects yolk ,
amnion ,
allantois

- allows
gaseous exchange